Sekuyiminyaka kunezingxoxo eziningi mayelana nesu elingcono kakhulu lokususa ama-poppies e-Afghanistan. Ukuqedwa, kusho uBush. Ukuvinjwa nezinye izindlela zokuziphilisa, kuphendula u-Obama. Ukunikezwa ilayisense nokukhiqizwa ngezinjongo zokwelapha, kuphakamise i-Senlis Council. Lezi zindaba kuphikiswane ngazo kakhulu: Ngabe kungaba nesidingo esanele se-morphine esemthethweni yase-Afghanistan? Ingabe uhulumeni ukhohlakele kakhulu ukuba angasebenzisa lolu hlelo noma lolo hlelo? Ukuqedwa kuzobehlukanisa ngezinga elingakanani abalimi? Yiziphi izitshalo okufanele sizishintshe esikhundleni sama-poppies?
Le mibuzo ayibalulekile, kodwa ngokuyisisekelo, ayikhulumi ngomthombo oyinhloko wokukhiqizwa kwezidakamizwa zase-Afghan: isidingo esinganelisiwe saseNtshonalanga (kanye naseRussia).
I-Afghanistan yenza cishe u-90% wokukhiqizwa kwe-opium engekho emthethweni emhlabeni jikelele. I-Western Europe ne-Russia izimakethe zakhona ezimbili ezinkulu ngokwamanani asetshenziswayo kanye nenani lemakethe (i-United States akuyona imakethe ebalulekile yama-Afghan opiates, esikhundleni salokho ingenisa imithi evela e-Latin America). I-Western Europe (26%) kanye neRussia (21%) ndawonye idla cishe ingxenye (47%) ye-heroin ekhiqizwa emhlabeni, amazwe amane athatha amaphesenti angama-60 emakethe yaseYurophu: i-United Kingdom, i-Italy, iFrance neJalimane. Ngokwezomnotho, imakethe yomhlaba wonke ye-opiates inenani lamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-65, lapho i-heroin yenza ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-55. Cishe uhhafu yenani lemakethe ye-opiate lilonke libalwa yi-Europe (cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-20) kanye neRussia (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-13). (I-Iran futhi ingumthengi omkhulu we-opium, enamanani amancane e-heroin). Isimo siyefana nge-cocaine, lapho i-US ne-Europe izimakethe ezimbili ezihamba phambili (cishe konke ukutshalwa kwe-coca kwenzeka eColombia, ePeru naseBolivia). [1]
Kafushane, yiNtshonalanga enenkinga yezidakamizwa, hhayi amazwe abakhiqizi njenge-Afghanistan (noma i-Colombia): isidingo siyinkosi futhi siqhuba imboni yomhlaba wonke.
Kufanele sinciphise kanjani ukusetshenziswa kwe-opiate kanye nemiphumela yayo emibi eNtshonalanga naseRussia? Ucwaningo lwenqubomgomo yezidakamizwa lunikeze izindlela ezine. Kukhona ukuvumelana okubanzi phakathi kwabacwaningi ukuthi izindlela ezinjalo kufanele zibekwe ngale ndlela elandelayo, kusukela kweziningi kuye kwezincane kakhulu: 1) ukwelashwa kwemilutha, 2) ukuvimbela, 3) ukuphoqelela, kanye 4) nokusebenza phesheya emazweni abakhiqizi. Isibonelo, abahlaziyi abayishumi nambili abasunguliwe bafinyelele eziphethweni ezilandelayo, ezishicilelwe ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule [2]:
“Imizamo yamazwe acebile yokunciphisa ukutshalwa kwezitshalo ezikhiqiza izidakamizwa emazweni ampofu ayizange inciphise ukutholakala kwezidakamizwa noma ukusetshenziswa ezimakethe ezisezansi nomfula, futhi cishe ngeke…izobhuntsha ngisho noma imizamo yamanje iphindaphindwa kaningi.”
"Ukwanda okukhulu kwezinsizakalo [zokwelashwa], ikakhulukazi kubantu abathembele kuma-opiates, kungenzeka kukhiqize uhla olubanzi lwezinzuzo ... nokho, imiphakathi eminingi itshala lezi zinsizakalo ngezinga eliphansi."
Futhi, ucwaningo olucashunwe kabanzi lwango-1994 lwe-RAND lwaphetha ngokuthi ukukhomba “amazwe ayimithombo” kubiza kancane izikhathi ezingama-23 “kunokwelashwa” kwemilutha ekhaya, indlela ephumelela kakhulu; "Ukuvimbela" kulinganiselwa ukuthi kubiza kancane izikhathi eziyi-11 kanye "nomthetho wasekhaya" izikhathi eziyisi-7. [3]
Inkinga iwukuthi isu laseNtshonalanga lenqubomgomo yezidakamizwa liye lagcizelela ukusetshenziswa konyaka, kuhlanganiswe nezigigaba zaphesheya kwezilwandle, okulimaza ukwelashwa nokuvimbela.
Futhi, iRussia ibikhononda ngokumiswa kokuqeda nya e-Afghanistan, kodwa inomlando omubi kakhulu wokunikeza imilutha yayo ukwelashwa, yenqaba ubufakazi besayensi obamukelwa kabanzi. I-Moscow ikhethe isu "elisebenzela ukuphela kokulawulwa komphakathi nokuphoqelela," njenge-US: ukwenza ubugebengu kuyagcizelelwa futhi isabelo esikhulu kunazo zonke sezinsiza zomphakathi siqondiswe ekuboshweni, ukushushisa kanye nokuvalela abasebenzisi bezidakamizwa, esikhundleni sokubanikeza ukwelashwa. Lokhu kubhebhethekisa ubhubhane lwe-HIV lwaseRussia, olukhula ngokushesha kunawo wonke emhlabeni—olunegciwane lesandulela ngculaza elicishe libe yisigidi, amanye amaphesenti angama-80 ahlobene nokwabelana ngezinalithi zemithi—kuyilapho ukutholakala komjovo kusekuncane kakhulu. Isibonelo, i-methadone ne-buprenorphine zihlala zinqatshelwe umthetho e-Russia, ngisho noma zisebenza ngempumelelo ekwehliseni inkinga yezidakamizwa ngokususa imilutha kusukela kuma-opiate angekho emthethweni ukuya kwezinye izindlela ezisemthethweni, eziphephile. [4]
Ngakho-ke, umbiko osanda kukhishwa weNyuvesi yaseNew York uthi “Akukho okwenzeka e-Afghanistan, okuhle noma okubi, okungathinta inkinga yezidakamizwa zaseRussia cishe njengokutholwa kwe-methadone” eRussia—okuzosiza futhi i-Afghanistan ukuthi inciphise ukutshalwa kwepoppy. [5]
U-Obama umemezele ngonyaka odlule ukuthi i-US izofinyelela izisekelo zamasosha ayisikhombisa eColombia ngaphansi kwesizathu sokulwa nempi yamaphekula kanye nempi yezidakamizwa. Ngokufanayo, iRussia isanda kumemezela ukuthi izomisa isizinda sesibili samasosha eKyrgyzstan, ukuze kuliwe nokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa. UVictor Ivanov, uMqondisi we-Russian Federal Drug Control Service, uchaze ukuthi wagqugquzelwa kanjani amaqhinga empi yezidakamizwa ase-US eLatin America:
“Okuhlangenwe nakho kwe-United States kuyasebenza ngempela. Ukugeleza okunamandla kwe-cocaine kusuka eColombia kuya e-United States kwenze iWashington yamisa izizinda zamasosha eziyisikhombisa ezweni laseLatin America okukhulunywa ngalo. I-US yabe isisebenzisa izindiza ukucekela phansi amahektha angaba ngu-230,000 amasimu e-coca… Izwe laseRussia liphakamisa ukuthi kwakhiwe isizinda samasosha e-Kyrgyzstan njengoba kuyisifunda sase-Osh esise-republic okuyisizinda lapho kusetshenziswa khona izidakamizwa kulo lonke elase-Asia Ephakathi.” [6]
Irekhodi lase-Europe mayelana nenqubomgomo yezidakamizwa liye laba ngcono kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, intuthuko ebalulekile yenziwe ukuze kulethe ukuncipha kokulimala enkambisweni yenqubomgomo yezidakamizwa, futhi amanani okusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa esigabeni ngasinye sezidakamizwa aphansi e-EU kunakwamanye amazwe Inqubomgomo yezidakamizwa ezinobugebengu kakhulu, njenge-US, Canada ne-Australia. [7]
Kodwa isekhona indawo yokuthuthukisa. Isibonelo, nakuba ukwelapha esikhundleni se-opioid kanye nezinhlelo zokushintshisana ngenaliti kanye nesirinji manje sezifinyelela emiluthweni eminingi, “umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwamazwe [aseYurophu] uyaqhubeka nokuba khona ngezinga kanye nokuhlanganisa”, kuphetha ukubuyekezwa kwakamuva kwezinqubomgomo zokunciphisa ukulimala eYurophu. Ikakhulukazi, “Ukunikezwa sekukonke kokwelashwa okuhlukile emazweni ase-Baltic nasezifundeni ezimaphakathi neseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Europe, ngaphandle kwase-Slovenia, kuhlala kuphansi naphezu kokwenyuka okuthile kwakamuva. Isilinganiso esivela e-Estonia siphakamisa ukuthi amaphesenti angu-5 kuphela abasebenzisi be-heroin ezindaweni ezine ezinkulu zasemadolobheni ambozwa izinhlelo zokushintshwa, nokuthi leli zinga liphansi njengoba lifinyelela ku-1% ezingeni likazwelonke.” [8]
Ukuntuleka kwezimali akuzona izaba, njengoba kunemali eningi etholakalayo, ngokwesibonelo, ku-$300 billion abantu baseYurophu abachitha minyaka yonke emasosheni abo, ukugcina phakathi kokunye amasosha abo angaphezu kuka-30,000 e-Afghanistan.
I-UK yabekwa ukuthi ilawule ama-counternarcotic e-Afghanistan. Kodwa-ke, ekhaya, ongoti abaphambili u-Peter Reuter no-Alex Stevens babika ukuthi “Naphezu kwezibopho zokungacabangi ekulinganiseni kabusha ukusetshenziswa kwenqubomgomo yezidakamizwa ekwelapheni… ingxenye enkulu yezindleko zomphakathi iyaqhubeka nokunikelwa ezindleleni zobulungisa bobugebengu… lokhu kugcizelela ekuphoqeleleni ukusetshenziswa kwezindleko zokulawulwa kwezidakamizwa ibambele izwe eligxile ekunciphiseni ukulimala, iNetherlands.” E-UK, phakathi kuka-1994-2005, “inani leminyaka esitokisini yasejele elinikezwa izigwebo zonyaka liye laphindeka kathathu” (nakuba kuye kwaba nokwanda okukhulu ekwelashweni). "Isibalo samajele senyuke ngokushesha kule minyaka eyishumi edlule [futhi] ukusetshenziswa kweziboshwa kwenyuke ngokushesha kakhulu kwabaphula umthetho kunabanye abenzi bobubi... Lokhu kwanda kube nomthelela omkhulu enkingeni yamanje yokugcwala kwamajele."
Umthetho waseBrithani ubiza kakhulu abakhokhi bentela, kodwa uhulumeni akazibali lezo zindleko njalo noma esidlangalaleni. Ngesicelo seNkululeko Yolwazi kwakhululwa idokhumenti “eyabala izindleko zonyaka zokuphoqelela imithetho yezidakamizwa—okuhlanganisa amaphoyisa, ukuvivinywa, izindleko zejele nezenkantolo—cishe ama-£2.19 wezigidigidi, okwasetshenziswa cishe u-£581 wezigidi ekuboshweni abephula umthetho wezidakamizwa. ” [9]
Konke lokhu okushiwo, kunendlela eyodwa lapho i-Afghanistan inenkinga yezidakamizwa, okungukuthi, isibalo esandayo semilutha. Umbiko wakamuva we-UNODC ulinganisela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kuye kwanda kakhulu eminyakeni embalwa edlule nokuthi cishe ama-Afghan ayisigidi manje ahlushwa yizidakamizwa, noma i-8% yabantu-okuphindwe kabili isilinganiso somhlaba wonke. Kusukela ngo-2005, inani labasebenzisi abavamile be-opium e-Afghanistan likhule lisuka ku-150,000 laya ku-230,000 (ukwanda okungamaphesenti angu-53) kanye ne-heroin, lisuka ku-50,000 laya ku-120,000 (ukwanda kwe-140%). Lokhu kubhebhethekisa isandulela ngculazi nengculazi ngoba iningi labantu abasebenzisa izidakamizwa babelana ngezinaliti.
Kodwa izinsiza zokwelapha zishoda kakhulu. Cishe i-10% kuphela yabantu abayimilutha abake bathola ukwelashwa, okusho ukuthi cishe i-700,000 ishiywe ngaphandle kwayo, okwenza isikhulu se-UNODC u-Antonio Maria Costa acele izinsiza ezinkulu kakhulu zokuvimbela nokwelashwa kwezidakamizwa ezweni. Kodwa inkinga ukuthi abaphathi baka-Obama noBush abakwazanga ukunaka kancane: kusukela ngo-2005, babele imali engaphansi kwezigidi ezingu-18 zamaRandi ukuze "bafune ukunciphisa" imisebenzi e-Afghanistan-imali engaphansi kwe-1% yezigidigidi ezimbili zamaRandi abayichitha ekuqothulweni nasekuvimbelweni. . [2] Ngokusobala, izinto eziza kuqala e-US azihlangene nokulwa nempi yezidakamizwa.
[1] I-UNODC, Umbiko Womhlaba Wezidakamizwa 2010.
[2] Thomas Babor et al., Inqubomgomo Yezidakamizwa kanye Nokuhle Komphakathi, Oxford, 2010.
[3] RAND, Controlling Cocaine: Supply Versus Demand Programs, 1994.
[4] URichard Elovich no-Ernest Drucker, "Ekulapheni izidakamizwa nokulawulwa komphakathi: I-Russian narcology igxuma kakhulu emuva", I-Harm Reduction Journal, i-2008.
[5] U-Jonathan Caulkins et al., Ukukhiqizwa Kwezidakamizwa Nokushushumbiswa, Izinqubomgomo Zokulwa Nezidakamizwa, kanye Nokuphepha Nokubusa e-Afghanistan, New York University, 2010.
[6] Izwi LaseRussia, "IRussia izomisa isizinda samasosha esilwa nezidakamizwa eKyrgyzstan", 25 Juni 2010.
[7] U-Glenn Greenwald, Ukwehliswa Kwezidakamizwa e-Portugal, Isikhungo se-CATO, ngo-2009.
[8] UDagmar Hedrich et al. "Kusuka emaphethelweni kuya kwejwayelekile: Ukuvela kwezimpendulo zokunciphisa ukulimala ekusetshenzisweni kwezidakamizwa ezinkingeni eYurophu", Izidakamizwa: Imfundo, Ukuvimbela kanye Nenqubomgomo, Disemba 2008.
[9] Peter Reuter no-Alex Stevens, "Ukuhlola inqubomgomo yezidakamizwa zase-UK ngombono wokulawula ubugebengu", I-Criminology kanye Nobulungiswa Bobugebengu, 2008.
[10] I-UNODC, Ukusetshenziswa Kwezidakamizwa e-Afghanistan: Ucwaningo lwe-2009 (Isifinyezo Esiyinhloko); I-GAO, Afghanistan Drug Control, Mashi 2010.
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