I-Neoliberalism Njengomkhuba Wekilasi
Uphawu lwezikhathi zethu ukubusa kwe-neoliberalism ezithangamini ezinkulu zezomnotho, ezombusazwe, nezenhlalakahle zamazwe athuthukile onxiwankulu nasezikhungweni zamazwe ngamazwe ezithonyayoโokuhlanganisa i-IMF, iBhange Lomhlaba, i-WTO, kanye nezinhlaka zobuchwepheshe ze-IMF. IZizwe Ezihlangene ezifana neWorld Health Organization, Food and Agricultural Organization, kanye ne-UNICEF. Kusukela e-United States ngesikhathi sokuphatha kwe-Carter, i-neoliberalism yandisa ithonya layo ngokuphathwa kwe-Reagan futhi, e-United Kingdom, ukuphathwa kuka-Thatcher, ukuze kube umbono wamazwe ngamazwe. I-Neoliberalism ibambelele embonweni (nakuba kungewona umkhuba) obeka okulandelayo:
1. Umbuso (noma lokho okubizwa ngokungeyikho ngolimi oludumile njengokuthi โuhulumeniโ) udinga ukunciphisa ukungenelela kwawo emisebenzini yezomnotho nezenhlalakahle. 2. Izimakethe zezemisebenzi nezezimali kufanele zisuswe ukulawulwa ukuze kukhululwe amandla amakhulu okudala ezimakethe. 3. Ukuhweba nokutshalwa kwezimali kufanele kugqugquzelwe ngokususa imingcele nezithiyo ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuhamba okugcwele kwezabasebenzi, imali, izimpahla, kanye nezinsizakalo.
Ukulandela lezi zimiso ezintathu, ngokusho kwababhali be-neoliberal, sibonile ukuthi ukuqaliswa kokusetshenziswa komhlaba wonke kwalezi zinqubo kuye kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwenqubo โentshaโ: ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwemisebenzi yezomnotho osekudale inkathi yokukhula okukhulu komnotho emhlabeni wonke, okuhambisana inkathi entsha yenqubekelaphambili yomphakathi. Ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni, sitshelwa ukuthi sibona umnotho womhlaba wonke, lapho imibuso iphelelwa amandla futhi ithathelwa indawo imakethe yomhlaba wonke egxile ezinkampanini zamazwe ngamazwe, okuyizingxenye eziphambili zezomnotho emhlabeni namuhla.
Lo mgubho wenqubo yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke uyabonakala nakweminye imikhakha yesokunxele. UMichael Hardt kanye no-Antonio Negri, embusweni wabo ocashunwe kabanzi (i-Harvard University Press, 2000), babungaza ubuhlakani obukhulu balokho abakubheka njengenkathi entsha yonxiwankulu. Bathi lesi sikhathi esisha sihlukana nezinhlaka zombuso ezingasasebenzi futhi sisungula uhlelo olusha lwamazwe ngamazwe, abaluchaza njengohlelo lwama-impiriyali. Baphinde baphakamise ukuthi lo myalelo omusha uyagcinwa ngaphandle kwanoma yisiphi isimo esibusayo noma esine-hegemonic. Ngakho, babhala:
Sifuna ukugcizelela ukuthi ukusungulwa kombuso kuyisinyathelo esihle sokuqedwa kwemisebenzi ye-nostalgic esekelwe ezakhiweni zamandla zangaphambilini; silahla wonke amasu ezepolitiki afuna ukusibuyisela ezimeni ezedlule njengokuvuka kombuso wesizwe ukuze kuvikelwe abantu enhlokodolobha yomhlaba. Sikholelwa ukuthi uhlelo olusha lwama-imperialism lungcono kunesimiso sangaphambili ngendlela uMarx ayekholelwa ngayo ukuthi ubunxiwankulu buyindlela yokukhiqiza kanye nohlobo lomphakathi oluphakeme kunendlela eyasishintsha ngayo. Lo mbono owawuphethwe uMarx wawusekelwe ekwedelweni okunempilo kobugovu bendawo kanye nezigaba eziqinile zezigaba ezandulela umphakathi wonxiwankulu, kanye nokuqashelwa kwamandla amakhulu enkululeko ubunxiwankulu ababenawo. (39)
Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke (okungukuthi, ukwenziwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kwemisebenzi yezomnotho ngokwezinkolelo ze-neoliberal) kuba, esikhundleni sikaHardt noNegri, uhlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe olukhuthaza umsebenzi womhlaba wonke osebenza ngaphandle kwanoma yisiphi isimo noma izifundazwe eziwuholayo noma ukuwuhlela. Umbono onjalo oncomayo nothophayo wokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kanye ne-neoliberalism uchaza ukubuyekezwa okuhle i-Empire ekuthole ku-Emily Eakin, umbuyekezi wencwadi we-New York Times, kanye nabanye abagxeki abajwayelekile, abaziwa ngezibuyekezo ezinozwela zezincwadi ezithi zithola umbono wazo. kusukela kuMarxism. Empeleni, u-Eakin uchaza i-Empire njengohlaka lwethiyori umhlaba oludingayo ukuze uqonde iqiniso lawo.
UHardt noNegri bashayela ihlombe, kanye nababhali be-neoliberal, ukwanda kokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. Abanye ababhali abangakwesobunxele, nokho, bayalila esikhundleni sokugubha lokhu kwanda, bebambe ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke njengembangela yokwanda kokungalingani nobumpofu emhlabeni. Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi nakuba ababhali baleli qembu lokugcina-okuhlanganisa, isibonelo, uSusan George no-Eric Hobsbawm-bakhala ngokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke futhi bagxeka ukucabanga kwe-neoliberal, basabelana nababhali be-neoliberal umcabango oyisisekelo we-neoliberalism: lezo zifunda ziyalahlekelwa. amandla ohlelweni lwamazwe ngamazwe lapho amandla ezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ethathe indawo yezifundazwe.
Ukungqubuzana Phakathi Kwethiyori kanye Nomkhuba ku-Neoliberalism
Masicacise zisuka nje ukuthi ithiyori ye-neoliberal iyinto eyodwa futhi umkhuba we-neoliberal ungenye into ngokuphelele. Iningi lamalungu e-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) โokuhlanganisa nohulumeni wobumbano wase-USโabone ukungenelela kombuso kanye nezindleko zomphakathi zenyuka phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule. Indawo yami yokufunda inqubomgomo yomphakathi futhi ngifunda uhlobo lokungenelela kombuso ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba. Ngingafakaza ngokwanda kokungenelela kombuso emazweni amaningi emazweni athuthukile wonxiwankulu. Ngisho nase-United States, i-neoliberalism kaMongameli uReagan ayizange ihumushe ekuwohlokeni komkhakha womphakathi. Esikhundleni salokho, izindleko zomphakathi zikhuphuka ngaphansi kwegunya lakhe, zisuka ku-21.6 zaya
Amaphesenti angu-23 e-GNP, ngenxa yokukhula okumangalisayo kwezindleko zezempi kusukela kumaphesenti angu-4.9 kuya ku-6.1 we-GNP (Congressional Budget Office National Accounts 2003). Lokhu kukhula kwezindleko zomphakathi kwaxhaswa ngokwezimali ukwanda kokushoda kombuso (okudala ukukhula kwesikweletu sombuso) kanye nokwenyuka kwezintela. Njengomongameli okuthiwa uphikisana nentela, uReagan eqinisweni wenyusa intela kubantu abaningi (ngesikhathi sokuthula) kunanoma yimuphi omunye umongameli emlandweni wase-US. Futhi wandisa izintela hhayi kanye, kodwa kabili (ngo-1982 no-1983). Ekuboniseni amandla ekilasi, wehlise kakhulu izintela kumaphesenti angama-20 abantu abahola kakhulu, kuyilapho ekhuphula izintela iningi labantu.
Ngakho-ke, akunembile ukusho ukuthi u-Reagan wehlise indima yombuso e-United States ngokunciphisa usayizi womkhakha womphakathi kanye nokwehlisa izintela. Okwenziwa nguReagan (noCarter ngaphambi kwakhe) kwakushintsha kakhulu isimo sokungenelela kombuso, kangangokuthi kwazuzisa kakhulu izigaba eziphezulu kanye namaqembu ezomnotho (njengezinkampani ezihlobene nezempi) ezazixhasa ngezimali imikhankaso yakhe yokhetho.
Izinqubomgomo zikaReagan ngempela kwakuyizinqubomgomo zekilasi ezazilimaza iningi lesigaba sabasebenzi besizwe. U-Reagan wayemelene kakhulu nabasebenzi, enciphisa izindleko zenhlalo ngezinga elingakaze libonwe ngaphambili. Kuyaphinda futhi ukuthi izinqubomgomo zikaReagan zazingezona i-neoliberal: zazingama-Keynesian, ngokusekelwe ezindlekweni ezinkulu zomphakathi kanye nokushoda okukhulu kwenhlangano. Futhi, uhulumeni wobumbano ungenelele kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni zesizwe (ikakhulukazi, kodwa hhayi kuphela, ngoMnyango Wezokuvikela). Njengoba uCaspar Weinberger, unobhala wezokuvikela ekuphathweni kweReagan, wake wabonisa (ephendula ukugxekwa kwamaDemocrats ukuthi abaphathi bawushiyile umkhakha wezokukhiqiza), โUkuphatha kwethu Ukuphatha okunenqubomgomo yezimboni ethuthuke kakhulu futhi eyandisiwe entshonalanga. emhlabeniโ (Washington Post, July 13, 1983). Wayeqinisile. Akekho omunye uhulumeni wasentshonalanga owayenenqubomgomo yezimboni ebanzi kangaka. Impela, umbuso wobumbano wase-US ungesinye sezifundazwe ezingenelela kakhulu emazweni asentshonalanga.
Kunobufakazi besayensi obuqinile bokuthi i-United States ayiwona umphakathi we-neoliberal (njengoba ichazwa njalo) nokuthi umbuso wase-US awunciphisi indima yawo ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umnotho wezwe, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa nokusabalalisa izimpahla nezinsizakalo izinkampani ezinkulu zase-US. Lobu bufakazi obunamandla bubonisa ukuthi ukungenelela kukahulumeni wobumbano (emkhakheni wezomnotho, wezepolitiki, wamasiko, kanye nezokuphepha) kwenyukile eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule. Emkhakheni wezomnotho, isibonelo, ukuvikela akwehlile. Ikhulile, ithola uxhaso oluphezulu emikhakheni yezolimo, yezempi, ye-aerospace, kanye ne-biomedical. Ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, ukungenelela kombuso ukwenza buthaka amalungelo omphakathi (futhi ikakhulukazi amalungelo abasebenzi) kwenyuke kakhulu (hhayi ngaphansi kuka-Reagan kuphela, kodwa nangaphansi kukaBush Senior, uClinton, kanye noBush Junior), futhi ukugadwa kwezakhamizi kukhuphuke kakhulu. Futhi, akubanga khona ukuncipha kokungenelela kombuso e-United States, kodwa kunalokho umlingiswa wesigaba ogwegwile nakakhulu kulokhu kungenelela phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule.
Ukulandisa kwe-Neoliberal mayelana neqhaza eliwohlokayo lombuso ezimpilweni zabantu kukhohliswa kalula amaqiniso. Ngempela, njengoba uJohn Williamson, omunye wabadwebi bongqondongqondo be-neoliberalism, wake wabonisa, โKufanele siqaphele ukuthi lokho okukhuthazwa uhulumeni wase-US phesheya, uhulumeni wase-US akakulandeli ekhaya,โ wengeza ngokuthi โuhulumeni wase-US ukhuthaza izinqubomgomo ezikhuthazayo. akulandelwa e-USโ
(โOkushiwo yiWashington ngokuguqulwa kwenqubomgomo,โ ku-J. Williamson, ed., Latin America Adjustment, 1990, 213). Bekungashiwo kangcono. Ngamanye amazwi, uma ufuna ukuqonda izinqubomgomo zomphakathi zase-US, bheka ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US wenzani, hhayi ukuthi uthini. Lesi simo esifanayo senzeka emazweni amaningi athuthukile onxiwankulu. Izifundazwe zabo seziphenduke zaba abangeneleli abaningi, hhayi kancane. Ubukhulu bombuso (okukalwa ngezindleko zomphakathi ngomuntu ngamunye) bukhuphukile kwabaningi lala mazwe. Futhi, ulwazi olunobufakazi kuleli phuzu lunamandla. Obekwenzeka akukhona ukuncishiswa kombuso kodwa kuwushintsho esimweni sokungenelela kombusoโokuqinisa ngokwengeziwe isimo sawo sesigaba.
Ukuwohloka Kwesimo Sezomnotho Nezenhlalakahle Emhlabeni
Ngokuphambene nemfundiso ye-neoliberal, izinqubomgomo zomphakathi ze-neoliberal aziphumelelanga ngokuphawulekayo ekufezeni izinhloso zazo ezimenyezelwe: ukusebenza kahle komnotho kanye nenhlalakahle yomphakathi. Ithebula 1: Ukukhula Komnotho, 1960-2000
1960-1980 1980-2000 Izinga lokukhula komnotho emazweni asathuthuka (ngaphandle kwaseShayina): Ukukhula komnotho ngonyaka 5.5% 2.6% Ukukhula komnotho ngonyaka ngomuntu ngamunye 3.2% 0.7% Izinga lokukhula komnotho
I-China: Ukukhula komnotho ngonyaka 4.5% 9.8% Ukukhula komnotho ngonyaka ngomuntu ngamunye 2.5% 8.4% Imithombo: IBhange Lomhlaba, Izinkomba Zokuthuthukiswa Komhlaba, 2001 CD-ROM; Robert Pollin, Contours of Descent (Verso, 2003) 131.
Uma siqhathanisa isikhathi sika-1980-2000 (lapho i-neoliberalism ifinyelela enkulumweni yayo enkulu*) nesikhathi esandulelayo, 1960-1980, singabona kalula ukuthi u-1980-2000 wawungaphumeleli kakhulu kuno-1960-1980 emazweni amaningi athuthukile nasathuthuka. . Njengoba ithebula loku-1 libonisa, izinga lokukhula kanye nezinga lokukhula komuntu ngamunye kuwo wonke amazwe asathuthuka (okungewona awe-OECD) (ngaphandle kwe-China) laliphezulu kakhulu ngo-1960-1980 (amaphesenti angu-5.5 namaphesenti angu-3.2) kunango-1980-2000 (amaphesenti angu-2.6 kanye namaphesenti angu-0.7). UMark Weisbrot, uDean Baker, noDavid Rosnick babhale ukuthi ukuthuthuka kwezinga lempilo nokuphila kahle (kufa kwezinsana, izinga lokubhalisa esikoleni, iminyaka yokuphila, nokunye) kukhuphuke ngokushesha phakathi kuka-1960-1980 kuno-1980-2000. (uma uqhathanisa amazwe asezingeni elifanayo lentuthuko onyakeni wokuqala wenkathi ngayinyeโIkhadi Lomphumela Lokuthuthukiswa, Isikhungo Socwaningo Lwezomnotho Nenqubomgomo, Septhemba 2005). Futhi njengoba ithebula lesi-2 libonisa, izinga lonyaka lokukhula komnotho ngomuntu ngamunye emazweni athuthukile onxiwankulu laliphansi ngo-1981-99 kunango-1961-80. Ithebula 2 A. Isilinganiso Sesilinganiso Sonyaka Sokukhula Komnotho Ngamunye Ku-OECD Namazwe Asathuthuka 1961-80 1981-99 (A) Amazwe e-OECD 3.5% 2.0% (B) Amazwe asathuthuka (ngaphandle
I-China) 3.2% 0.7% Umehluko Wokukhula (A/B) 0.3% 1.3%
B. Ukukhula Kokungalingani Kweholo Lomhlaba, 1980-1998 (Ngaphandle kweShayina) Iholo labacebe kakhulu ngo-50% njengesabelo sabampofu kakhulu 50% 4% ngaphezulu ngokungalingani Iholo labacebe kakhulu 20% njengesabelo sabampofu kakhulu 20% 8% ngaphezulu ngokungalingani Iholo labacebe kakhulu 10% njengesabelo sabampofu kakhulu 10% 19% ngaphezulu
ukungalingani Iholo elicebe kakhulu i-1% njengesabelo sabampofu kakhulu 1% 77% ngaphezu kokungalingani
Imithombo: IBhange Lomhlaba, Izinkomba Zokuthuthukiswa Komhlaba, 2001; URobert Sutcliffe, Umhlaba Ongalingani Kakhulu noma Kancane? (Isikhungo Sokucwaninga Umnotho Wezombangazwe, 2003); Robert Pollin, Contours of Descent (Verso, 2003), 133.
Kodwa, okubalulekile futhi ukugcizelela ukuthi ngenxa yokukhula komnotho okukhulu ngonyaka ngomuntu ngamunye emazweni e-OECD kunasemazweni asathuthuka (ngaphandle kwaseShayina), umehluko emazingeni awo okukhula ngomuntu ngamunye ubulokhu ukhula kakhulu (ithebula 2) . Lokhu kusho ukuthi, ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo, ukungalingani kwemali engenayo phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zamazwe kukhule ngendlela emangalisayo, futhi ikakhulukazi phakathi kokweqisa (bona ithebula 2). Kodwa, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukungalingani kuye kwanda kakhulu hhayi phakathi kuphela kodwa emazweni, athuthukile nathuthukayo ngokufanayo. Sengeza zombili izinhlobo zokungalingani (phakathi nangaphakathi kwamazwe), sithola ukuthi, njengoba uBranco Milanovic ebhale, iphesenti elilodwa labantu emhlabeni wonke lithola amaphesenti angama-1 emali engenayo yomhlaba, kanye nomehluko wemali engenayo phakathi kwalabo abaphezulu nalabo abasemazingeni aphezulu. ezansi zinyuke zisuka ku-57 zaya kweziyi-78 (Worlds Apart, Princeton University Press, 114).
Kugcizelela ukuthi nakuba ubumpofu buye banda emhlabeni wonke nasemazweni alandela izinqubomgomo zomphakathi ze-neoliberal, lokhu akusho ukuthi abacebile ezweni ngalinye (kuhlanganise namazwe asathuthuka) baye bathinteka kabi. Esikhundleni salokho, abacebile babona iholo labo kanye nebanga labo kusukela kwabangewona ocebile likhula kakhulu. Ukungalingani kwezigaba kukhule kakhulu emazweni amaningi onxiwankulu.
I-Neoliberalism Njengomkhuba Wekilasi: Izimpande Zokungalingani
Ezweni ngalinye kulawa, imali engenayo yalabo abaphezulu inyuke ngendlela emangalisayo ngenxa yokungenelela kukahulumeni. Ngakho-ke, sidinga ukuphendukela kwezinye zezigaba nemiqondo elahlwe imikhakha emikhulu yesokunxele: ukwakheka kwezigaba, amandla ezigaba, umzabalazo wezigaba, kanye nomthelela wawo kuhulumeni. Lezi zigaba zesayensi ziyaqhubeka nokubaluleka okubalulekile ekuqondeni okwenzeka ezweni ngalinye. Ake ngicacise ukuthi umqondo wesayensi ungaba mdala kakhulu kodwa ungabi wakudala. โEyasenduloโ kanye โnezakudalaโ imiqondo emibili ehlukene. Umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi umdala kakhulu kodwa awudalanga. Noma ubani ongabazayo lokhu angakuhlola ngokugxuma esuka esitezi seshumi. Kunobungozi bokuthi eminye imikhakha yesokunxele ingase ikhokhe izindleko zokuzibulala ngokulingana ngokushaya indiva imiqondo yesayensi efana nomzabalazo wekilasi nowesigaba ngenxa nje yokuthi le miqondo emidala.
Ngeke siwuqonde umhlaba (kusuka e-Iraq kuya ekwenqatshweni koMthethosisekelo waseYurophu) ngaphandle kokuvuma ukuba khona kwezigaba kanye nemifelandawonye yezigaba, eyasungulwa emhlabeni wonke phakathi kwezigaba ezivelele zomhlaba wonxiwankulu othuthukile kanye nalawo onxiwankulu abasathuthuka. I-Neoliberalism iwumbono kanye nokwenza kwezigaba ezivelele zemihlaba ethuthukile nesathuthuka ngokufanayo.
Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba sidlulele phambili, ake siqale ngesimo esikhona ezweni ngalinye. I-Neoliberal ideology yayiyimpendulo yamakilasi ahamba phambili ekuzuzweni okukhulu okuzuzwe izigaba zabasebenzi nabalimi phakathi kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili maphakathi nawo-1970. Ukwanda okukhulu kokungalingani okwenzeke kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuwumphumela oqondile wokukhula kwemali engenayo yezigaba ezivelele, okuwumphumela wezinqubomgomo zomphakathi ezinqunywe ngokwezigaba ezifana nalezi: (a) ukuhoxiswa kokulawulwa kwezimakethe zezabasebenzi, ukulwa nokusebenza- ukuhamba kwekilasi; (b) ukuhoxiswa kokulawulwa kwezimakethe zezimali, okuzuzise kakhulu imali yezimali, igatsha lemali enkulu esikhathini sika-1980-2005; (c) ukuhoxiswa kokulawulwa kokuhwebelana kwezimpahla namasevisi, okuzuzise abantu abasetshenziswa kakhulu ngezindleko zezisebenzi; (d) ukuncishiswa kwezindleko zomphakathi, osekulimaze isigaba sabasebenzi; (e) ukwenziwa kwezinsizakalo ezizimele, okuhlomulise abantu abacebile abangamaphesenti angama-20 ngokulahlekelwa inhlalakahle yezigaba zabasebenzi ezincike ezinsizeni zikahulumeni; (f) ukugqugquzelwa kobuntu kanye nokusebenziseka kwabathengi, okulimaza isiko lokubumbana; (g) ukuthuthukiswa kokulandisa okusetiyetha kanye nenkulumo ehlonipha izimakethe, kodwa efihla umbimbi olucacile phakathi kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nombuso ezinze kuwo; kanye (h) nokugqugquzelwa kwenkulumo emelene nokungenelela engqubuzaneni esobala nokwenyuka kwangempela kokungenelela kombuso ukuze kuthuthukiswe izintshisekelo zezigaba ezivelele kanye namayunithi ezomnothoโizinhlangano zamazwe ngamazweโezikhuthaza izintshisekelo zazo. Ngayinye yalezi zinqubomgomo zomphakathi ezinqunywe ngokwesigaba idinga isenzo sombuso noma ukungenelela okungqubuzana nezintshisakalo zabasebenzi nezinye izigaba ezidumile.
Ukungqubuzana Okuyinhloko Emhlabeni Wanamuhla: Hhayi Phakathi KweNyakatho neNingizimu Kodwa Phakathi Kwenhlanganisela Yamakilasi Anamandla AseNyakatho NaseNingizimu Namakilasi Anamandla AseNyakatho NaseNingizimu.
Sekuyingxenye yobuhlakani obujwayelekile ukuthi ingxabano enkulu emhlabeni iphakathi kweNyakatho ecebile kanye neNingizimu empofu. INyakatho neNingizimu, nokho, zinezigaba ezinezithakazelo eziphikisanayo ezisungule imifelandawonye ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe. Lesi simo sangicacela ngesikhathi ngeluleka uMongameli u-Allende eChile. Ukuketulwa umbuso kobuFascist okuholwa nguGeneral Pinochet kwakungeyona, njengoba kwabikwa kabanzi, ukuketula umbuso okwabekwa yiNyakatho ecebile (i-United States) eNingizimu empofu (eChile). Labo abaphoqelela umbuso we-Pinochet ngesihluku kwakungamaqembu aqavile eChile (onxiwankulu, onxiwankulu abancane, kanye namakilasi ochwepheshe abaphakathi nendawo), ngoxhaso olungesona olwase-United States (umphakathi wase-US awusona isamba sama impiriyali ayizigidi ezingama-240!) kodwa yokuphatha kukaNixon, ngaleso sikhathi okwakungathandwa kakhulu e-United States (ethumele amasosha ukuthi abeke phansi isiteleka sabavukuzi bamalahle e-Appalachia).
Ukuntula ulwazi ngokuba khona kwamakilasi ngokuvamile kuholela ekulahlweni kwezwe lonke, ngokuvamile e-United States. Kodwa, empeleni, isigaba sabasebenzi base-US singesinye sezisulu zokuqala ze-imperialism yase-US. Abanye bazothi isigaba sabasebenzi base-US siyazuza kuma-imperialism. Uphethiloli, isibonelo, ushibhile uma kuqhathaniswa e-United States (nakuba uya ngokuya uncipha). Kubiza amadola angamashumi amathathu nanhlanu ukugcwalisa imoto yami e-United States kanye nama-euro angamashumi amahlanu nambili ukugcwalisa imodeli efanayo eYurophu. Kodwa, ngokuphambene, izinto zokuhamba zomphakathi cishe azikho ezindaweni eziningi zase-United States. Isigaba sabasebenzi baseBaltimore, isibonelo, singazuza kakhulu ezintweni zokuhamba zomphakathi ezisezingeni lokuqala (elingenazo) kunokuncika ezimotweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyini inani likaphethiloli. Futhi masingakhohlwa ukuthi izintshisekelo zemboni yamandla nezimoto beziyizisebenzi ezinkulu ekuphikisaneni nasekucekeleni phansi ezokuthutha zomphakathi e-United States. Isigaba sabasebenzi base-US siyisisulu sohlelo lwesizwe salo sonxiwankulu kanye nama-impiriyali. Akukhona nje ngenhlanhla ukuthi alikho elinye izwe emhlabeni wonxiwankulu othuthukile elinesimo senhlalakahle esingathuthuki kangako njenge-United States. Bangaphezu kuka-100,000 abantu abafa e-United States minyaka yonke ngenxa yokuntuleka kokunakekelwa kwezempilo komphakathi.
Ukuthambekela kokubheka ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla emhlabeni wonke kuyilapho kushaywa indiva amandla esigaba ngaphakathi kwezwe ngalinye kubonakala futhi ekugxekeni okuvamile kokuthi izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe zilawulwa ngamazwe acebile. Kuvame ukuvezwa, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi amaphesenti ali-10 abantu emhlabeni, abahlala emazweni acebe kakhulu, banamaphesenti angama-43 amavoti ku-IMF, kodwa akulona iqiniso ukuthi amaphesenti ayishumi abantu abahlala kulo ebizwa ngokuthi amazwe acebile alawula i-IMF. Izigaba ezivelele zalawo mazwe acebile aphethe i-IMF, ebeka phambili izinqubomgomo zomphakathi ezilimaza izigaba ezibuswayo zamazwe awo kanye nakwamanye amazwe. Umqondisi we-IMF, isibonelo, nguRodrigo Rato, okwathi ngesikhathi ungqongqoshe wezomnotho waseSpain kuhulumeni we-ultra-right kaJose Maria Aznar (owabambisene noBush noBlair ukusekela impi yase-Iraq) waqhuba izinqubomgomo ezinonya zokuqiniswa kwezimali ezanciphisa kakhulu. izinga lokuphila lezigaba ezidumile zaseSpain (Vincent Navarro, โWho is Mr. Rato?โ Counterpunch, June 10).
Ake ngiphinde ngicacise elinye iphuzu. Kuningi osekubhaliwe mayelana nokungqubuzana phakathi kwe-WTO phakathi kwamazwe acebile nampofu. Kuthiwa ohulumeni bamazwe acebile baxhasa kakhulu ezolimo zabo kuyilapho bephakamisa izithiyo zokuzivikela ezimbonini ezifana nendwangu kanye nokudla okusengozini yemikhiqizo evela emazweni ampofu. Nakuba lezi zithiyo ekuhwebeni komhlaba ziwathinta kabi amazwe ampofu, akulungile ukucabanga ukuthi ikhambi liwukuhweba okukhululekile emhlabeni wonke. Ngisho nangaphandle kwemigoqo, ukukhiqiza okuphezulu kwamazwe acebile bekuyoqinisekisa impumelelo yawo kwezohwebo zomhlaba. Okufanele amazwe ampofu akwenze ukushintsha umnotho ogxile ekuthekeliseni kwamanye amazwe (umsuka wezinkinga zawo) uye ekukhuleni okugxile ekhayaโisu elizodinga ukwabiwa kabusha okukhulu kwemali engenayo futhi ngaleyo ndlela livinjwe izigaba ezivelele zalezo (kanye nezinga eliphezulu lomnotho). i
acebile) amazwe. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqaphela ukuthi amazwe amaningi asenayo izinsiza (okuhlanganisa nemali) ukuze ahlukane nokungathuthuki kwawo. Ake ngicaphune emthonjeni ongalindelekile.
I-New York Times, ka-September 12, 1992 (lapho ukwanda kwenani labantu kuthiwa kuyimbangela yobumpofu bomhlaba), yanyathelisa ukuhlola okuqotho ngendlela emangalisayo kwesimo saseBangladesh, izwe elimpofu kakhulu emhlabeni. Kulesi sihloko esibanzi, u-Ann Crittenden uthinte ngokuqondile umsuka wenkinga: amaphethini obunikazi bempahla yokukhiqiza-umhlaba:
Umsuka wokungondleki okuqhubekayo phakathi kwenala ehlobene ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani komhlaba e-Bangladesh. Bambalwa abantu abacebile lapha ngokwezindinganiso zaseNtshonalanga, kodwa ukungalingani okukhulu kukhona futhi kubonakala ebunikazini bomhlaba obugwegwe kakhulu. I-16% yabantu basemakhaya abacebe kakhulu ilawula izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zomhlaba kanti cishe u-60% wabantu unendawo engaphansi kwehektare elilodwa.
UCrittenden akanalo ithemba lokuthi isisombululo singokwezobuchwepheshe. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ubuchwepheshe bungenza izinto zibe zimbi nakakhulu:
Ubuchwepheshe obusha bezolimo obethulwa buthanda ukuvuna abalimi abakhulu, bababeka ethubeni elingcono lokuthenga omakhelwane babo abampofu.
Kungani lesi simo siqhubeka? Impendulo icacile.
Noma kunjalo, njengoba uhulumeni ephethwe abanikazi bomhlabaโcishe amalungu angama-75% ePhalamende anomhlabaโakekho obona kusengaphambili noma yikuphi ukwesekwa okusemthethweni kwezinguquko ezibalulekile ohlelweni.
Ake ngengeze ukuthi ekuhlukaniseni koMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika ngemibuso yezepolitiki, i-Bangladesh ibekwe kukholamu yentando yeningi. Khonamanjalo, indlala kanye nesisindo esiphansi kuyimbangela eyinhloko yokufa kwezingane e-Bangladesh. Ubuso obulambile bengane e-Bangladesh sebuphenduke iphosta evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu izinhlangano eziningi ezisiza abampofu ukuhlazisa abantu emazweni athuthukile ekuthumeleni imali nokudla eBangladesh. Ngamiphi imiphumela?
Izikhulu zosizo lokudla e-Bangladesh zivuma ngasese ukuthi yingxenyana kuphela yezigidi zamathani osizo lokudla oluthunyelwe e-Bangladesh olufinyelele kwabampofu nabalambile emizaneni. Lokhu kudla kunikezwa uHulumeni, yena okudayisela amasosha, amaphoyisa kanye nabantu abasezingeni eliphakathi emadolobheni ngemali yesibonelelo.
Isakhiwo sekilasi sase-Bangladesh kanye nobudlelwano bezakhiwo obunqumayo yizimbangela zobumpofu obukhulu. Njengoba u-Ann Crittenden ephetha:
I-Bangladesh inomhlaba owanele wokuhlinzeka ngokudla okwanele kwawo wonke abesilisa, owesifazane kanye nengane ezweni. Amandla ezolimo alo mhlaba oluhlaza kangangokuba ngisho nokwanda kwabantu okungenakugwemeka eminyakeni engu-20 ezayo kungaphakelwa kalula yimithombo yaseBangladesh kuphela.
Muva nje, i-Bangladesh ibisematheni njengoba ikhule kakhulu komnotho ngenxa yokuthunyelwa kwayo ngaphandle emakethe yomhlaba. Kodwa lokho kukhula kukhawulelwe emkhakheni womnotho omncane, ogxile ekuthengiseni kwamanye amazwe futhi kushiye abantu abaningi bengakathintwa. Ukungondleki kahle nendlala kuye kwanda.
I-States kanye ne-Class Alliances
Ekusungulweni kwemifelandawonye yezigaba, imibuso idlala indima ebalulekile. Inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US, ngokwesibonelo, igxile ekusekeleni izigaba ezivelele zaseNingizimu (lapho, kwenzeka, amaphesenti angama-20 abantu abacebe kakhulu emhlabeni ahlala khona). Lezi zivumelwano zihlanganisa, ezikhathini eziningi, ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu phakathi kwamalungu ezigaba ezivelele. Izibonelo ziningiโphakathi kwazo, ukwesekwa ngokwesiko komndeni wakwaBush emibusweni yamafeudal eMiddle East; Ukwesekwa kukaClinton e-United Arab Emirates (UAE), omunye wabasekeli abakhulu beClinton Library e-Little Rock, e-Arkansas, kanye nomnikeli omkhulu kaClinton ezindlekweni zokukhuluma (ezifika esigidini samaRandi) kanye nokusekela uClinton (Financial Times , Mashi 4, 2006). I-UAE ingomunye wemibuso yomhlaba enonya kakhulu. Izigaba ezivelele zenqaba ukuba yisakhamuzi kumaphesenti angama-85 abantu abasebenzayo (okuthiwa โabasebenzi abayizivakashiโ). Akudingeki ngisho ukuthi, izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe (ezithonywe kakhulu uhulumeni wase-US kanye nohulumeni waseYurophu) zikhuthaza imifelandawonye enjalo esekelwe enkulumeni ye-neoliberal yezimakethe zamahhala. Ukunciphisa izindleko zomphakathi, okugqugquzelwa yi-IMF kanye neBhange Lomhlaba, kuyingxenye yezinqubomgomo zomphakathi ze-neoliberal eziqhutshwa yizigaba ezivelele eNyakatho naseNingizimu ngokulahlekelwa inhlalakahle kanye nezinga lempilo yezigaba ezibuswayo kulo lonke izwe. umhlaba. Kuzo zonke lezi zibonelo, amazwe aseNyakatho neNingizimu adlala indima ebalulekile.
Esinye isibonelo somfelandawonye phakathi kwezigaba ezivelele ukukhuthazwa kwamanje komshwalense wezempilo owenza inzuzo ngabaphathi bakwaBush, kokubili kubantu base-US futhi, ngokwandayo, emazweni asathuthuka. Lokhu kwenziwa ngezeluleko nokusebenzisana kohulumeni abalondolozayo eLatin America egameni lezigaba zabo ezivelele, ezizuza ezinhlelweni zomshwalense ezizimele ezikhetha amakhasimende futhi zingafaki izigaba ezidumile. Lawo makilasi athandwayo, e-United States naseLatin America, awakuthandi kakhulu lokhu kuphoqelela ekunakekelweni kwezempilo okuzuzisa inzuzo. (Ifilimu ethi John Q ikhuluma ngobutha obumelene nezinkampani zomshwalense wezempilo phakathi kwesigaba sabasebenzi base-US.) Iqiniso lokuthi izigaba ezivelele emazweni athuthukile nasathuthuka zihlanganyela izithakazelo zezigaba akusho ukuthi babona iso ngeso kuyo yonke into. Vele akunjalo. Banokungaboni ngaso linye nokungqubuzana okukhulu (njengoba nje kunokungaboni ngaso linye nokungqubuzana phakathi kwezingxenye ezihlukene zezigaba ezivelele ezweni ngalinye). Kodwa lokhu kungaboni ngaso linye akukwazi ukufihla ukufana kwezintshisekelo zabo njengoba zivezwe ngokucacile ezingosini ze-neoliberal (njengase-Davos) kanye namathuluzi e-neoliberal anesimo esibucayi (njenge-Economist kanye ne-Financial Times).
Ingabe Sikhona Isimo Esibusayo Emhlabeni Namuhla?
Ngaphezu kokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, esikubonayo emhlabeni namuhla ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi yezomnotho endaweni ezungeze izwe elibusayo: INyakatho Melika ezungeze i-United States, iYurophu ezungeze iJalimane, ne-Asia ezungeze i-Japan-futhi maduze ne-China. Ngakho-ke kukhona ukuhlelwa kwezifunda ngaphakathi kwesifunda ngasinye. E-Europe, ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni waseSpain usuncika kuzinqubomgomo zomphakathi ze-European Union lapho izwe laseJalimane lihamba phambili. Lokhu kuncika kudala isimo esingaguquki. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izifunda ze-EU zakhetha ukunikeza izinqubomgomo ezinkulu (njengezinqubomgomo zezimali) esikhungweni esiphakeme (i-European Central Bank, ephethwe yi-Central Bank yaseJalimane). Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi umbuso waseSpain uphelelwa amandla. โUkulahlekelwa amandlaโ kusho ukuthi ubunamandla engeziwe ngaphambilini, okungenjalo. ISpain, isibonelo, inamandla kakhulu nge-euro njengohlobo lwemali kunange-peseta. Ngempela, umongameli waseSpain uJose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero wayeyokhokha inani eliphakeme kakhulu ekubhekaneni kwakhe noBush (ekuhoxiseni amasosha aseSpain e-Iraq) ukube iSpain isenayo i-peseta njengohlobo lwemali kazwelonke. Ukwabelana ngobukhosi kungakhuphula amandla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhulumeni waseYurophu uvame ukusetshenziswa izigaba ezivelele zaseYurophu njengezizathu zezinqubomgomo ezingathandwayo ezifuna ukuzisebenzisa (njengokunciphisa izindleko zomphakathi ngenxa ye-European Stability Pact, ephoqelela amazwe ukuthi agcine ukushoda kukahulumeni omkhulu ngaphansi kwe-European Stability Pact. amaphesenti ama-3 we-GNP); lezi zinqubomgomo zethulwa njengeziphuma emthethweni waseYurophu kunanoma yimaphi amazwe angamalungu, ngaleyo ndlela zilulaza umthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni ngamunye. Imifelandawonye yekilasi ezingeni laseYurophu ibonakala ngokusebenza kwezikhungo ze-EU ezizibophezele kumbono nezinqubomgomo ze-neoliberal. Ivoti elithi โchaโ kuMthethosisekelo waseYurophu ohlongozwayo laliyimpendulo yezigaba zabasebenzi zamazwe athile angamalungu ezikhungweni zaseYurophu ezisebenza njengemifelandawonye yezigaba ezivelele zaseYurophu.
Ngaphakathi kwezikhundla zezifunda, ezinye ziphethe. Isifunda sase-US sinendawo evelele egcinwa ngesethi yemifelandawonye nezigaba ezivelele zezinye izifundazwe. I-Neoliberal ideology inikeza ukuxhumana phakathi kwalezi zigaba. Akudingekile ukusho ukuthi kukhona ukungqubuzana nokungezwani phakathi kwabo. Kodwa lokhu kungezwani akukwazi ukudlula ukufana kwezintshisekelo zabo zesigaba. Phakathi kwemikhuba ebahlanganisayo kubalwa imigomo enolaka emelene nesigaba sabasebenzi nezikhungo ezishiye. Isikhathi sika-1980-2005 sasinemikhankaso enolaka emelene namaqembu angakwesokunxele ayebe yimpumelelo esikhathini sika-1960-1980. Phakathi nenkathi ye-neoliberal, umfelandawonye wezigaba ezivelele ukhuthaze izinhlangano zenkolo zezigaba eziningi ezisebenzise inkolo njengamandla ashukumisayo ukumisa i-socialism noma ubukhomanisi. Kwaba ukuphatha kukaCarter okwaqala ukusekela abashisekeli benkolo e-Afghanistan ngokumelene nohulumeni oholwa ngamakhomanisi. Ukusuka e-Afghanistan kuya e-Iraq, e-Iran, eZindaweni zasePalestine, nakwamanye amazwe amaningi ama-Arab, izigaba ezivelele zase-United States naseYurophu, ngohulumeni bawo, zaxhasa ngezimali futhi zasekela abashisekeli benkoloโngokuvamile hhayi nje ngokwezimfuno zezigaba zabo, kodwa inkolo yabo siqu. โIningi lokuziphathaโ e-United States kwakufanele libe iningi eliziphatha kahle emhlabeni wonke. Lezi zinhlangano ezimelene kakhulu nesokunxele zathuthukisa amandla azo, zisebenzisa ukukhungatheka okukhulu kwezixuku zama-Arabhu nemibuso yazo yengcindezelo, yobugovu, ukuze kube lula ukuthunjwa kombuso kanye nokufakwa kwemibuso enezinkolo ezicindezelayo ngokufanayo, njengoba kwenzekile. emazweni amaningi ama-Arab.
Kodwa akulungile ukubona ukwesekwa yizigaba ezivelele zemibuso yamakhosi njengomkhiqizo weMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Kwakungaphezu kwalokho. Kwakuyimpendulo yekilasi. Ubufakazi obuhle kakhulu balokhu ukuthi ukusekelwa kuye kwaqhubeka ngisho nangemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union. IMpi Yomshoshaphansi yayiyizaba zokuqhubeka nomzabalazo wezigaba ezingeni lomhlabaโnjengoba ukuqhubeka kwayo kufakazela. Impi yekilasi isiphenduke ingxenye esebenza kakhulu ye-US interventionism. โKwaba โukwelapha ukushaqekaโ okwaqhutshwa uLawrence Summers noJeffrey Sachs eRussia ngesikhathi sokuphatha kukaClinton okwaholela ekufinyezweni kweminyaka yokuphila eRussia, umphumela wokwehla okumangalisayo kwezinga lokuphila lezigaba ezidumile zaseRussia. Ukwenyuka kokwenziwa kwangasese kwezimpahla zomphakathi ezinkulu bekuyingxenye yaleyo mpi yesigaba eRussia-njengoba bekunjalo e-Iraq.
Isikhulu se-US e-Iraq, u-Paul Bremer, waxosha abasebenzi bakahulumeni abayingxenye yesigidi, wanciphisa intela yebhizinisi, wanikeza abatshalizimali amalungelo amasha angavamile, futhi waqeda yonke imingcele yokungenisa kwamanye amazwe kuwo wonke amabhizinisi ngaphandle kwemboni kawoyela. Njengoba uJeff Faux elandisa ku-Global Class War (Wiley, 2006), okuwukuphela kwemithetho evela kubushiqela ononya base-Iraqi lo msebenzi owagcinwa yileyo eyayiyinyunyana emelene nabasebenzi, okuhlanganisa nesivumelwano sokuxoxisana esinqunyelwe esithathela bonke abasebenzi amabhonasi. kanye nemixhaso yokudla neyezindlu. Njengoba i-Economist ihlela, izinguquko zezomnotho e-Iraq "ziyiphupho likanxiwankulu"
(Septhemba 25, 2003).
Muva nje, enye inguqulo ye-North-South divide ivela emibhalweni yomunye wezingqondongqondo ezinethonya elikhulu e-United States, isazi sefilosofi uJohn Rawls, ohlukanisa amazwe omhlaba abe amazwe "ahloniphekile" "nangewona". Amazwe ahloniphekile (iningi lawo atholakala emazweni athuthukile onxiwankulu) yilawo anamalungelo nezikhungo zentando yeningi, kanti amazwe angenasithunzi (iningi lawo atholakala emazweni asathuthuka wonxiwankulu) awanawo.
Ngemva kokuhlukanisa umhlaba ube yilezi zigaba ezimbili, uphetha ngokuthi amazwe angahloniphekile kufanele anganakwa, nakuba evuma โumthwalo wemfanelo wokusiza amazwe ampofu avinjwe ubumpofu ukuba angazihleleli njengemiphakathi ekhululekile noma ehloniphekile.โ
Izikhundla nezitatimende ezinjalo zifakazela ukungazi okukhulu ngobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe obudlule nowamanje, kanye nobudlelwano bezigaba kulelo nalelo zwe. I-Rawls iphinde idide ohulumeni namazwe (ukudideka okwenzeka kaningi emcabangweni wokuthi ingxabano enkulu iphakathi kweNyakatho neNingizimu). Lokho akubiza ngokuthi amazwe angenasithunzi (abonakala ngondlovukayiphikiswa abanonya nenkohlakalo) anezigaba; izigaba zabo ezivelele azizange zishaywe indiva emisebenzini etshalwa futhi esekelwe izigaba ezivelele zamazwe ahloniphekile, eziye zalimaza nezinga lempilo nenhlalakahle yezigaba zawo ezibuswayo. Futhi, emazweni akwa-Rawls abizwa ngokuthi angenasithunzi, kunezinhlangano ezisekelwe ngokwezigaba ezibekezelela ukuzidela okukhulu, eziqhuba umzabalazo wobuqhawe woshintsho, zizabalaza njalo zibe zikhubazekile futhi ziphikiswa yizigaba ezivelele zamazwe okuthiwa ahloniphekile. Kuyaphawuleka (kodwa kuyabikezelwa) ukuthi umuntu ohlakaniphile onjalo uchaza ikhampasi yokuziphatha yalezi zigaba ezingcolile. Isibonelo sakamuva salokhu kuhlazeka ukwesekwa ohulumeni baseMelika nabaseBrithani beNkosi yaseNepal, okukhula esifisweni sabo sokunqanda ukuvukela okukhulu okuholwa amaqembu angakwesokunxele ezweni lesithathu.
Ukungalingani Phakathi Kwamazwe kanye Nemiphumela Yawo Yomphakathi
Ukuthi ukungalingani kunomthelela ekuntulekeni kobumbano komphakathi kanye nokwandisa i-social pathology kubhalwe kahle. Abantu abaningi, kuhlanganise nami, balibhale phansi leli qiniso (Umnotho Wezepolitiki Wokungalingani Komphakathi: Imiphumela Yempilo Nekhwalithi Yempilo, Baywood, 2002). Ubufakazi besayensi obusekela lesi sikhundla bukhulu kakhulu. Kunoma yimuphi umphakathi othile, inani elikhulu labantu abafayo lingavinjelwa ngokunciphisa ukungalingani kwezenhlalo. UMichael Marmot wafunda izinga lokufa kwesifo senhliziyo phakathi kochwepheshe emazingeni ahlukene eziphathimandla, futhi wathola ukuthi ukuphakama kwezinga legunya, kwehla izinga lokufa kwesifo senhliziyo (The Status Syndrome, 2005). Futhi waqhubeka wabonisa ukuthi lokhu kuncipha kokufa kwakungenakuchazwa ngokudla, ukuvivinya umzimba, noma i-cholesterol kuphela; lezi zici zobungozi zichaze ingxenye encane kuphela ye-gradient. Isici esibaluleke kakhulu kwakuyisikhundla abantu ababenaso ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo senhlalo (lapho isigaba, ubulili, nohlanga ludlala indima ebalulekile) kanye nebanga lomphakathi phakathi kwamaqembu, kanye nokulawula okuhlukile abantu abanako phezu kwezimpilo zabo.
Lokhu okutholwe ngokwesayensi okubaluleke kakhulu kunemithelela eminingi; enye yazo ukuthi inkinga enkulu esibhekene nayo ayikona nje ukuqeda ubumpofu kodwa kunalokho ukunciphisa ukungalingani. Okokuqala akunakwenzeka ukuxazulula ngaphandle kokuxazulula okwesibili. Okunye okushiwo ukuthi ubumpofu abuyona nje indaba yezinsiza, njengoba kucatshangwa ngokungafanele embikweni weBhange Lomhlaba elikala ubumpofu emhlabeni wonke ngokubala inani labantu abaphila ngedola elilodwa ngosuku. Inkinga yangempela, futhi, akuzona izinsiza eziphelele kodwa ibanga lomphakathi kanye namazinga ahlukene okulawula izinsiza zomuntu siqu. Futhi lokhu kuyiqiniso kuyo yonke imiphakathi.
Ake ngichaze. Umuntu osemusha ongenamakhono, ongasebenzi, omnyama ohlala endaweni yeghetto e-Baltimore unezinsiza ezengeziwe (kungenzeka abe nemoto, umakhalekhukhwini, kanye ne-TV, kanye namamitha-skwele amaningi endlini ngayinye kanye nezinto eziningi zasekhishini) kunomuntu ophakathi nendawo- i-class professional eGhana, e-Afrika. Ukube umhlaba wonke ubungumphakathi owodwa nje, intsha yaseBaltimore ibizoba sezingeni eliphakathi kanti uchwepheshe waseGhana ubengaba mpofu. Nokho, eyokuqala inesikhathi sokuphila esifushane kakhulu (iminyaka engamashumi amane nanhlanu) kuneyesibili (iminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha nambili).
Kungenzeka kanjani lokho, kuyilapho eyokuqala inezinsiza eziningi kuneyesibili? Impendulo icacile. Kunzima kakhulu ukuba mpofu e-United States (umuzwa webanga, ukukhungatheka, ukungabi namandla, kanye nokwehluleka kukhulu kakhulu) kunokuba usezingeni eliphakathi eGhana. Eyokuqala ingaphansi kakhulu kwe-median; eyesibili ingaphezu kwe-median.
Ingabe indlela efanayo isebenza ngokungalingani phakathi kwamazwe? Impendulo iyanda, yebo. Futhi isizathu sokwengeza "ngokwandayo" ukuxhumana-kanye nezinhlelo zolwazi ezihlala emhlabeni wonke kanye namanethiwekhi, ulwazi olwengeziwe lufinyelela ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu zomhlaba. Futhi ibanga lezenhlalo elidalwa ukungalingani liya ngokuya libonakala, hhayi ngaphakathi kuphela kodwa naphakathi kwamazwe. Ngenxa yokuthi leli banga liya ngokuya libonakala njengomphumela wokuxhashazwa, sibhekene nokucindezeleka okukhulu, okuqhathaniswa nalokho okwenzeka ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye kanye nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, lapho ukuxhashazwa kwezigaba kwaba yimbangela yokugqugquzela umphakathi. Isici esibalulekile sokuchaza ikusasa ukuthi yiziphi iziteshi ukugqugquzela okwenzekayo. Esikubonile ukugqugquzelwa okukhulu, okugqugquzelwa futhi okuholwa umfelandawonye wezigaba ezivelele eNyakatho naseNingizimu, okuhloswe ngayoโnjengoba kushiwo ngaphambiliโukugqugquzela ukugqugquzelwa kwezigaba eziningi zenkolo noma ubuzwe okushiya ubudlelwano bezigaba ezibalulekile bungashintshile. Lesi sigameko sabona ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Intando Yeningi YamaKrestu eYurophu, ngokwesibonelo, ibonakala njengempendulo yezigaba ezivelele ekusongeleni kobusoshiyali nobukhomanisi. Ukuzalwa kobufandamentali bamaSulumane nakho kwakhuthazwa ngezinjongo ezifanayo.
Ukukhetha okuhlukile kufanele kugxile ekubumbaneni phakathi kwezigaba ezibuswayo kanye namanye amaqembu abusayo, nombutho wezombangazwe okufanele wakhelwe phezu kwenqubo yomzabalazo wezigaba ezenzeka ezweni ngalinye. Njengoba uHugo Chavez waseVenezuela esho, "Akukwazi nje ukuba umnyakazo wokubhikisha nokugubha njengoWoodstock." Kungumzabalazo omkhulu, umzamo lapho ukuhleleka nokudidiyela kubalulekile, kubizwe i-Fifth International. Lena inselelo komdlali wamazwe ngamazwe esele namuhla.
[U-Vincent Navarro unguprofesa kanye nomqondisi woHlelo Lwenqubomgomo Yomphakathi yase-Johns Hopkins University, e-USA-Pompeu Fabra University, Spain.]
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