Cabanga ngakho njenge-Trojan Drone, isikhali esiphezulu se-techno-weapon yempi yaseMelika kule minyaka, indiza eyodwa esebenza ukude ethunyelwe ukuyothatha ukhiye oyedwa. Umdlalo wevidiyo ocwebezelayo wabantu abadala โ a Mortal Kombat or Call of Duty lapho izitha ezinyakazayo zopha igazi langempela. Njengehhashi elikhulu lamapulangwe amaGreki aqinisekisa amaTrojan ukuthi angenise ngaphakathi kwamasango awo, noma kunjalo, i-drone iphethe into ebulalayo esiswini sayo: isu lezempi elisha nelingekho emthethweni elifihlwe njengocezu lobuchwepheshe oluhlaba umxhwele.
Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe equkethwe kubuchwepheshe be-drone iyasiphazamisa oguqukweni olubaluleke kakhulu lwesu lezempi. Kodwa-ke kuyazuzwa - kungaba ngeziteleka zomoya ezijwayelekile, imicibisholo ehamba ngomkhumbi eqhunyiswa emikhunjini, noma ngama-drone - i-United States manje seyamukele ukubulawa kwabantu ngokungekho emthethweni emhlabathini wangaphandle. Abaphathi abalandelanayo basebenzise lolu shintsho olubalulekile ngengxoxo encane yomphakathi. Futhi iningi lengxoxo esibe nayo igxile kakhulu ensimbini entsha (ubuchwepheshe be-drone) kunenhloso yayo (ukubulala). Kuyicala lezindlela ezithethelela ukuphela. Ama-drones asebenza kahle kangangokuthi kufanele kube kuhle ukubulala abantu ngawo.
Ukuphakama Kwama-Drones
Ukuphathwa kweBush umkhankaso uhlelo lokubulala ngo-Okthoba 2001 ngo Afghanistan, wayinweba ngo-2002 ukuze Yemen, waphuma lapho. Ngaphansi kuka-Obama, ene-White House yangempela "uhlu lokubulala,โ ukusetshenziswa kwama-drones kuye kwanda futhi, kulokhu izikhathi eziyisishiyagalolunye, nokuhlasela kwanda ePakistan, eYemen, eLibya, naseSomalia, nase-Afghan, Iraq, nase-Iraq. ISiriya izindawo zempi.
Kunesikhalo esisobala kubuchwepheshe obuvumela abashayeli bezindiza be-CIA, i-Joint Special Operations Command, noma i-Air Force ukuthi bahlale ngokuphepha phambi kwezikrini zevidiyo e-Nevada noma kwenye indawo e-US, kuyilapho bebulala abantu ingxenye yomhlaba. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kumongameli ophethe impi yomhlaba wonke nomphakathi ongakwamukeli kalula izisulu zaseMelika kanye neCongress ekhetha ukungabi nesibopho sokuthatha izinqumo ngempi nokuthula. Ukubulawa kwabantu ngama-drone kuye kwavumela uMongameli u-Obama ukuthi asabalalise โimpi yobushokobeziโ ezindaweni eziningi (ngisho nalapho ethule. uthathe umhlalaphansi leso sisho), ngaphandle kwabalimala base-US noma ukwengamela nokugunyazwa kwekhongolose.
Inkinga eyodwa, nokho, ibambe uhlelo lwe-drone kusukela ekuqaleni: njengawo iziteleka zomoya ezijwayelekile, imicibisholo ejikijelwa kude namabhomu avame ukubulala abantu abangalungile. Kule minyaka eyisikhombisa edlule, isibalo sabantu ababulawa ama-drones besilokhu sikhula. Izibalo zangempela kunzima ukuzithola, nakuba eziningi zazo izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni futhi izintatheli benze umsebenzi omuhle wokuhlanganisa ulwazi oluvela emithonjeni eyahlukene futhi banikeze izilinganiso ezifanele.
Ukuhlaziya okuvela kuyo yonke le mithombo kubonisa ukuthi kunezizathu okungenani ezintathu ezenza izakhamuzi zife ekuhlaselweni okunjalo.
1. Ulwazi lwezobunhloli kumuntu okuqondiwe kulo ngokuvamile alulungile. Akayena lapho bacabanga ukuthi unguye, noma akakho ngubani bacabanga ukuthi nguye. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2014 inhlangano elwela amalungelo abantu yaseBrithani, i-Reprieve, ihlanganise idatha yeziteleka ze-drone eziqondiswe kubantu abathile e-Yemen nase-Pakistan. Ngokuvumelana ne the Guardian, Umsebenzi wokukhulula
"Kubonisa ukuthi noma ngabe o-opharetha beqondise abantu abathile - umzamo ogxile kakhulu walokho u-Barack Obama akubiza ngokuthi 'ukubulala okuhlosiwe' - babulala abantu abaningi kakhulu kunabahlosiwe, ngokuvamile abadinga ukushaya izikhathi eziningi. Imizamo yokubulala amadoda angu-41 iholele ekufeni kwabantu abalinganiselwa ku-1,147, kusukela zingama-24 kuLwezi [2014].โ
Abanye balaba besilisa kubikwa ukuthi babulawe kaningi kwabezindaba. Ngisho noma bengafanga okokuqala, okwesibili, futhi kwezinye izimo umzamo wesithathu, abanye abantu bafa. Susa futhi imibiko icala elilodwa elibi kakhulu lobunikazi bephutha:
โUmuntu onegama elifanayo nelomsolwa oshokobezi 'osohlwini lokubulala' lwabaphathi baka-Obama wabulawa emzamweni wesithathu wama-drones aseMelika. Umfowabo wabanjwa, waphenywa, futhi wakhuthazwa ukuba โatshele abantu baseMelika lokho abafuna ukukuzwaโ: ukuthi empeleni babulele umuntu ofanele.โ
2. Akukho ngisho nethagethi eshiwo. I-CIA inesikhathi eside isekelwe ekubulaweni kwe-drone okuqondiswe emisebenzini eminingi hhayi ekuhlakanipheni okuqondile ngomuntu othile, kodwa kulokho ekubiza ngokuthi "isignesha" yezenzo zamaphekula okungenzeka (okungukuthi, ukuziphatha noma ukubukeka kwabantu ngezansi). โIziteleka zesigineshaโ ezinjalo ziqondisa abantu abangaziwa ngokusekelwe emsebenzini othile osolisayo, ovame ukubhekwa ngokugadwa ngama-drone. "Isignesha" enjalo ingaba njenge kuchazwe kabi โnjengokuhlangana kwamadoda, aneminyaka eyishumi nambili kuya kwephakathi, ehamba ngamaviyo noma ephethe izikhaliโ emazweni lapho amadoda amaningi engase ahlome khona. Ngeshwa, ngenkathi umbuthano onjalo ungabonisa uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi wezempi, ungase futhi uchaze umshado wasemaphandleni, uthi, Yemen, okuhilela ukushayela udwendwe olusuka edolobheni lomkhwenyana luya kumakoti, ngezinye izikhathi luhambisana nokuqhuma kwezibhamu okujabulisayo.
Akuwona wonke umuntu kuhulumeni oqinisekayo ukuthi iziteleka zokusayina ziwumqondo omuhle. Ngo-2012, i- New York Times kubika leli hlaya eMnyangweni Wezwe: "Lapho i-CIA ibona 'abafana abathathu benza ama-jumping jacks,' le nhlangano icabanga ukuthi ikamu lokuqeqesha amaphekula."
Iqiniso lokuthi iziteleka zokusayina ziyaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla liphakamisa ukuthi uNobhala Wezwe uJohn Kerry wayengenalo iqiniso ngokuphelele ngenkathi, ngo-2013, wathi esithangamini se-BBC: โUkuphela kwabantu esidubula kubo i-drone yiziphekula eziqinisekisiwe ezisezingeni eliphakeme ngemuva kokuhlolwa okuningi okuthatha isikhathi eside. Asivele sidubule umuntu othile nge-drone bese sicabanga ukuthi ungumphekula.โ
3. Babesendleleni, futhi baba โukulimala kwesibambiso. " Leli yigama ochwepheshe bezempi abavame ukulisebenzisa ukuchaza abantu noma ingqalasizinda yomphakathi ebhujiswe ngokungenakugwenywa ekuhlaselweni kwethagethi yezempi esemthethweni. Yiqiniso, ukuqonda komqhubi we-drone yegama elithi "okungenakugwenywa" kungase kuhluke kulokho kowesifazane usanda kulahlekelwa amadodana akhe amathathu kwamane njengoba ayebuya ekhaya eyothenga izimpahla zokugubha i-Eid-al-Fitr, ukuphela kwenyanga engcwele ye-Ramadan.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziteleka ze-drone azigcini nje ngokubulala abantu, okuhlanganisa abesifazane nezingane; baphinde bacekele phansi izakhiwo nezinye izinto. Isibonelo, i-Bureau of Investigative Journalism uthi ukuthi, ePakistan, ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-60 azo zonke iziteleka ezibhekiswe ezakhiweni zasekhaya - izindlu zabantu. Ngamanye amazwi, โumonakalo wesibambisoโ uvame ukusho ukucekelwa phansi kwemizi yanoma yibaphi abasinde ekuhlaselweni kwe-drone.
Akumangalisi ukuthi abantu abakuthandi ukuphila ngokwesaba imicibisholo ebulalayo ekhala iphuma esibhakabhakeni esicwebile. Izingqapheli eziningi ziye zakwenza lokho waphikisana ukuthi izinhlangano zamaphekula ziye zasebenzisa ukwesaba nentukuthelo okwandile ngokuhlaselwa ngama-drone njengethuluzi lokuqasha. I-Al-Qaeda kanye ne-ISIS babonakala benikeza abasePakistan, abaseYemenis, nabanye enye indlela yokulinda ukuhlasela abangakwazi ukukunqanda. I-CIA ngokwayo yabona amandla okubulala ama-drone, abakubiza ngokuthi "imisebenzi ye-HVT [High Value Target]." Iputshuzwe ngoJulayi 2009 Umbiko weCIA kwesithi โImikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokulwa Nomvukelaโ iveza lezi zinkinga:
โImiphumela engemihle engase ibe khona yemisebenzi ye-HVT ihlanganisa ukukhulisa izinga lokusekelwa kwabashokobezi, okubangela ukuba uhulumeni ashaye indiva ezinye izici zesu lakhe lokulwa nabavukeli, ukuguqula isu noma inhlangano yabashokobezi ngezindlela ezivuna abashokobezi, ukuqinisa isibopho seqembu elihlomile nenani labantu, ukuqiniswa kwenani labantu. abaholi abasasele beqembu labashokobezi, okwenza kube nesikhala lapho amaqembu ashisekayo engeziwe angangena khona, futhi akhulise noma aqede ukungqubuzana ngezindlela ezivuna amavukela-mbuso.โ
Ngakho-ke kunezinkinga zamasu zesikhathi eside ngokubulawa okuhlosiwe nge-drone. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-drones angasiza ekusakazeni futhi aqinise ukunyakaza kwamaphekula kanye nokuvukela umbuso, kunokuba abhubhise bona noma ubuholi babo. Ngokuvamile, njengoba u-Andrew Cockburn ebeke kwacaca encwadini yakhe Kill Chain, abalandela abaholi ababulawa ngamabhanoyi kuvele kube abancane, abaphumelelayo, futhi abanonya kakhulu.
Nokho, kunenye inkinga ngalolu hlobo lwempi. Ukubulala okunjalo - okungenani uma kwenzeka ngaphandle kwendawo enempi - cishe akukho emthethweni; okungukuthi, bawukubulala, acacile futhi alula.
Ukubulala Okuhlosiwe Kuwukubulala
Ekhaya sinomthetho othi: asivunyelwe ukubulala into ngoba siyesaba. Lokhu kusindise izimpilo zezicabucabu ezingenakubalwa nezinye izidalwa ezemidlalo (ngokubona kwami โโokungenani) imilenze eminingi kakhulu.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyini umbono wakho ngama-arachnids, uma kufanele ngempela kuvunyelwe ukubulala abantu ngoba nje siyabesaba? Ngemuva kwakho konke, yilokho okushiwo yilokhu kubulawa kwabantu ngama-drone - ukubulawa kwabantu ngokungekho emthethweni othile akholelwa ukuthi kufanele sibesabe. Kulula ukubona ukubulawa okungekho emthethweni ukuthi kuyini uma umbulali engahlukaniswanga nezinkulungwane zamamayela kanye nesikrini sevidiyo. Ubuchwepheshe be-Drone buyi-Trojan Horse, indlela ephazamisayo, ecwebezelayo yokushushumbisa iqhinga elingekho emthethweni nelingenakuziphatha okubi enhliziyweni yobudlelwane bangaphandle base-US.
Akukona konke ukubulala okungekho emthethweni, kunjalo. Kunezimo lapho yomibili imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe neyase-US ivumela ukubulala. Enye yalezi ukuzivikela; enye impi. Nokho, โimpiโ elwiwa neqhinga (ubuphekula), noma ngokungacacile, ngokumelene nomzwelo (ukwesaba) iyimpi engokomfanekiso kuphela. Ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, izimpi zangempela, lapho kusemthethweni khona ukubulala isitha, kuhilela ukulwa okuqhubekayo phakathi kwamabutho ezempi ahleliwe.
Ngaphandle kwempi e-Iraq, Afghanistan, futhi manje okungenzeka ukuthi iSyria (lapho iCongress ingakaze imemezele impi), "impi yokwesaba" akuyona impi nhlobo. Kunalokho kuwukungqubuzana nohlu oluhlala lunwebeka lwezinjongo, akukho mingcele yendawo echaziwe, futhi akukho siphetho esingabonwa kusengaphambili. Kungumkhankaso wokulwa nanoma yisiphi isitha esingase sibe khona sase-US, esilwa ngokulingana futhi siqala emazweni amaningi emazwenikazi amaningana. Kubandakanya imisebenzi eyimfihlo efihlekile kakhulu kuwo wonke umuntu ngaphandle kwezinhloso zayo. Njengomsebenzi, ayinakho ukungqubuzana okuvamile, okuqhubekayo phakathi kwamabutho abonisa impi ngomqondo ongokomthetho. Imisebenzi enjalo ifanela esinye isigaba kangcono kakhulu: ukubulawa, okungekho emthethweni okungenani kusukela kuMongameli uJimmy Carter I-Order Order 12036, eyathi, โAkekho umuntu oqashwe noma omele uHulumeni wase-United States ozohileleka, noma akhe itulo lokubulala.โ
Futhi i-Middle East akusona kuphela isifunda lapho i-United States isebenzisa ukubulala okuhlosiwe ngaphandle kwempi yokudubula. Amasosha ase-US nawo ithumela ama-drones ezingxenyeni ezithile ze-Afrika. Eqinisweni, oqokwe nguMongameli Obama ukuthi aphathe i-US Africa Command, uLieutenant General Thomas Waldhauser, muva nje. utshele USenator Lindsay Graham ukuthi ucabanga ukuthi kufanele akhululeke ukuyala ukubulawa kwe-drone ngegunya lakhe.
Kakhulu ngempi โnempi.โ Kuthiwani ngokuzivikela? Kuzo zonke izigaba "zempi yobushokobezi," iWashington ithe ukuzivikela. Kwakuyincazelo leyo ukuqoqa amakhulu amaMuslim ahlala e-US ngokushesha ngemuva kokuhlasela kwangomhla ka-9/11, ehlukumeza abanye babo, futhi ebagcina bengaboshiwe izinyanga ejele laseBrooklyn, eNew York. Kwakuyizaba ezazinikezwa ukuqala izinhlelo zokuhlukumeza ku-CIA"amasayithi amnyamaโ naseGuantรกnamo. Kwakuyisizathu sokuthi i-US yanikeza ukuhlasela i-Afghanistan, futhi kamuva nokuhlasela i-Iraq - ngaphambili, njengokuphatha kukaBush abameli futhi umongameli ngokwakhe wayelokhu ethi, โisibhamu esiwugwayiโ sezikhali zikaSaddam Hussein okwakucatshangwa ukuthi zibhubhisa kakhulu saphenduka โifu eliwumkhowaโ phezu kwedolobha elithile laseMelika, cishe.
Futhi ukuzivikela kube yisizathu soMnyango Wezobulungiswa ngokubulala okuhlosiwe. NgoNovemba 2011 iphepha elungiselelwe lowo mnyango we-White House, umbhali wayo (umazisi akaziwa) uchaze izimo ezidingekayo zokwenza ukubulawa okuhlosiwe kube semthethweni:
โ(1) isikhulu esinolwazi, esisezingeni eliphezulu sikahulumeni wase-US sinqume ukuthi umuntu okuqondiwe ungaba usongo oluseduze lokuhlaselwa kwe-United States ngodlame;
(2) ukuthwebula akunakwenzeka, futhi i-United States iyaqhubeka nokuqapha ukuthi ukuthwebula kuyenzeka yini; futhi
(3) ukusebenza kuzokwenziwa ngendlela ehambisana nomthetho osebenzayo wezimiso zempi.โ
Lokho kubonakala kukhipha ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi okuhloswe yi-US. Bambalwa ababehlosile kwakungabantu abasonqenqemeni lokuhlasela ngobudlova e-United States noma amasosha ase-US ensimini. Ah, kodwa ekubukekeni kwengilazi yoMnyango Wezobulungiswa ka-Obama, "okuseduze" kuvela ukuthi akusho ukuthi "okuseduze" ngomqondo wokuthi kukhona okuzokwenzeka. Njengoba lowo mbhalo uchaza: โIsimo sokuthi umholi osebenzayo wethule usongo โoluseduzeโ lokuhlasela ngobudlova kwe-United States asidingi ukuthi i-United States ibe nobufakazi obucacile bokuthi ukuhlasela okuqondile kwabantu base-US kanye nezithakazelo kuyokwenzeka ngokushesha. esizayo.โ
Kuvele ukuthi usongo lwanoma yimuphi โumholi osebenzayoโ luhlala luseduze, ngoba โngokuphathelene nabaholi be-al-Qaeda abahlezi behlela ukuhlasela, i-United States kungenzeka ibe nefasitela elilinganiselwe lethuba lokuvikela abantu baseMelika. โ Ngamanye amazwi, uma umuntu esehlonzwe njengomholi we-al-Qaeda noma โumholiโ weqembu, ngokwencazelo, โuhlezi ehlela ukuhlasela,โ uhlale umele ingozi eseduze, kanjalo nenhloso esemthethweni. QED
Eqinisweni, kumbalwa okwanele kwalokhu kubulala okuhlosiwe, okuhlanganisa nokusayina okungavikelwa njengezibonelo zokuzivikela. Kufanele sibabize ngalokho abayikho ngempela: ukubulawa ngaphandle kokwahlulela.
I-UN Special Reporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary, noma Arbitrary Executions uvumelene nalo mbono. Embikweni wakhe ka-2013 ku-General Assembly, u-Christof Heyns kuphawulwe ukuthi umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wamalungelo abantu uqinisekisa ilungelo lokuphila. Leli lungelo liqukethwe ku-Universal Declaration of Human Rights yango-1948 futhi lanikezwa amandla angokomthetho, phakathi kwezinye izivumelwano, Isivumelwano Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu Nezepolitiki, i-United States eyingxenye yaso. Impela kunemikhawulo esemthethweni yelungelo lokuphila, okuhlanganisa - emazweni anesigwebo sentambo - ilungelo lombuso lokubulala umuntu ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala elisemthethweni. Ukubulala umuntu ngaphandle kwecala, nokho, โukubulala ngokungemthethoโ kanye nobugebengu bamalungelo abantu.
U-Obama โUza Ehlanzekileโ
Maphakathi nehlandla lesibili likaMongameli u-Obama ehhovisi, ukugxekwa kwalolu hlelo lokubulala ngokungemthetho, futhi ikakhulukazi nokufa kwezakhamuzi ezihilelekile, kwase kushubile. Ngakho, ngo-May 2013, okungenani ngemva kweminyaka engu-11 lolu hlelo luqalisiwe, umongameli kumemezela ukushintsha isu le-drone, etshela izethameli e-National Defence University ukuthi i-US izobandakanyeka "ekubulaleni okuhlosiwe" kwamasosha e-al-Qaeda kuphela lapho "kunesiqiniseko esiseduze" sokuthi akukho mphakathi ozolimala. Ubuye wengeza ngokuthi uhlela ukwenza uhlelo lwe-drone lube sobala kakhulu kunangaphambili futhi adlulisele iningi lemisebenzi yalo isuka ku-CIA iye ePentagon.
Eminyakeni emibili edlule, kuncane lokhu okwenzekile. Nakuba u-Obama eqhubekile nomsebenzi ka ukugunyaza mathupha okuhloswe yi-drone, i-CIA isagijimayo okuningi kohlelo.
NgoJulayi 1st, ekugcineni wathatha isinyathelo sokuhlinzeka ngokusobala okukhulu. Ihhovisi likaMqondisi Wezobunhloli Kazwelonke ikhishwe umbiko othi, ngaphandle kwezindawo zempi ezivamile njengalezo eziseSyria, Afghanistan, nase-Iraq, ukuhlasela kwezindiza zase-US kubulale "abantu abangu-64 kuya ku-116 ababukele kanye namalungu angaba ngu-2,500 amaqembu amaphekula." Lezi zilinganiso, empeleni, ziphansi kakhulu kunalezo ezinikezwa amaqembu ahlukahlukene alandelela ukubulawa okunjalo. Qaphela futhi ukuthi, uma sikhuluma ngokomthetho, akubona kuphela izisulu โzokulimala kwesibambisoโ kuphela, kodwa bonke labo abantu baseMelika abahlonze โnjengamalungu amaqembu amaphekulaโ bafa ngokubulawa okungekho emthethweni, ngaphandle kokwahlulela.
Idokhumenti ifeza enye yezidingo zencwadi esanda kukhishwa ukuhleleka, okuthi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kudingeke ukuthi uhulumeni akhiphe umbiko ngoMeyi 1 wonyaka ngamunye oqukethe โulwazi mayelana nenani leziteleka ezenziwa uHulumeni wase-US ngokumelene nezinhloso zamaphekula ngaphandle kwezindawo ezinobutha [okungukuthi, ngaphandle kwezindawo zempi zangempela]โ ngonyaka wekhalenda odlule.
Okunamathiselwe kumyalelo we-executive kwaba "i-fact sheet,โ eyaphawula ukuthi omunye umgomo wohlelo olusha lokuphatha โuwukubeka izindinganiso ezizolandelwa ezinye izizwe.โ I-United States ingajabula kangakanani ngempela uma ezinye izizwe zinquma ukuthi zinelungelo lokubulala noma ubani owethusayo? I-United States ibingasabela kanjani uma uMongameli waseSyria u-Bashar al-Assad enquma ukukhipha ujenene wase-US noma ababili, ngezizathu zokuthi, njengoba i-US isekela amabutho afuna ukumgudluza, labo jenene ba (njengoba I-Fact Sheet ikubeka. ) โokuhloswe ngakho ekusebenziseni ukuzivikela kwesizweโ?
Abanye abagxeki bohlelo lwe-Obama Drone banalo wamukelwa i-executive order, ehlanganisa ukugcizelela okusha ekuvikeleni izakhamuzi. Kodwa umthelela omkhulu womyalelo uwukwenza umkhuba wokubulala ngokungemthetho ube isici esihlala njalo senqubomgomo yase-US. Kucatshangwa ukuthi singalindela isimemezelo sonyaka sokubulawa kwabantu eminyakeni ezayo. Alikho ikusasa elicatshangelwayo lapho iMelika ingeke inethele ukufa okuvela esibhakabhakeni kubantu abangakwazi ukuzivikela. Ama-drones azoqhubeka nokundiza, kodwa umsebenzi weTrojan Drone usuqedile.
Rebecca Gordon, a TomDispatch Njalo, ufundisa ifilosofi eNyuvesi yaseSan Francisco. Ungumbhali we I-Mainstreaming Torture futhi kamuva nje kwe I-Nuremberg yaseMelika: Amaphoyisa ase-United States Okufanele Amelele Ukulingana Nge-Post-9 / 11 Impi Yempi. Angathintwa ku-www.mainstreamingtorture.org.
Lesi sihloko sivele okokuqala ku-TomDispatch.com, i-weblog ye-Nation Institute, enikeza ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, izindaba, kanye nemibono evela ku-Tom Engelhardt, umhleli wesikhathi eside ekushicileleni, umsunguli we-American Empire Project, umbhali we Ukuphela KweMasiko Okunqoba, njengenoveli, Izinsuku Zokugcina Zokushicilela. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva ithi I-Shadow Government: Ukuqapha, Impi Yezimfihlo, ne-Global Security State ezweni elilodwa elinamandla (Izincwadi zeHaymarket).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela