Sngemuva kokuwa kwezingxoxo zesimo sezulu e-Copenhagen UN ngo-2009, uJames Lovelock, unkulunkulu wemvelo yesimanje, wabuzwa Guardian intatheli uLeo Hickman okufanele kwenziwe uma kubhekwa ukwehluleka. I-Lovelock akhiphe ucingo ngalokho okungachazwa kuphela njengobushiqela besimo sezulu.
Enqaba umbono wokuthi ikhambi lokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu lingafinyelelwa kuhulumeni wesimanje wentando yeningi, u-Lovelock waduma ngokuthi okwakudingeka kunalokho โkwakuwumhlaba onegunyaโ lapho kukhona โabantu abambalwa abanegunya obathembayo abawuphethe.โ
โIyini enye indlela yentando yeningi? Akekho noyedwa. Kodwa ngisho nemibuso yentando yeningi engcono kakhulu iyavuma ukuthi lapho impi enkulu isondela, intando yeningi kumele imiswe okwesikhashana. Nginomuzwa wokuthi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungase kube inkinga enzima njengempi. Kungase kudingeke ukuthi kumiswe intando yeningi okwesikhashana.โ
Leli khwelo lohlobo lombuso wobushiqela besayensi liya ngokuya lenzelwa uchungechunge lwezinkinga esibhekana nazo emhlabeni wonke, kusukela ekulahlekeni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuya ekumelaneni nama-antibiotic.
Ukumelana nemithi elwa namagciwane sekuyingozi enkulu empilweni yomphakathi emhlabeni wonke, futhi isenzo sikahulumeni sibe nobuvila futhi singenele, kangangokuthi ithimba lososayensi abahamba phambili abangenasineke ngalesi simo licele inhlangano entsha yomhlaba wonke ukuthi ilawule le nkinga. Bafuna inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe efana naleyo njengamanje enikezwe umsebenzi wokuzulazula ekuphenduleni kwezinhlobo zethu zesimo sezulu - ngokuyisisekelo i-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), kodwa yezimbungulu nezidakamizwa kanye ne-oomph yabaphathi abaningi.
Uma kubhekwa ubukhulu bengozi - "i-apocalyptic"Isimo, ngokusho kuka-Sally Davies, isikhulu sezokwelapha sase-UK, ukuthi phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili sizophelelwa yizidakamizwa ezisebenzayo ezilwa nezifo ezivamile - kungase kubonakale kuwumsebenzi omncane, noma okungenandaba, ukukhungatheka mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kwentando yeningi hambisa.
Nokho, uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi lolu hlobo lwesiphakamiso sobuchwepheshe kaningi kangakanani kuyimpendulo ezenzakalelayo kunoma iyiphi inkinga yesayensi entsha yokungenisa okujulile, amademokhrasi adinga ukucabangela ukuthi ingabe ezinye izindlela zifiseleka kakhulu.
"Skuze kube manje, impendulo yamazwe ngamazwe ibibuthakathaka, โkubhala uJeremy Farrar, umqondisi weWellcome Trust, inhlangano esiza abantulayo ngocwaningo lwezokwelapha e-UK, kanye noMark Woolhouse, uprofesa wezifo ezithathelwanayo eNyuvesi yase-Edinburgh. ukuphawula kwe-tubthumping eshicilelwe kujenali yesayensi Nature ngoMeyi futhi wethulwa esithangamini sabezindaba eRoyal Society (enikeza lesi siphakamiso i-imrimatur yenhlangano yesayensi ye-august).
Lawa mazwana athathela inhloso ye-World Health Organization ikakhulukazi, okwathi ngo-April yakhipha umbiko wayo wokuqala ngqa wokulandelela ukumelana nama-antimicrobial emhlabeni wonke, ithola โamazinga ethusayoโ okumelana namagciwane. โLolu songo olukhulu alusabikezeli ikusasa, luyenzeka manje kuzo zonke izifunda zomhlaba futhi lunamandla okuthinta noma ngubani, wanoma iyiphi iminyaka, kunoma yiliphi izwe,โ kuxwayisa ababhali.
Naphezu kokusheshisa kwale ngozi yendawo yonke, indikimba ye-UN yasabela ngokumane icele ukubhekwa okungcono. "I-WHO iphuthelwe yithuba lokuhlinzeka ngobuholi kulokho okudingeka ngokushesha ukwenza umehluko," kubhala ababhali, bevuma ukuthi ukubhekwa kubalulekile, kodwa akwanele neze.
Usongo olukhulayo oluvela kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi โama-superbugsโ lufana nalolo olubangelwa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu - โkuyinqubo yemvelo ebhebhezelwa yizinto ezenziwa abantu futhi izenzo zezwe elilodwa zingaba nemiphumela emihle emhlabeni wonke,โ ngokwesitatimende esifanayo esivezwe izinhlangano zababhali ababili.
Akubona bodwa abacwaningi noma odokotela abenze ukuqhathanisa phakathi kokungazweli emithini nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngonyaka odlule, uDavies uchaze lesi simo ngokuthi a kuyingozi kakhulu ubungozi kunobuphekula, kanye nosongo olukhulu esintwini kunokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, etshela i-BBC, โUma singathathi sinyathelo, khona-ke singase sibuyele endaweni cishe yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye lapho izifo zisibulala khona ngenxa yemisebenzi evamile. โ
Izindlela eziningi zokwelapha nokungenelela okwethulwe kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1940 kuncike esisekelweni sokuvikela amagciwane. Izinzuzo zesikhathi sokuphila isintu esiye sabhekana naso kulesi sikhathi sincike ezintweni eziningi, kodwa bekungenakwenzeka ngaphandle kwama-antibiotics. Ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kwama-antibiotics, izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane zazingenye yezimbangela ezivame kakhulu zokufa.
Kudingeka siqhubeke nokuthola izigaba ezintsha zemithi elwa namagciwane ngoba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izimbungulu ezingenwa yimithi ziyaqedwa. Labo abanokuguqulwa okungahleliwe okubenza bangazweli bayasinda, bazalane, futhi ekugcineni bayabusa. Lokhu nje ukuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Nokho cishe iminyaka engamashumi amathathu, kube khona โukutholakala okuyize.โ Alikho isigaba esisha semithi elwa namagciwane esenziwe selokhu kwasetshenziswa ama-lipopeptides ngo-1987. Isizathu salokhu siqondile: izinkampani ezinkulu zemithi ziye zenqaba ukwenza ucwaningo ngemindeni emisha yama-antibiotic ngoba imithi enjalo ayigcini nje ngokungenanzuzo, kodwa iphikisana ne-capitalism. izimiso zokusebenza. Lapho zisetshenziswa kancane, zisebenza kakhulu.
Njengoba lezi zinkampani zivuma kalula, kuyenzeka akukho mqondo ukuze batshale imali elinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-870 zamaRandi ngomuthi ngamunye ogunyazwe abalawuli emkhiqizweni abantu abawusebenzisa izikhathi ezimbalwa kuphela ekuphileni kwabo, uma kuqhathaniswa nokutshala imali efanayo ekuthuthukisweni kwemithi enenzuzo enkulu iziguli okufanele ziyidle nsuku zonke ukuphila kwabo konke.
Abanye ohulumeni sebeqale ukubona kancane lokhu kwehluleka kwezimakethe. I-European Commission ibekele eceleni ama-euro ayizigidi ezingama-600 ngohlelo โlwemithi emishaโ ngendlela ethandekayo okuthiwa "Izidakamizwa Ezintsha 4 Izimbungulu Ezingalungile." Kodwa izinga lokutshalwa kwezimali okwabiwe ohulumeni kulesi sixazululo lisalokhu linganele.
Ngakho-ke isidingo sikaFarrar noWoolhouse sokusungulwa kwenhlangano yomhlaba wonke, yesayensi ebhekene nenselelo. Inhlangano entsha yezinhlaka zikahulumeni izoba khona ukuze ihlanganise ubufakazi bokumelana nezidakamizwa kanye nokukhuthaza ukuqaliswa kwenqubomgomo. Ngokusebenzisana nohulumeni bamazwe kanye nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ezinikezwe umsebenzi wokuqalisa izincomo zayo, izobeka imigomo eqinile yokunqanda ukulahlekelwa amandla ezidakamizwa futhi kusheshiswe ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokwelapha ezintsha.
I-Intergovernmental Panel on Antimicrobial Resistance ingamukeleka uma ivumela ukuhlanganiswa okwengeziwe kokwabelana ngolwazi, ukubhekwa, nokuhlaziya.
Kodwa le nhlangano yezincomo zenqubomgomo yesayensi yayizobika kubani? Isiphi isakhiwo esiphezulu esinganquma ukuthi yini okufanele yenziwe bese siqalisa lezo zincomo?
Nakuba izinkinga ezihlukene, umuntu kufanele acabange ukuthi njengenqubomgomo yesimo sezulu, kuzodinga ikhophi yewele le-IPCC, ingqungquthela yamaqembu e-UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). I-IPCC yasungulwa ngo-1988 yi-UN Environment Programme kanye ne-World Meteorological Organization. Eminyakeni emine kamuva, i-IPCC yabamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekwakhiweni kobudlelwano bayo bezokuxhumana, i-UNFCCC, indawo ephindwe kane yokuhweba ngamahhashi phakathi kohulumeni bonke kodwa abawa ngo-2009 e-Copenhagen futhi osekuhambe kancane kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
Thina njengomhlobo wezilwane siphinde sibhekane nenkinga enzima, enemithelela yezombangazwe nezomnotho emhlabeni wonke, futhi ngaphandle komgwamanda wentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke ozoyilungisa. Futhi okuwukuphela kwenketho ongayicabanga yinqubo yokuthatha izinqumo ngobuchwepheshe nezamanxusa.
Ukungazweli kwezidakamizwa kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu akuzona kuphela izihloko ezifana nalezi. Njengoba i-IPCC ngokwayo isho ngokuziqhenya, ubudlelwano phakathi kwayo ne-UNFCCC sebuphenduke imodeli yokusebenzelana phakathi kwesayensi nabenzi bezinqumo, futhi inqwaba yemizamo yenziwe eminyakeni kusukela ekusungulweni kwayo ukwakha izinqubo ezifanayo zokuhlola nenqubomgomo kwamanye amazwe omhlaba. izindaba.
Ngo-2012, ngaphansi kohlaka lwe-UN Environmental Program (UNEP), i-Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) yasungulwa, kodwa ngokubambisana namaqembu asayine izivumelwano eziningi ze-UN, okuhlanganisa lezo ezihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, izilwane ezisengozini, ezifudukayo. izinhlobo, izakhi zofuzo zezitshalo, namaxhaphozi: โIPCC yezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.โ Futhi manje kwakhiwa uhlaka olufanayo ukuze kuhlanganiswe ochwepheshe nezikhulu endikimbeni engaphansi yengqungquthela yamaqembu eNgqungquthela Ye-UN Yokulwa Nesomiso Nokukhukhula Ugwadule: โIPCC yezingwadule nezimbiza zothuli.โ
Kwabanye, ngisho ne-IPCC/UNFCCC inepolitiki eyeqisayo (funda: intando yeningi). UJohan Rockstrom, inhloko yeStockholm Resilience Centre, kanye noWill Steffen, umqondisi we-Australian National University Climate Change Institute bangosomaqhinga bezulu abahamba phambili emhlabeni, futhi baziwa kakhulu ngokuthuthuka kwabo nabanye abacwaningi abangamashumi amabili nesithupha boMhlaba- Umqondo wesistimu "yemingcele yamaplanethi," uhlaka lokuqonda "indawo yokusebenza ephephile yesintu" - hhayi nje njengoba ihlobene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kodwa i-acidification yolwandle, ukungcola, ukuchithwa kwe-ozone, nokunye.
Rockstrom futhi Steffen fonela โunompempe womhlaba wonkeโ ozimele kohulumeni abakhethiwe ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi isintu aseqeli le mingcele: โEkugcineni, kuyodingeka kube nesikhungo (noma izikhungo) ezisebenza, ezinegunya, ngaphezu kwezinga lamazwe ngamanye ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imingcele yamaplanethi iyagcinwa. ehlonishwayo. Empeleni, isikhungo esinjalo, esisebenzela isintu sisonke.โ
Baphakamisa ukusungulwa kwe-Earth Atmospheric Trust, โezophatha umkhathi njengempahla evamile yomhlaba wonke elawulwa njenge-trust ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo.โ Kodwa babezokhethwa kanjani ababusi besikhwama esinjalo? Ukhethwe abantu bomhlaba, noma uqokwe ochwepheshe?
Ukucaca: ukukhathazeka akukho phezu kokuhlanganiswa kwamazwe ngamazwe kochwepheshe esihlokweni esithile. Ubani ongamelana nokuhlanganiswa okudingekayo okunjalo kolwazi nemithombo yobuhlakani? Kunalokho, okukhathazayo ukuthi asizange siyiphenye kahle le modeli ye-IPCC/UNFCCC noma sibambene ngokwanele nokuthi ubuchwepheshe buhlanganiswa kanjani nokubusa komhlaba okuphambene nentando yeningi kanye nokuhlehla ezinkambisweni zokuziphendulela komphakathi, ukubamba iqhaza, kanye nokwenziwa kwezinqumo okudumile.
Akubona bonke ababuza imibuzo mayelana ne-IPCC kanye nokushoda kwentando yeningi ye-UNFCCC abangabaphikayo isimo sezulu. Ngempela, yilabo kanye abathintekayo mayelana nemiphumela yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke ye-anthropogenic okufanele bakhathazeke kakhulu ngokuthambekela kokugabavula kwezikhulu zokususa ukuthathwa kwezinqumo ekulawuleni okuqondile kwentando yeningi kanye nomkhakha wokuncintisana kwezombusazwe.
Kumcwaningi wezifundo zesayensi nobuchwepheshe waseHarvard uSheila Jasanoff, kukhona a inombolo yemibuzo efanele: uyini umugqa wokuhlukanisa phakathi kwezikhungo zesayensi nezepolitiki? Ohulumeni bakwakha kanjani lokho abakubiza ngokuthi โisizathu somphakathiโ - lezo zinhlobo zobufakazi nezingxabano ezisetshenziswa ekwenzeni izinqumo zombuso ziphendule ezakhamuzini? Ingabe lezi zinhlaka ezintsha azihambisani nepolitiki ngokusebenzela intshisekelo evamile, noma zihlinzeka ngokuvikela okungavunywanga emaqenjini athile izintshisekelo zawo ezingqubuzana nesintu sonke?
Ephikisana nalo mbono, isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu saseJalimane uSilke Beck nozakwabocela ephepheni lakamuva lezinhlaka ze-IPCC kanye ne-IPBES esihlola okungenani โuhlu olugcwele lwezinketho zedizayini ezihlukile esikhundleni sokusebenzisa imodeli yobungcweti obulingana konke.โ
โKuze kube manje,โ kusho u-Beck, ucwaningo lwakhe olugxile ezinhlotsheni ezintsha zokulawulwa kwemvelo nesayensi, โayikho impikiswano eyake yaba khona mayelana nobuhlobo be-IPCC nenqubomgomo yomphakathi kanye 'nemiphakathi' yayo ehlukahlukene yomhlaba wonke noma mayelana nezibopho zayo ezivamile ngokwemibandela yomthetho. ukuziphendulela, ukumelwa kwezepolitiki kanye nokuba semthethweni."
Eminyakeni emibili edlule, kube nezingxoxo phakathi kwababambe iqhaza ngekusasa le-IPCC, kodwa abahlanganyeli kule mihlangano evaliwe baboshwe izivumelwano eziqinile zokugcinwa kwemfihlo, futhi izintatheli nabacwaningi bavalelwe ngaphandle.
Ngendlela efanayo, izihloko eziningi zezihloko zomthetho ezifana nenqubomgomo yezimali, ezohwebo, impahla yengqondo, ezokudoba, kanye nezibonelelo zezolimo ezazivame ukudingidwa ngokukhululekile ezindlini zentando yeningi manje ziyabhalwa, zichitshiyelwe, futhi zigunyazwe ezinkundleni ezingemuva.
Yilokho isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu uColin Crouch izingcingo โi-post democracyโ: ngenkathi kuqhubeka imincintiswano yokhetho lukazwelonke, ukuthathwa kwezinqumo akwenzeki ezigungwini zomthetho, kodwa ezingxoxweni ezivaliwe, ezisekelwe esivumelwaneni phakathi kwabaholi bakahulumeni noma osomaqhinga, belulekwa ochwepheshe.
Endabeni ye-European Union, indawo yokuphatha ethuthuke kakhulu ngobuchwepheshe emhlabeni, singangeza ohlwini lwezihloko ezingaphandle kwenkulumo-mpikiswano yentando yeningi: inqubomgomo yezimali (okungukuthi, zonke izinqumo zokusebenzisa imali) kanye nokulawulwa kwemakethe yezabasebenzi, lezo zindawo zenqubomgomo ezibalulekile , ngaphandle kwezokuvikela kanye namaphoyisa, mhlawumbe achaza kakhulu ukuthi kuyini ukuba umbuso.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwenhlekelele ye-Eurozone, izikhungo zaseYurophu ziye zavala ngempumelelo izinqumo zezomnotho ezivela kubavoti futhi zayidlulisela ku-junta yochwepheshe be-European Commission, uMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe, i-European Central Bank, iNkantolo Yezobulungiswa YaseYurophu, noma ngisho namaqembu azikhethela ngokwesikhashana abadlali ababalulekile ku-mosaic yesikhungo yaseYurophu.
Inhlekelele ye-Eurozone yayiyimbi kangangokuthi i-EU yayingasenaso isikhathi โsemidlalo yezombangazweโ noma โipolitiki,โ njengoba umongameli wekhomishana ophumayo uJosรฉ Manuel Barroso kanye nomongameli womkhandlu uHerman Van Rompuy bagcizelela ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ngamanye amazwi, babengasenaso isikhathi sentando yeningi.
Kuwumuzwa ojwayelekile phakathi kwama-elite. Isikhulu sekhomishini engenayo kanye nowayeyinhloko ye-Eurogroup of Nations esebenzisa uhlobo lwemali olulodwa, u-Luxembourger uJean-Claude Juncker, edume kabi eminyakeni embalwa edlule: โInqubomgomo yezimali iyinkinga ebucayi. Kufanele sikudingide lokhu ngasese, ku-Eurogroup,โ esho ekhuluma emhlanganweni wokuphathwa kwezomnotho obuhlelwe yi-European Movement, engaboni ukuthi umhlangano uvulekele izintatheli. โNgikulungele ukuthukwa ngokuthi angikho ngentando yeningi, kodwa ngifuna ukuzimisela. Ngingowezingxoxo eziyimfihlo nezimnyama.โ
Timodeli ye-IPCC/UNFCCC, i-EU, kanye nezinhlaka ezifanayo zangemuva kwentando yeningi nazo zisebenza ngesisekelo sokuvumelana phakathi โkwababambiqhaza,โ esikhundleni sokubusa iningi ngegunya elidumile lentando yeningi. Ngamanye amazwi, ukwenziwa kwenqubomgomo kuye kwahlanganiswa umhlaba wonke, kodwa intando yeningi ayizange.
Ukuvumelana kubekela imingcele ububanzi bezinketho zenqubomgomo ezitholakalayo kulabo okunenzuzo kubo bonke ababambiqhaza, okungase kungafaki izinketho zenqubomgomo ezingase zixazulule inkinga enikeziwe uma zisongela izintshisekelo zombambiqhaza othile. Amathuba okuchitha noma ngisho nokuqeda ababambiqhaza avinjwa yilolu hlobo lokuthatha izinqumo. Ngakho-ke iwindi lenqubomgomo lisokiwe kakhulu, futhi uguquko olwengeziwe luvunywa ngaphezu kokuguquguquka nokuqamba okusha. Ukukhathala kwenqubomgomo okunjalo akufiseleki uma kukhulunywa ngezinsongo ezikhona.
Ngakho-ke, impikiswano ngentando yeningi ayiwona nje umthetho owodwa. Uhlaka lwe-UNFCCC lwangemva kwentando yeningi, olusekelwe ekuvumeleni ngesinye sezizathu ezenza ukuthi izingxoxo zesimo sezulu zimiswe unomphela.
Futhi kungaba njalo ngemodeli yokuphatha eqhathaniswayo yokumelana nezidakamizwa. UFarrar noWoolhouse bachaza ukuthi isu elinjalo liyadingeka ngoba โizwe lesayensi nezamabhizinisi lidinga izikhuthazo nendawo yokulawula engcono ukuze kuthuthukiswe izidakamizwa nezindlela ezintsha.โ
Ngakho-ke izinkampani ezithaka imithi zithathwa njengababambiqhaza ukuze bamukelwe etafuleni, abaqhubi abadinga ukugqugquzelwa ukuthi bashintshe izindlela zabo kunokuba kube yisithiyo esibalulekile sesakhiwo okufanele sinqotshwe. Lezi zikhuthazi zihlanganisa amakhredithi entela noma izibonelelo zokuthuthukiswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane, โamavawusha okubuyekezwa okubalulekile okudluliswayoโ asheshisa ukubuyekezwa kokulawula komunye umkhiqizo okhethwa yinkampani, izibopho zokuthenga kusengaphambili, kanye nezandiso zempilo yelungelo lobunikazi.
Umqondo wokuzibophezela kwemakethe kusengaphambili - empeleni, lapho uhulumeni eqinisekisa imakethe yomuthi othuthuke ngempumelelo - uthuthukiswa yiBhange Lomhlaba kanye nezindawo zokucabanga zemakethe yamahhala njenge-Brookings Institution njengesixazululo sivala igebe elishiywe ukwehluleka kwezimakethe ngenkathi. ukushiya inzuzo yekhepitali ingaphikiswa.
Isixazululo esiyisisekelo nesishibhe kakhulu kungaba ukusebenzelana komkhakha wezokwenza imithi, okuvumela ukuqondiswa kabusha kwentando yeningi kwemali engenayo evela ekwelapheni okunenzuzo ukuze kuxhaswe i-R&D ezindaweni ezingenanzuzo. Ngaphambi kokwenziwa okuyimfihlo kulo lonke elaseNtshonalanga, le modeli yoxhaso oluhlukahlukene yayivumela izinsiza zeposi, zikaloliwe, zebhasi, nezokuxhumana ukuthi zihlinzekwe ezifundeni ezikude, njengoba imali engenayo evela ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ilinganisela izinto ngokwenzuzo yesevisi yendawo yonke.
Kodwa imodeli elula kangaka ayigcini nje ngokuphuma etafuleni ngoba ayinangqondo ngokwepolitiki. Akuvezwa etafuleni ngoba kwaso kanye uhlaka lokuthatha izinqumo kwezinhlaka zikahulumeni kanye nabathintekayo okusekelwe ekuvumelaneni akuvumeli ngisho nezixazululo ezinjalo ukuba ziphakanyiswe.
Ephepheni lakamuva elicacisayo mayelana nokuthandwa okukhulayo kwezinye izingxenye zalokho akubiza ngokuthi ukugunyazwa kwemvelo, umcwaningi wenqubomgomo yesayensi nobuchwepheshe u-Andy Stirling. ubhala ukuthi โumbuso wentando yeningi ubonakala ngokwandayo โnjengokwehluleka,โ โukunethezeka,โ noma ngisho โisitha semvelo.โ... Ngakho, ulwazi ngokwalo luya ngokuya lugxivizwa ukugxila kudala kwamandla aphethe ngezinkulumo zokulawula. Kubonakala sengathi ayikho enye indlela ngaphandle kokuthobela - noma ukuphika okungenangqondo nokubhujiswa okukhona. "
Ngokuphambene nalokho, u-Stirling uthi, umzabalazo wentando yeningi uyindlela eyinhloko lapho ukusimama kwakhiwa khona kuqala - futhi kufanele sibheke ama-antibiotics njengomthombo oyigugu okufanele weluswe ngokucophelela futhi usekelwe. โ[C]amandla agxilile kanye namaphutha okulawula yizinkinga eziningi kunezisombululo ... phakathi kwezithiyo ezinkulu [ekuguqukweni okuqhubekayo komphakathi], imibono yoguquko lobuchwepheshe.โ
Imibono embalwa yokuhlola ukugcizelela leli phuzu: okokuqala, isazi sezomnotho esingumFulentshi uThomas Piketty usanda kuphakamisa intela yomcebo yomhlaba wonke ethathwa njengesixazululo sokuthambekela kwemvelo konxiwankulu ekungalinganini okulokhu kuqhubeke njalo. Kufanele kube emhlabeni wonke, usho ngokufanelekile, ukuze kugwenywe ukuncintisana phakathi kwezifundazwe ukuletha amanani entela aphansi kakhulu.
Kodwa ake ucabange ukuthi ngabe le nqubomgomo ithathwe ngokungathรญ sina ukuze isetshenziswe. Kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi intela enjalo ibekwe yinoma iyiphi inhlangano ngaphandle kukahulumeni okhethiwe, womhlaba wonke onegunya eliqinile lokwenza kanjalo? Imodeli esekelwe ezinhlakeni ze-UNFCCC noma ze-EU izogcina icwile eminyakeni noma amashumi eminyaka ezingxoxo ezingenazithelo, okuzophumela enguqulweni encishiswe kakhulu bonke ababambiqhaza abangavumelana nayo - njengokufana nomzamo ongemuhle, wokusungula wokwethula uhlelo. I-Tobin Tax kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
Ukuhlolwa komcabango wesibili: Uma singathola kusasa ukuthi i-asteroid enkulu eseduze ne-Earth yayisendleleni yeplanethi futhi yayingenxa yokuqothula impucuko yabantu esikhathini esiyiminyaka emihlanu, okungaba indlela oyithandayo yokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokuvikela iplanethi nokufaka iplanethi. umsebenzi wokuyiphambukisa?
Uhulumeni womhlaba wonke, okhethwe ngokwentando yeningi ongakwazi phakathi kwamasonto ambalwa akhethe icebo elingcono kakhulu ngemva kokuthola iseluleko kochwepheshe bese eqondisa ngokushesha izinsiza lapho imizamo izosebenza kahle futhi ingase iphumelele khona?
Noma uchungechunge lwezingxoxo zababambiqhaza bezizwe ngezizwe ezidingida iningi laleyo minyaka emihlanu ukuthi ngubani ongathwala inqwaba yezindleko (Uma ujwayelene nenkulumompikiswano "yesimo sezulu", zama "asteroid finance"); yiliphi izwe elingathola imisebenzi eminingi kuphrojekthi; yiziphi izinkampani ezizowina izinkontileka; indlela yokwabelana ngedatha, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nemikhuba engcono kakhulu; futhi yiliphi idolobha elizokwazi ukusingatha ihhovisi likanobhala wephrojekthi?
Aeminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu eyedlule, inhlangano yezobulungiswa emhlabeni wonke yaphakamisa ukugxeka kwalolu hlobo lokuthatha izinqumo ngaphandle kwentando yeningi, igxile ekuzalweni kwayo ezikhungweni zamazwe ngamazwe njenge-WTO, iBhange Lomhlaba, i-IMF, kanye ne-G8, kanye โnamalungelo abatshalizimali. โ izahluko nezigatshana zokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi komtshali-zimali kuhulumeni ezivumelwaneni zohwebo ezivumela imithetho nezimiso ezigunyazwe ngentando yeningi ukuba ichithwe yizinkantolo zohwebo ezingakhethiwe.
Ngokufanayo, umzabalazo namuhla omelene nobuvila obubekwe yi-EU kulo lonke elaseningizimu yeYurophu - ovame ukuholwa omakadebona balezo zimpi zasemgwaqweni zeminyaka eyinkulungwane - futhi ubandakanya ukugxekwa kokususwa okuqhubekayo kwezigaba ezinkulu zenqubomgomo yezimali endaweni yokulawula intando yeningi.
Kepha esikhathini esiningi, lokhu kugxekwa kokubusa kwentando yeningi sekufana nje nesidingo sokuthi kubuyiswe ubukhosi bezwe. Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuyi-neoliberal futhi akunayo intando yeningi; ngakho-ke, siphakamisa amancane nasendaweni. Ukuhlanganiswa kweYurophu kuyi-austerian kanye ne-technocratic; ngakho-ke, siphakamisa ukuhlukana kwe-EU.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuqashelwa ukuthi izinsongo ezikhona ezifana nokungazweli kwezidakamizwa kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kufanele kubhekwane nazo ezingeni lomhlaba ngokuvamile kubangela ukuthi abantu abanezisusa ezinhle, abanezinhloso ezinhle bamukele ukwakhiwa kwezinhlaka zamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa zangemuva kwentando yeningi.
Nokho kukhona inketho yesithathu ewufanele kangcono umsebenzi futhi ethandeka kakhulu kunesimo esikhona: intando yeningi yamazwe ngamazwe, kokubili ezingeni lezwekazi kanye nelomhlaba. Lokhu kusho ukulahlwa kwezingxoxo ezihloniphekile kodwa ezingenantando yeningi nababambiqhaza phakathi kwezikhulu, amanxusa, nochwepheshe babo, kanye nokubuyiswa kokwamukelwa kokuphikisana okuqinile, kokubusa kweningi, kanye nokungqubuzana okungcolile kwemibono nezinhlelo ezihluke kakhulu, zalokho u-Stirling akubiza ngokuthi โokuvulekile, okungalawuleki. umzabalazo wezepolitikiโ - wentando yeningi.
Izinsongo ezikhona azizona nje izinkinga zesayensi, zezokwelapha, noma zemvelo. Ziphinde ziyizinkinga zezenhlalo, zezombusazwe, nezomnotho, yingakho umzabalazo wentando yeningi uyisixazululo esiwafanele kakhulu.
Ukuthi lokhu kungase kubukeke kanjani kungaphezu kobubanzi balesi sihloko. Mhlawumbe iPhalamende leNhlangano Yezizwe okwathathwa kulo undunankulu womhlaba kanye nekhabhinethi, elinamamodeli afanayo eYurophu (okusho ukuhlakazwa kwekhomishini engakhethiwe kanye nomkhandlu okhethwe ngokungaqondile) nakwamanye amazwekazi. Amakhonsathi aqondile akukona okwami โโukuba ngiwachaze: uma ukubusa komhlaba wonke kuzoba ngentando yeningi, ngokwencazelo kufanele kulwelwe futhi kwakhiwe izinhlangano zentando yeningi ezisemazingeni aphansi. Ngeke kube ugqozi oluphezulu noma ukwakhiwa.
Kepha sekuyisikhathi eside sibeka eceleni umbono wokuthi uhulumeni womhlaba wonke uyiphupho - noma i-dystopian - iphupho. Sekuvele kuyenzeka, futhi sikudinga kakhulu ukubhekana nezinga lomhlaba lezinkinga esibhekene nazo manje. Uhulumeni womhlaba ulapha. Sidinga ukulenza libe ngentando yeningi.
Intando yeningi iyizelamani Yokukhanyiselwa kwesayensi. Akusona isithiyo ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezifana nokumelana nama-antibiotic kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Kunalokho, njengoba bekuhlale kunjalo, ithemba lesintu elingcono kakhulu.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela