Kokunye ukusetshenziswa okusha kwemithetho eyinqaba yokuhamba kwamanye amazwe, u-Edward Snowden oshaya indweba uhlezi endaweni yokuphumula yezokuthutha esikhumulweni sezindiza ngaphandle komngcele wamasiko oyisiRashiya esanele ukuthi angahlaseli kodwa hhayi isiRashiya esanele sokuthi athi amaRussia amfihle. Manje kuthiwa usefake isicelo sokukhoseliswa eRussia.
Ukumbozwa kwezicelo zakhe zokukhoseliswa nokuthi ukuphi, okuxhunyaniswa nokuhlasela komphakathi ngokumelene naye okuvela kosopolitiki kanye nochwepheshe, sekusondele ekuqedeni ingxoxo yezindaba zangempela ezambulwa yizambulo zakhe: sibuswa abantu abangenalo ukholo lwentando yeningi futhi. bayakwazi ukusihlola ngenxa yezinqumo ezimayelana ne-inthanethi esizenzile.
Lezo yizindaba okufanele kuxoxwe ngazo kodwa, njengenjwayelo, umsindo wenza ingxoxo ekhiqizayo ibe nzima.
Siphinde sathola amazwibela alokho ngasekupheleni kwesonto eledlule lapho ohulumeni abambalwa base-Europe bequbuka umbhikisho owawuthukuthele wokuthi i-United States. ngokusobala ubelokhu egada amanxusa abo ase-US kanye nemishini ye-UN ngokuthinta amafoni nangokuthwebula idatha ye-inthanethi. Le misebenzi, enamagama ekhodi afana ne-"Dropmire" nethi "Powell", kubikwa ukuthi iqondise ukusebenza kwezizwe ezingama-38 zase-US kanye ne-UN zisebenzisa zonke izinhlobo zokugada okudala ukuthi ezinye izikhulu zase-Europe. ukuyiqhathanisa โnempi ebandayoโ.
Ukube โukuthukuthelaโ bekuyiqiniso, umuntu angaphikisa, la mazwe ngabe ahlele ukunikeza u-Snowden ukukhoseliswa. Phela izambulo zakhe zaziyinkonzo ebalulekile kubo ekudaluleni lokho i-US eyayiphezu kwayo. I-Germany ne-France, ababili bababhikishi abakhuluma kakhulu, ngokuqinisekile banegunya namandla okwenza lokho futhi isenzo esinjalo cishe singaduma kakhulu emazweni abo. Akunconywa ukubamba umoya kulokhu. Ukufutheka nokucasuka kubukeka kungaqondi kahle njengomkhankaso wokulwa nesithwathwa kuleli.
"State-side", osopolitiki bamaqembu womabili bakhala ngokuthi u-Snowden unikeze ulwazi kuhulumeni waseShayina nowaseRussia. Abanye bamsola ngokuvukela umbuso ngoba wephule โisifungoโ asithatha ngomsebenzi wakhe. Futhi muva nje, njengoba U-FAIR ukhomba ithimba lezikhulu zikahulumeni ezingadalulwanga limemeza ngendlela u-Snowden awonakalise ngayo umsebenzi wabo wezobunhloli futhi amaphekula manje "ashintsha" imikhuba yawo ye-inthanethi ukuze agweme ukuthwebula.
Lezi zitatimende ziyadabukisa. AmaShayina namaRussia ayazi ngokugadwa (futhi akhononda ngakho) iminyaka manje; ohulumeni njalo . U-Snowden usebenzela usonkontileka ozimele futhi mhlawumbe akazange enze โisifungoโ sokuthola imvume yezokuphepha futhi ngisho noma efungile, ukuvukela umbuso kuhilela ukusiza isitha esimenyezelwe ngesikhathi sempi - cishe akakaze ashushiswe ngoba uhulumeni wethu akasazisho izimpi. Okokugcina, izambulo ze-Snowden ukuthi lezi zinhlelo zokugada zithwebula yonke i-inthanethi. Ngeke ukwazi ukuzibalekela uma usebenzisa i-inthanethi. Uzokwenzani u-al Quaida, esebenzisa i-telepathy?
Amanye amazwi ahlakaniphile axwayisa umhlaba ukuthi ungavumeli izingxabano ezizungeze u-Snowden osemncane zifihle iqiniso lokuthi izambulo zakhe, empeleni ezingaphikiswanga nguhulumeni, zisho ukuthi sibuswa abantu abenza esinye sezenzo zobugebengu kakhulu uhulumeni angazenza ngaphansi kwethu. umthethosisekelo: ukwenza ukuqapha okugcwele kuzo zonke izakhamuzi zakhona. Isimo sidlula inkulumo-mpikiswano. Akukho okucashile noma โibhalansiโ noma ukuba khona โkwezithakazelo eziqhudelanayoโ okungakhulunywa ngakho lapha. Ukuthi imithetho eshaywe kule minyaka eyishumi edlule ingase ivumele izenzo ezinjalo kusho kuphela ukuthi uKhongolose ukhubazeke ngokomthetho intando yeningi nenkululeko.
Yingakho uhulumeni efihle izenzo zakhe kubantu baseMelika. Ukugcizelela kukaMongameli Obama ukuthi kufanele sibe โnengxoxo kazwelonkeโ mayelana nokuthi lezi zinyathelo ziyadingeka yini kufihla iqiniso lokuthi abaphathi bakhe basifihlele lokhu futhi baze bakuphika ngaphambi kweCongress ukuthi kuyenzeka. Inkulumo kaMongameli exegayo yokuthi izakhamizi โazikhonjwa indlela ngamabomuโ iphakamisa umbuzo: uma sebenolwazi, banganquma ukuthi ungumuntu okuhlosiwe futhi bazokwenza njengoba isimo sezepolitiki ezweni sihlukana futhi siya siba namandla.
Iphuzu akukhona ukuthi uhulumeni ulusebenzisa kanjani ulwazi njengamanje; wukuthi inakho kwasekuqaleni.
Nokho, nakuba lobu bugebengu obekufanele bube yizindaba ezibucayi, kunolunye ungqimba kule ndaba olunganakwa ngokuphelele. Kufihliwe, hhayi ngezitatimende kanye nokukhohlisa kwe-PR kukahulumeni, kodwa ngokuntuleka kokubaluleka abantu abaningi abakunikezayo, okugqugquzelwa eminyakeni edlule ukukhohliswa kwamasiko yizinkampani nohulumeni.
Sisohlotsheni โlwejele labasebenzisiโ ku-inthanethi, oluncike kwisofthiwe okungeyezinkampani ezingenalo ilungelo lokuba ngabanikazi bayo futhi, empeleni, eziyingxenye yezinhlelo zengcindezelo uhulumeni azibekile.
Umfanekiso ongcono kakhulu walokhu kungaba indlela yakho ye-inthanethi. Uma ufana nabasebenzisi abaningi, okuhlanganisa nezishoshovu eziqhubekayo, into yokuqala oyenzayo lapho ungena ku-inthanethi ukuthola i-imeyili yakho. Iningi lezishoshovu lisebenzisa i-Gmail ukwenza lokho noma okungenani lithole i-imeyili evela kubantu abakwenzayo. Kulula futhi elula futhi enokwethenjelwa. Iphinde ibe ngeye-Google okungenye yezinkampani uhulumeni athwebula kuzo wonke ama-imeyili. Eqinisweni, i-Google ivuma obala ukuthi ingena, ithwebula futhi ihlaziya i-imeyili evela kuwo wonke ama-akhawunti e-Gmail futhi yashintsha isivumelwano sayo somsebenzisi ukuze wena, ngokunokwenzeka ngaphandle kokuqaphela, uvumele lokho kungenelwa.
Uma ulandelela yonke imisebenzi yakho ku-inthanethi, uzoqaphela ukuthi amaphesenti abalulekile esofthiwe oyisebenzisayo ingeyezinkampani eziqondiwe ezikhonjwe ohlelweni lwe-PRISM. Amavidiyo akho athunyelwe (nalawo owabukayo) ku-Youtube, ukushintshana nabangani ku-Facebook, ukubamba iqhaza kumabhodi emiyalezo axhaswe โabasingathi bebhodi lemiyalezoโ abahlukahlukene, ukubamba iqhaza kohlu lwama-imeyili kanye nokuvakashela amawebhusayithi (kokubili ngokuvamile kugcinwa enye ye-inthanethi โumnikezeliโ omkhulu njenge-Dreamhost) - konke lokhu kungabanjwa, futhi mhlawumbe kuthunjiwe. Izingcingo zakho zingenile bese abafonayo, izindawo nobude besikhathi kufakwa kusizindalwazi esikhulu, esiseshekayo bese nina izingcingo zingena ngokubambisana nezinkampani ezinkulu zamaselula okungenzeka uzikhokhele nyanga zonke.
Akukho kulokhu okungekho emthethweni ngoba lezi zinkampani ziyayilahla imininingwane. Zonke izinkampani ezinkulu zokuxhumana kanye ne-inthanethi ube nobudlelwano "nozakwethu abathandekayo" nohulumeni wase-United States ukuhweba ukufinyelela kudatha yabo kanye nolwazi ukuze bathole ukwelashwa okukhethekile noma okunye ukukhetha uhulumeni wethu โosobalaโ angasitsheli ngakho. Uhulumeni ubuye ajwayele ukuya enkantolo eyimfihlo ye-FISA ukuze athole iziyalezo zenkantolo, izinkulungwane zazo ngonyaka, ezinikezwa cishe njalo.
Lesi sithombe esimnyama senziwa saba mnyama ngenxa yokuthi bekungadingeki ukuba sibe ngalendlela futhi namanje akusenjalo. Kukhona ezinye izindlela ezinamandla nezisebenza kahle kuzo zonke lezi zinsizakalo ezisebenza ngokusekelwe ku-Free and Open Source Software ehlinzekwa izinhlangano ezingenabo nje kuphela ubudlelwano nohulumeni kodwa ezivikela ngokucophelela idatha emehlweni kahulumeni abhekile.
Ukubekela eceleni kafushane ukuchaza umehluko phakathi kwe-FOSS nesofthiwe yobunikazi: Isofthiwe ye-FOSS ayibizi lutho ukuyithola futhi inekhodi evulekile engashintshwa futhi ibuyekezwe; ngokuvamile iwumkhiqizo womsebenzi wonjiniyela abaningi, ngezinye izikhathi izinkulungwane ezisebenza emhlabeni wonke. I-software yokuphathelene uhlobo izinkampani ezikuthengisayo futhi ngokuvamile isekelwe kumiklamo ye-FOSS kanye nekhodi eshintshwayo ngokwanele ukuba "ihluke" ngokomthetho futhi ikhangiswe njengoba izinkampani ngokuvamile zimakethe. Umehluko ungaphezu kophawu lwedola; kuhlobene nendlela abantu ababona ngayo umsebenzi nomkhiqizo wawo - njengento okufanele kwabelwane ngayo ngokubambisana noma ukuthengiswa ukuze kuzuze inzuzo.
Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi akekho uhulumeni wentando yeningi okufanele abe inhloli ezakhamuzini zakhe, kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi sikwehlile ukubheka uhulumeni njengebutho elingathathi hlangothi kwezokuxhumana kunokuba ibutho elingenele, elicindezelayo okufanele sizivikele kulo. Abasunguli boMthethosisekelo baqonda ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani lokhu kuzivikela. Umthethosisekelo uwumbono wobuhlakani wamalungelo aqhudelanayo kanye namalungelo azinziswa uchungechunge โlwamasheke namabhalansiโ. Ukube bebecabanga ukuthi uhulumeni unomusa njengoba abantu baseMelika abaningi bebonakala benza, kungani bebengasungula nomqondo โwokuhlola nokulinganisaโ?
Lawo masheke namabhalansi awasebenzi futhi akukho lapho okucace khona lokhu kunobudlelwano obuqinisiwe phakathi kwezinkampani nohulumeni. Uma kuyiqiniso ukuthi uhulumeni usenesikhathi eside enakekela izidingo zezinkampani ngaphansi kwengubo โyokuvikela amalungelo abantuโ, akungabazeki ukuthi ingubo yokulala isihlwithiwe. Isinqumo seNkantolo eNkulu yeCitizens United sibonisa ukuthi uhulumeni akanandaba nokuthi uyaqaphela ukuthi usebenzela izinkampani futhi, uma kuziwa kwezobuchwepheshe, โisevisiโ iphezulu.
Ngoxhaso lwakhe lwezinhlelo zemfundo eziphoqayo, uhulumeni uye wacindezela abantu basebancane ukuthi basebenzise isoftware yobunikazi. Osopolitiki bonke bayayisebenzisa futhi bayayimela, izinhlangano zikahulumeni zonke ziyayisebenzisa futhi izinhlangano ezinkulu zezindaba ezibonakalayo (izinhlangano zolwazi) zonke ziyayisebenzisa. Iningi labantu cishe aliboni ukuthi kunezinye izindlela ezingcono, ezimahhala nezizinzile ku-Windows ne-MacIntosh OS okulula ukuzifaka. Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi abanakho ukukhetha ohlotsheni lokugxambukela okufanele bakubekezelele besebenzisa i-Gmail ebonakala ingenamthungo nethembeke kakhulu. Cabanga ngalokhu: inqobo nje uma usebenzisa amakhompuyutha, ufundiswe ukuthi ukukhetha kwakho yi-Windows noma i-Mac, i-Explorer noma i-Gmail nokuthi azikho ezinye izindlela ongazisebenzisa ku-Facebook, Youtube kanye ne-Twitter.
Lawa ngamanga amakhulu futhi anonya. Zonke lezi yizinkampani ezenza imali, ngendlela eyodwa noma enye, kulokho ezikunikeza khona. Bakhe imikhiqizo yabo ku-software kanye nezivumelwano ezibhalwe izinombolo ezinkulu zonjiniyela (iningi labo elisebenze kulawo maphrothokholi mahhala). Basebenzisa imithetho ye-copyright ephelelwe yisikhathi nengafaneleki (ephoqelelwa ama-phalanxes abameli abakhokhelwa kakhulu) ukuze benze kube semthethweni ukweba kwabo. Futhi imikhiqizo abagcina beyimaketha ivamise ukuba ne-buggy futhi ayicabangi.
Ukuze uthole ukwesekwa kukahulumeni, lezi zinkampani ziyeka idatha - konke, njengoba izambulo ze-Snowden zenza kucace. Usebenzisa isoftware yabo, bathwebula idatha yakho bese uyinikeza i-NSA, FBI noma iCIA.
Izambulo zakamuva โzobunhloli bangaphandleโ zenza isithombe sesabe kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kwizishoshovu ezithuthukayo. Izishoshovu ezizinze e-United States ezisebenza nezishoshovu kwamanye amazwe ngokuvamile zizothumela i-imeyili noma shayela amanxusa angaphandle noma izigaba zentshisekelo. Izinhlangano eziningi ze-Social Justice kanye nemifelandawonye yamalungelo abantu kuleli zwe zigxila ekunakekelweni kweZizwe Ezihlangene ngakho-ke ama-imeyili abo kanye neminye imininingwane ye-inthanethi ithunyelwa kulawo mahhovisi. Konke lokhu kuyabanjwa futhi kuhlaziywe.
Nakuba lezi zinkinga ezimbili - isofthiwe yobunikazi kanye nokuhlola kwamanye amazwe - kungase kubonakale njengezinkinga ezihlukene, zixhunywe ku-inthanethi. Inhloso ye-inthanethi ukwenza kube lula ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu bomhlaba. Kuwuhlelo oluvele lungahambisani nezingxabano ezihlukanisayo kanye nobudlelwano obunobutha ohulumeni ababudalayo, uqhekeko olungahlanganise lutho nalokho okufunwa yizakhamizi zala mazwe nezikudingayo. Njengoba umhlaba ukudla kwawo, amanzi kanye nezinsiza kwenziwa kungabi namngcele ukuxhashazwa okungenangqondo kweningi lezwe ngamazwe amakhulu ambalwa, ukufuna ukusinda kwethu kwabantu kudinga ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe ngazo zonke izindlela. Kufanele siguqule lokho okudalwe yila maqola futhi sihlele ukusinda kwethu njengomhlaba kunenqwaba yamazwe alwayo.
I-inthanethi iyisinyathelo sokuqala sokwenza lokho. Kepha izinkampani ezithengisa isoftware azikukhuthazi lolo hlobo lokubambisana. Bathengisa i-software esekelwe ezinhlelweni zokumaketha ezinemininingwane egcizelela isevisi ezindaweni ezicebile zamazwe, imikhakha engashayi mkhuba namazwe angenayo ingqalasizinda kagesi edingekayo ukuze enze ukuxhumana nge-inthanethi kwenzeke. Kunokuba babeke phambili โizintamboโ emhlabeni, bagcizelela ukuthengisa emhlabeni osekunezintambo. Manje sesifunde ukuthi baphinde basebenze njengezinhlangano zezinhloli zikahulumeni wase-US emazweni amaningi omhlaba, bejulisa i-paranoia kanye nokuncintisana okubukhali okusiyisa endleleni ephambene nalapho kufanele siye khona.
Lokhu akuyephuli imingcele; kuyabaqinisa. Esikwaziyo manje ngobunhloli be-inthanethi kufanele kusitshele ukuthi ukuphula leyo mingcele kuwumsebenzi wethu.
Ungaqala ngokusesha ezinye izindlela ze-FOSS nokubamba inkampani, bheka kulolu hlu oluvela kunjiniyela wewebhu ozinze e-Tokyo u-Peng Zhong. Umusho ovamile wokuzihlangula: Inhlangano yami Kwangathi Kuqala/Abantu Baxhumanisa inikeza enye isevisi kanye nokuvikelwa kwedatha (njengabanye abaningi, olunye ohlwini olungenhla).
U-Alfredo Lopez uyilungu le LokhuNgekeKwenzeke!, iphephandaba eliku-inthanethi eliwina i-Project Censored Award eliwina umklomelo kathathu.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela