NgoMsombuluko ngoJanuwari 28, uMbhishobhi u-Alejandro Goic umemezele ukuthi isishoshovu samalungelo eMapuche uPatricia Troncoso wayesihoxisa isiteleka sezinsuku eziyi-111 eChile. UTroncoso, kanye nabanye abatelekile, babefuna kukhululwe iziboshwa zezombusazwe zaseMapuche, kuqedwe ukucindezelwa kwamasosha kwamaqembu abomdabu, kanye nokuhoxiswa kwamacala okushisa abekwe inkampani yeForest Minoco. Lesi siteleka besihambisana nemibhikisho enhlokodolobha yaseChile iSantiago kanye nezikhalazo.
Ngo-2002, uTroncoso kanye nezishoshovu ezimbalwa zakwaMapuche basolwa ngokushisa amahektha angu-100 amasimu kaphayini - amacala abawaphikayo - futhi bagwetshwa iminyaka eyishumi ejele. Baquliswa icala elingenabulungiswa, lapho abaphathi baseRicardo Lagos besebenzisa umthetho wokulwa nobuphekula owasungulwa ngesikhathi sombusi wezempi u-Augusto Pinochet. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaMapuche athi amasimu ayingxenye yezindawo zokhokho babo, ezazihlala inkampani ngokungafanele. Izinkampani zamahlathi zandise ukudliwa kwazo izindawo zomdabu ngesikhathi sePinochet, lapho abantu bomdabu abaningi bephoqeleka ukuthi badele amalungelo abo.
Abaphathi abasanda kukhethwa uMichelle Bachelet banikeze iTroncoso izimvume ezithile ngoMsombuluko, okuhlanganisa ukudluliselwa kwezishoshovu zamalungelo akwaMapuche ejele lase-Education and Labour Centre kanye nokubuyekezwa komthetho oyimpikiswano wokulwa nobuphekula. U-Bachelet uphinde waqoka ukhomishana kamongameli wezindaba zomdabu ukuthi aqale inkhulumomphendvulwano namaqembu abomdabu futhi akhuthaze ukuqashelwa kwabantu bomdabu. Leli cala lilethe ukunaka kuzwelonke nakwamanye amazwe osizini lwabantu bakwaMapuche eChile, izwe elivame ukutuswa njengentando yeningi yemakethe yamahhala enamazinga aphezulu okukhula, naphezu kokuba nelinye lamazinga amabi kakhulu okungalingani kwezenhlalo esifundeni.
Lesi siteleka siphinde sagqamisa ukugqugquzelwa kwezempi kwemiphakathi yendabuko ebilokhu ikhula ngesivinini eminyakeni yakamuva kulo lonke elaseLatin America. Izindawo zaseMapuche eningizimu yeChile zinamaphoyisa amaningi futhi abantu baseMapuche babhekana nonya lwamaphoyisa njalo, ukuhlasela kwansuku zonke, nokusetshenziswa kwezibhamu kumalungu omphakathi angahlomile. NgoJanuwari 2, insizwa yaseMapuche yadutshulwa yabulawa ngamaphoyisa ngesikhathi amalungu omphakathi waseYupeco-Vilcun ethatha ipulazi.
Kunemibiko efanayo evela kwezinye izingxenye zeLatin America futhi. I-Zapatistas, iqembu lendabuko elivukela umbuso elizinze eningizimu-mpumalanga yeMexico, libhekane nodlame olukhulayo oluvela kumbutho wezempi ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule. E-Brazil, umthetho okwamanje ungaphansi kwenkulumompikiswano ongavumela umbuso ukuthi ungenelele emiphakathini yendabuko ukuze uvikele izingane ekunganakeni nasekuhlukunyezweni. Njengokungenelela kwabantu base-Australia ezindaweni zaboMdabu, lapho amaphoyisa namasosha athunyelwa endaweni yaseNyakatho ngesizathu sokusindisa izingane zomdabu, izenzo zibonwa imiphakathi yendawo kanye namaqembu alwela amalungelo abantu njengezingakhathaleli kakhulu inhlalakahle yezingane, nokunye okuningi. ngemizamo yokuthatha izindawo zabomdabu futhi ekugcineni bathathe impahla efiswayo.
Imizamo eyengeziwe yokuvimbela kanye nengcindezelo ixhumene nokugqugquzelwa okukhulayo kwabantu bomdabu esifundeni sonke, okuthole umfutho oqinile ngokuvukelwa kwezikhali kwamaZapatistas ngoJanuwari 1.st, 1994. Lokhu kwalandela umkhondo womkhankaso wabomdabu obanzi baseMelika wokuphawula โIminyaka Engu-500 Yokuphikisa,โ owawuphikisa isikhumbuzo esingokomthetho esithi โUkutholwa Kwezwe Elishaโ ngo-1992. E-Ecuador phakathi nawo-1990, kwaba nezingxabano ezinkulu ezinhlanu zabomdabu. kanye nemibhikisho eminingana ephikisana nezinguquko ze-neoliberal. E-Bolivia, umfelandawonye wamaqembu omdabu, abalimi kanye nabasebenzi babambe iqhaza ezimpini zamanzi bekhalaza ukukhishwa kwangasese kwezimpi zamanzi negesi ukuze kufuneke kubuyiswe izindawo zokugcina igesi yemvelo kwabahwebi.
Ukhetho lwango-2005 luka-Evo Morales, umongameli wokuqala womdabu waseBolivia kanye nomholi wenyunyana yabalimi be-coca, luwuphawu lwale minyaka yokuhlela abomdabu. Ukwanda kukaMorales nabanye abaholi abasele esifundeni sonke, kanye nemizamo yabo yokwenza izindawo zokugcina igesi zikazwelonke, babhale kabusha umthethosisekelo, futhi banikeze amatayitela omhlaba emiphakathini yendabuko, kugqamise ukungqubuzana okukhona, njengoba abanikazi bomhlaba abacebile, abahwebi bezwe, kanye nama-creoles bengazimisele. ukuze balahle amandla abo agxilile nokulawula izindawo zokhokho.
E-Venezuela, umthethosisekelo ka-1999 waqinisekisa imiphakathi yendabuko ilungelo lemihlaba ekade yayithatha ngokwesiko nangokokhokho, futhi uMthetho Wokuklanywa Wangowezi-2001 ukhiqize inqubo yokwenza imephu yezindawo zomdabu ezobuyisela ubunikazi bomdabu bomhlaba uma usuvunyiwe ngokusemthethweni. Kepha inqubo yokufinyelela kulawo mazwe ibinokungqubuzana kakhulu futhi abantu bomdabu bake babhekana nokusatshiswa ngamaqembu azimele abanikazi bomhlaba. Izishoshovu ezikhulayo zamaqembu abomdabu e-Venezuela zenze ukuthi kuphinde kwaqubuka inkolelo-ze yokucwasa ngokwebala kanye nama-caricature kwabezindaba. Isiqephu esisodwa esishicilelwe esengezo Unwabu zosuku El Nacional ngo-2003 enesihloko esithi โUkusungulwa kwendilinga ye-bolivarian emphakathini wamaNdiya aseTabayara,โ kubika ukuvakasha kukamongameli uHugo Chรกvez emphakathini ocatshangelwayo waseTabayara. Kokunye ukuvakashela eCacique Konsoda, okuwumfanekiso wenkosi yomdabu, inkosi kuthiwa ikhuluma nomengameli ihora nesigamu, kodwa njengoba umengameli engakhulumi izilimi zomdabu akaqondi lutho. Umbiko uphetha ngokuthi: โYileyo nkinga ngalaba AmaNdiya, akekho oyiqondayo into abayishoyo.โ Lezi zakhiwo zobandlululo zabantu bomdabu njengabangenalwazi nabangaqondakali zibonisa ukukhathazeka komkhakha ophikisayo ocebile nophakathi, abesaba abantu bomdabu abathola amalungelo abo.
Ngokufanayo, eBolivia, lapho kwaphasiswa khona umthetho omusha wezinguquko kwezolimo ngo-2006 ukuze kuvikelwe amazwe abomdabu ukuthi angadayiswa noma ahwetshwe, abaholi bomdabu baye bashaywa ngenxa yokuvikela izindawo zabo kubahlaseli abaphula imithetho. I-IPS ibike ukuthi indawo yomphakathi e-Ascensiรณn, ehlala abantu baseGuarayo empumalanga yeBolivia, yathengiswa ngokungemthetho abaholi bomdabu abakhohlakele be-Union of Guarayo Native People (COPNAG). Amalungu eGuarayo ethimba lokuqondisa izigwegwe elakhelwe ukusola abaholi abakhohlakele abesongelwa izimpilo zabo kanye nokuhlaselwa ngamasosha azimele.
Ngaphansi komthetho wezinguquko kwezokulima, uhulumeni unamandla okubuyisela umhlaba ongasetshenzisiwe emiphakathini yendabuko, ukuze kunxeshezelwe kubanikazi bomhlaba abazimele. Ngaphansi kwe-Morales, kuphinde kwaba nomzamo wokunciphisa ukugxila kobunikazi bomhlaba phakathi kwezinto ezizimele. Ngomhla ziyisi-8 kuZibandlela, umhlangano wobumbano eBolivia wagcina uphasise umthethosisekelo osalungiswa ngemva kwezinyanga eziyishumi nesikhombisa zezingxabano nokubambezeleka kwezinhlangothi, okunciphisa inani lomhlaba elingaphathwa yinoma yimuphi umuntu. Isiphakamiso sizovotelwa kunhlolovo esikhathini esiyizinyanga eziyisithupha.
Kepha imiphakathi yendabuko iyakuqaphela ngokuqondakalayo ukungena kumadlelandawonye nabaholi abangakwesobunxele. U-Lucio Gutiรฉrrez, owayenguColonel wamasosha owanconywa njengengxenye yeqembu elisha labaholi abanxele ngenkathi ekhethwa njengomongameli wase-Ecuador ngo-2003, ubekwe icala njengobambe iqhaza ekuhlanganiseni nasekudilizweni kwenhlangano yendabuko ephilayo e-Ecuador. I-Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE) yasungulwa ngo-1986 futhi yahola imibhikisho eminingi emikhulu ngokumelene nezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngo-2003, i-CONAIE yangenela umfelandawonye noGutiรฉrrez, futhi yazithola ikhashelwa uGutiรฉrrez, owasayina incwadi ne-IMF ukuze yenze izinto zemvelo zibe yimfihlo, ikhulule imakethe yezabasebenzi futhi yenze izinguquko kwezezimali, konke okuphambene nenkundla akhethwa kuyo. Ngo-April 2005, uGutiรฉrrez waphoqeleka ukuba ahoxise amandla futhi abaleke ezweni phakathi kwemibhikisho emikhulu.
Muva nje, ngo-January 10-12, amaqembu abomdabu e-Ecuador ahlangane ndawonye ku-Third Congress of Indigenous Nationalities and Peoples of Ecuador. Izihambeli zeCongress zafunga ukuthi zizolwela ukuqashelwa kwamalungelo abantu bomdabu kanye nokuqashelwa kwe-Ecuador njengezwe eligcwele abantu abaningi, kanye nokuphikisa ukukhishwa kwemithombo yemvelo. Banxuse umhlangano oqhubekayo ngaphansi kobuholi bomholi wenxele uRafael Correa ukuthi ufake umthetho wezinguquko kwezokulima ozobuyisela umhlaba emiphakathini yabomdabu. KuKhongolose, umongameli omusha, uMarlon Santi, wakhethwa ukuba abe yi-CONAIE. USanti wayebandakanyeka emibhikishweni ephikisana nenkampani kawoyela yamazwe ngamazwe i-ARCO (inkampani ye-Atlantic Richfield) ngeminyaka yawo-1980, futhi wayephikisa ngesikhathi sokuphatha kukaGutierrez.
Engxoxweni abe nayo noPatricio Zhinghri T., uSanti uthe iziphakamiso ezivela enhlanganweni yabomdabu azikho ohlelweni lukahulumeni waseCorrea, futhi kukhona ukukhathazeka ngokuthi ngeke umelelwe izinguquko zomthethosisekelo. Uveze ukuthi uzimisele ngokuhlela amasu nokusebenzisana nohulumeni, kodwa wagcizelela ukuthi izinhlaka zabomdabu zizoqhubeka nokuhlangana ngokuzimela ukubeka izikhalo zabo ezinhlelweni zabo.
Lokhu kukhathazeka kuyananelwa kwezinye izingxenye zeLatin America njengoba amaqembu abomdabu efuna ukugcina umuzwa wenhlangano uzimele ngaphansi kohulumeni abaphiko lwesokunxele. NgoMashi 2005 kanye noJanuwari 2006, amaqembu endabuko avela esifundeni esisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeZulia eVenezuela ahlela imibhikisho ephikisana nezinhlelo zikahulumeni waseChรกvez zokwandisa izimayini zamalahle esifundazweni sabo. Ngenkathi bezwakalisa ukumeseka kwabo umongameli, baphinde bakhomba ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kanye nobungozi bezempilo kubantu abaningi bomdabu bakulesi sifunda abathembele emanzini ayindlala.
Izinga elikhulayo lobushoshovu bomdabu ezinyangeni neminyaka yakamuva, okuhlanganisa nomhlangano wabesifazane baseZapatista oyingqophamlando kanye noMhlangano wamaZapatistas nabantu Bomhlaba kusukela ngoDisemba 28 kuya kuJanuwari 1, 2008, kubonise amandla okunyakaza kwabomdabu ngaphakathi kwezwe. izinqubo zoguquko ezenzeka esifundeni sonke, kanye nokungafuni kwabo ukwesatshiswa udlame noma izinsongo zabanamandla.
U-Sujatha Fernandes: [i-imeyili ivikelwe]
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