U-Hernan Vargas ungumkhulumeli we-Movimiento de Trabajadoras Residenciales [Movement of United Residential Workers] kanye ne-Venezuelan Movimiento de Pobladoras y Pobladores [Settler's Movement]. Uphinde abe neqhaza elibalulekile ekuxhumaniseni izinhlangano zomphakathi ze-ALBA. Izithakazelo zakhe zocwaningo zihlanganisa umnotho odumile kanye nezindlela zokuzalanisa komphakathi. Iminyaka eminingi, usebenze emfundweni edumile kanye nenhlangano. Kule ngxenye yezingxoxo ezimbili, sikhuluma noVargas ngomunye wezinhlangano zomphakathi ezinamandla kakhulu eVenezuela - inhlangano ehloselwe ukubuyisela indawo yasemadolobheni egameni lezenhlalakahle.
(U-Darwin โDikoโ Caรฑas Betancourt unikele ngezithombe ezibonisa inqubo yokuzakhela ehlangene e-Campamento de Pioneros Amatina e-Caracas, iphrojekthi ye-Movimiento de Pobladores y Pobladoras.)
IVenezuela inabantu abaningi basemadolobheni, ngamaphesenti angama-80 kuye kwangama-90 abantu baseVenezuela abahlala emadolobheni, abaningi ezindaweni ezimpofu. Lezi zigodlo ziyizindawo zokwakhiwa okungahlelekile, okungahleliwe, nazo zonke izinkinga ezilethwayo, kusukela ekuminyana kuya ekungakwazini ukufinyelela ezinsizakalweni. Izinkinga zasemadolobheni zibhebhezelwa ukugcwala kobunikazi, kwesinye isikhathi okubizwa ngokuthi โindawo yasemadolobheniโ (latifundio urbano). I I-Movimiento de Pobladoras ne-Pobladores [kusukela manje I-Pobladoras] isebenza kule ndawo yedolobha eqhudelanayo futhi ingenye yezinhlangano zomphakathi ezinkulu kakhulu e-Venezuela. Ungakwazi yini ukuchaza ukuthi isebenza kanjani?
I-Pobladoras iyinkundla yezinhlangano ezidonsa kanzima esimweni sasemadolobheni. Inethiwekhi esebenzayo ehlanganisa i Izindawo zokuhlala e- Tierra Urbana [Amakomidi Omhlaba Wasemadolobheni, kusukela manje iCTU, asungulwa ezinsukwini zokuqala zeBolivarian Process yokuzabalazela ukuthola amatayitela omhlaba asemadolobheni], Campamentos de Pioneros [self-constructed housing initiative], i I-Movimiento de Ocupantes de Edificios Organizados [ukunyakaza kwabahlali besakhiwo esingenalutho], i Movimiento de Inquilinos [ukunyakaza okulwa nokuxoshwa kwabaqashi], kanye ne I-Movimiento de Trabajadoras Residenciales [ukunyakaza kwabasebenzi bendawo yokuhlala].
I-Pobladoras yakhiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokusekelwe emibonweni ethile ebalulekile. Okokuqala nokubalulekile, sihlela umzabalazo ofanayo wokulwa nokulawulwa kwedolobha. Lapha, sibuyekeza ithisisi yeSinxele yendabuko eyasungula umzabalazo ngokukhethekileyo ngokombono wesigaba sabasebenzi esihleliwe noma ithimba labasebenzi. E-Venezuela, lo mbono wawudinga ukubuyekezwa. Umnotho wethu ngowonxiwankulu abaqashiwe, futhi lapha i-proletarian ayikho phakathi kwemizabalazo ethandwayo. E-Venezuela, akuzange kube khona ngisho nenqubo yokubuyisela kwamanye amazwe! Esikhundleni salokho, esinakho ngabantu abahlala emadolobheni abampofu abaphila ngokuthengisa abasebenzi babo emkhakheni wezinsizakalo, ngokuthengisa kabusha izimpahla ezimakethe ezingahlelekile, njengabashayeli bamatekisi ezithuthuthu, njll.
Senze i-hypothesis esekelwe ekusebenzeni kwezinhlangano ezahlukene endaweni yesikhulumi - empeleni eyandulela ukuvela kwe I-Pobladoras - kanye neminyaka yokuhleleka kanye nenkulumo-mpikiswano phakathi kwenhlangano. Konke lokho kwasenza sabona ukuthi indaba yomzabalazo ngabampofu basemadolobheni. Kuvele ukuthi lesi sihloko sinomqondo wokuzabalaza kanye nezifiso ezingagcini nje kuphela ekunqobeni ukuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi: futhi silwela ukufinyelela ezinsizeni, ukulawula ngokuhlanganyela imithombo kawoyela, kanye nokubuyisela umhlaba wasemadolobheni. Ngamafuphi, abampofu basemadolobheni balwela ukuhlangana!
I-Pobladoras kwavela kumongo we-Urban Revolution. Kubaluleke kakhulu kuphrojekthi yokuqhubekela phambili kwi-socialism, ngokuzibusa nokuzihlanganisa, [ukuheha] isihloko sasemadolobheni esizibophezele ekuzibuseni okudumile ezingeni lendawo, ngenkathi yakhela umphakathi wethu indawo ebanzi, yomphakathi. ngokuphelele.
I-Pobladores inezimpande eziningi. Isibonelo esibalulekile isipiliyoni se- Asambleas de Barrio [inhlangano edumile, engeyona eyendabuko yase-Venezuela] ngeminyaka yawo-'90s. Kamuva, kwaba nama-CTU, avela ngesikhathi seBolivarian Process. Ukwengeza, singakhomba imithelela yamazwe ngamazwe njenge-Pobladores e-Chile, isabelomali esibamba iqhaza e-Porto Alegre kanye nama-coop ezindlu e-Uruguay. Ngakho, kunezimpande ezihlukahlukene zokunyakaza. Kuhlangana kanjani konke?
I-Pobladoras ngempela inomsuka oyinkimbinkimbi. Ukwenza inhlanganisela singasho ukuthi sinezimpande ezintathu eziyinhloko, esimeni sokugcina, zimunye futhi zifana ngempela.
Okokuqala, kukhona ukunyakaza kwamadolobha okungokomlando okuye, ngandlela thize noma enye, kwabamba iqhaza ekwakheni izindlu emaphethelweni amadolobha amakhulu aseLatin America. Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi iVenezuela, ngenxa yomnotho wayo wobunxiwankulu obuqashiwe, inezici zayo maqondana nendlela yayo yokuqongelela, izinhlobo zokuya emadolobheni lapha azihlukile kakhulu kwamanye amazwe ezwekazi. Ngamanye amazwi, sabelana ngezinkinga zempilo yasemadolobheni eGlobal South.
Thatha iChile njengesibonelo. Lapho ukukhiqizwa emafektri kuma [kuqala ngesikhathi sikahulumeni wase-Allende, njengokucekela phansi, futhi kamuva ngenxa yezinqubomgomo ze-neoliberal], abahlali basemadolobheni (ababengabasebenzi basefekthri) ababehlala ezindaweni ezimpofu nasemadolobhaneni ase-Pobladores, baqala. ukulwela ngenkani ilungelo labo lomhlaba. Ngakho-ke iphrojekthi yasuka ekubeni umzabalazo wesigaba sabasebenzi wendabuko, owawushube kakhulu, waya emzabalazweni wasemadolobheni onohlongandlebe.
Kwenzeka okufanayo nase-Argentina nakwezinye izindawo. E-Uruguay, njengoba ushilo, kunomnyakazo osebenza ngokubambisana wezindlu. Kuyo yonke le mizabalazo, kwavela amaphethini ajulile okusebenzelana kanye nokuzilawula, futhi kwaba ukhiye ekubunjweni kwesihloko sepolitiki kanye nephrojekthi.
Njengengxenye yawo wonke [umzabalazo wasemadolobheni aseLatin America], sinokuhlangenwe nakho kwaseVenezuela okufana noku Asambleas de Barrio ngeminyaka yawo-90, eyayakhiwe ngabantu abakha idolobha elisemthethweni laba inhloko-dolobha - idolobha labonxiwankulu kanye nezigaba ezimaphakathi. Ngezimpelasonto, ngenqubo ezenzakalelayo yokusizana kanye nobumbano, laba bantu bahlanganyela nezinqubo ezizihlelele zokwakhiwa kwezindlu futhi bathatha izimali zokusizanaโฆ Bakha amakhaya abo ndawonye emaphethelweni edolobha, besizana.
The Asambleas de Barrio ziphume, ngakolunye uhlangothi, emizabalazweni evamile abantu abampofu basemadolobheni abayenza ngokumelene nedolobha elikhulu ukuze bathole izinsiza kanye nokulwa nokucindezelwa kwamaphoyisa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, baphuma ekuhlangenwe nakho kokuhlela ukunyakaza kwamavukelambuso, ahlomile emashumini eminyaka ngaphambili. Leyo impande yesibili.
So I-Pobladoras iphuma ekuthambekeni okukhulu kulo lonke elaseLatin America yabampofu basemadolobheni abazabalaza โnedolobha elikhulukaziโ futhi endaweni iphuma ezweni. Asambleas de Barrio isipiliyoni. Ithini impande yesithathu?
Umsuka wesithathu, okuyiqoqo lezinkinga eziningi ngempela, i-Chavismo. Abantu lapha babenesiko elinamandla lemizabalazo ephikisana nemibono ye-neoliberal, ngokumelene namaqembu ezombusazwe amadala, kanye nezinhlobo ezigxilile zokwenza ipolitiki. Bahlubuka kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuvalelwa ngaphandle futhi bahlangana nesiphakamiso esasibiza iphrojekthi ehluke kakhulu kazwelonke (nezwekazi). Yilokho uChavismo ayekhuluma ngakho ekuqaleni.
Ukusuka lapho kwavela amaphrojekthi athakazelisa kakhulu afana ne I-Mesas Tecnicas de Agua [izinhlangano ezisezingeni le-barrio zokuthola ukufinyelela emanzini ahambayo]. Sikhuluma ngesikhathi sakuqala seBolivarian Process, isikhathi โsamakhansela,โ lapho imiphakathi ihlela ukuthola ukuthi ingaxhumana kanjani nomsebenzi woMthethosisekelo ka-1999. Engikushoyo ukuthi, uma uMthethosisekelo uthembisa ukufinyelela kuwo wonke umuntu emfundweni, kusho ukuthi abantu bayahlela ukwenza lokho kwenzeke. Baqala ukufuna izikhala endaweni lapho amakilasi ayengafundiswa khona ngokubambisana nothisha baseCuba. Ngakho, ilungelo elingokomthethosisekelo elihlangene nemizamo yendawo yokuhlela liqinisekise ukuthi izigidi zabantu zifunda ukufunda nokubhala noma ziphothula esikoleni esiphakeme noma ekolishi.
Kwenzeka okufanayo ngodaba lobunikazi bomhlaba emadolobheni. Ngaleso sikhathi abampofu basemadolobheni bazithola bebhekene nomthetho-sisekelo onikeza ilungelo lokuthola izindlu, kanye nemithetho eyayilawula ukuqashwa kwendawo yalelo zwe elingamaphesenti angu-60 abantu abahlala kule migoqo. Ukusho okusobala, uhlelo ngeke luzenze ngokuzenzakalelayo lawo malungelo abonakale futhi yilapho inhlangano yangena khona.
Ngakho-ke, abampofu basemadolobheni bahlela ukwenza ukuhlola kwe-cadastral [indlela yokuhlonza impahla kusetshenziswa amarejista omhlaba]. kanye nokurekhoda imilando yendawo ye-barrioโฆ Kulapho I-Pobladoras kwakheka. Nokho iqhamuke nephrojekthi ebingagcini nje ngokugunyaza ubunikazi bomhlaba esihlokweni esingabaliwe sasemadolobheni esihlala emgwaqeni. I-Pobladoras iphinde yabhekana nezinkinga zabantu ababhekene nezimo ezibucayi zokuqashisa, izisebenzi ezihlala ezindaweni zokuhlala, abahlala emabhilidini, njll. Sonke sahlangana ndawonye ngomnyakazo owelula isandla kunoma yisiphi isifundo esixhashaziwe esilwela lezi zinhloso ezifanayo. E-Chavismo, kwakukhona isizinda senhlalo yasemadolobheni esasiyinhlanganisela yazo zonke lezo zingxabano.
Ngomnyakazo ofana I-Pobladoras, kubalulekile ukuthi kube nohulumeni onozwelo nezinhlelo ezidumile, eziphethwe yena. Okusho ukuthi, kukhona ubudlelwano be-dialectical phakathi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isihloko sasemadolobheni, esakhiwe amandla ahlangene futhi ahlukahlukene avela ngezansi, futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, amandla ombuso azimisele ukusebenza nenhlangano ethandwayo. .
The I-Pobladoras' izimpande akuzona kuphela lezo zokunyakaza. Eqinisweni, ziyizimpande ezifanayo ze-Chavismo kanye nohulumeni we-Chavista. Njengoba sivuma ukuthi uhulumeni akayena umuntu oyedwa (akuyona imfihlo ukuthi lo hulumeni uneqembu labantu abaningi, nakuba mhlawumbe engeyona i-polyclassist njengohulumeni ababenenqubekela phambili base-Brazil noma e-Argentina), sithola ukuthi kuhulumeni kukhona isimanje esinokuzinikela okuqinile. kubantu. Yiqiniso, futhi lokhu kuhamba ngaphandle kokusho, amandla alo msinga ahlukene.
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, uNicolas Maduro wathi kube nezikhathi ezihlukene kwinqubo yeBolivarian, futhi kufanele sizifunde. Uma senza kanjalo, sibona ukuthi akugcini nje ngokunyakaziswa uhulumeni, kodwa nezinhlangano ezidumile ziye zaba nezinkinga zazo.
Okuyiqiniso ngokungangabazeki, nokho, ukuthi kusukela ekuketulweni kombuso kukaChavez ngowezi-2002, sabona ukuthi isimo sonxiwankulu sasingeke sivumele ukufinyelela kwemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, noma umhlaba wonke. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, kwaba nokuqwashisa ukuthi inhlangano ethandwayo iyona kuphela indlela (ehlanganiswe nohlaka lwezomthetho oluvuna amandla namandla akhiwe ngozwela) ukufeza izinhloso zethu nokwenza kahle amalungelo aqukethwe kumthethosisekelo.
Ngokwesibonelo, i-UN isanda kuqaphela i-Venezuela ngezinqubomgomo zayo zokuhlanganisa umphakathi mayelana namalungelo ezindlu. Kule minyaka embalwa edlule, kwakhiwe izindlu eziyizigidi ezi-2.6. Kulawo, acishe abe yisigidi, amanye angama-37%, akhiwe ngamandla adumile [imiphakathi yendabuko, iMision Ribas (iphrojekthi yezemfundo), Campamentos de Pioneros, kanye Nemikhandlu Yomphakathi].
Lokho kuwukuhlangenwe nakho okubalulekile, ngoba kubonisa ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwemizabalazo eminingi yomlando kwaholela kanjani endleleni entsha yokwakha izindlu. Labo esikhathini esidlule bazakhela izindlu zabo ngokubambisana kodwa ngaphandle kokusekelwa umbusoโฆ namuhla labo bantu banikwa amandla ngemithetho: banethuba lokudla umhlaba futhi bathole ukusekelwa ngezimali nosizo lwezobuchwepheshe. Ngale ndlela, bafinyelela umgomo wabo.
Kuyinhloso ebingewona umphumela wezinqubo zamakhasimende, kodwa kunalokho eyafinyelelwa ngomzabalazo omude nohlelekile obekufanele uzulazule, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukwakheka okuhlukahlukene kukahulumeni. Okusho ukuthi, kwavela esimeni lapho phezulu, abanye bakholelwa ukuthi i-socialism imane iwukusabalalisa okufanelekile kwerenti, okuwukubukezwa kabusha kwemodeli endala yonxiwankulu baseVenezuela. Ngokuphambene, kukhona labo bethu abakholelwa ukuthi i-socialism isho ukukhiqizwa komphakathi ukuze kwanelise izidingo zomphakathi, ukugxila kubantu, kanye nokuzilawula okuthandwayo emzamweni wokwakha into entsha.
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Nikela