Ngemuva kophenyo olunzulu, oluhambisanayo noluthembekile olwenziwe nguSeymour Hersh[1] mayelana nokucekelwa phansi kwe-Nordstream, noma iyiphi inkantolo ngaphansi komthetho izoqala uphenyo mayelana nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kwamaphekula. Ngempela, e-United States noma yiliphi ijaji elikhulu lingathola ukuthi ubufakazi obuvele bukhona emphakathini banele ukumangalela umsolwa ngobugebengu nokuvula amacala asemthethweni obugebengu, a fortiori ngaphandle kobufakazi obuphathekayo obuphikisana nalokho.
Uphenyo olwenziwa nguSeymour Hersh luyisisekelo esiqinile sokuqinisekisa ukusungulwa kophenyo oluzimele lwamazwe ngamazwe. Uphenyo olunjalo lungadinga imvume yalawo mazwe ubukhosi bawo bendawo obudlulela endaweni lapho kwenzeke khona ukuqhuma, okuyiSweden neDenmark.
Izibopho zaseSweden zibheka umhlaba
ISweden isivele yenze uphenyo futhi kufanele ngabe yabelane ngokuzithandela ngemiphumela neNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene nazo zonke izinhlangano ezinentshisekelo. Ukuthula kweSweden kukhuluma kakhulu, ngoba ukube uphenyo lwaseSweden lwalusungule umthwalo wemfanelo waseRussia noma waseBelorussia, akungabazeki ukuthi iSweden yayiyokwenza umphakathi. Ukuthula kweSweden kungahunyushwa kuphela njengokucasha, ngoba imiphumela esatshwayo yokuveza ukwephulwa kwe-US kobukhosi baseSweden naseDenmark, ukwephulwa kokuthula, ukwephulwa okukhulu komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kanye nemithetho yempi. Isambulo esinjalo sasingase siqhume i-NATO ngendlela efanayo njengoba i-US iqhuma amapayipi.
Uma iSweden iqhubeka nokuklama amatshe futhi yenqaba ukwabelana ngemiphumela yophenyo neJalimane, iRussia kanye nomhlaba wonke, umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe kufanele ufune ngokuvumelana nesigaba 19 se-International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, esibeka ukuthi bonke abantu banelungelo. ukuthola ulwazi, ilungelo leqiniso, ilungelo lokufuna nokudlulisa ulwazi lwazo zonke izinhlobo, ikakhulukazi lapho ulwazi olugodliwe luthinta izenzo zobugebengu ezifana nobuphekula.
Kwakungumsebenzi woMkhandlu Wezokuphepha ukufuna eSweden lonke ulwazi olukuwo, futhi uma kutholakala ukuthi ulwazi aluphelele, uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha kufanele ube nawo. motu proprio yasungula Ikhomishana Yophenyo Yamazwe Ngamazwe (i-COI), ngoba ukuhlasela okunjalo kwamaphekula engqalasizinda yabantu kwakuwukwephulwa kokuthula nokuvikeleka kwamazwe ngamazwe ngezinjongo ze-athikili 39 yoMqulu we-UN. Umhlaba unelungelo lokwazi kahle ukuthi kwenzekeni.
UMkhandlu Wezokuphepha wehlulekile emhlabeni
Ngomhla zingama-27 kuNdasa wezi-2023 i-United States yaphumelela eMkhandlwini Wezokuphepha ukuvimba isinqumo sokusungula i-COI enjalo. Wonke amazwe ahlulekile ukuvotela lesi sinqumo aye akudalula ngempumelelo ukwethenjwa ayekunikwe wona futhi ehluleka emisebenzini yawo emhlabeni njengamalungu oMkhandlu Wezokuphepha.
Manje sekuyi-General Assembly ukuthi ifune iSweden ukuthi ize ngaphambili nabo bonke ubufakazi obukhona. Mhlawumbe iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseSweden ingayalela uhulumeni waseSweden ukuthi aveze ubufakazi futhi angacashi ngezinkulumo ezingamanga โzokuphepha kwezweโ. INkantolo Ephakeme YaseSweden kufanele ngokufanayo iqinisekise ukuthi abukho ubufakazi obuchithwayo noma obuphazanyisiwe.
Izinsongo zikaJoe Biden zifana nesibhamu esibhemayo
Bekuwubudedengu impela uJoe Biden esabise ngokuthi uma iRussia ihlasela i-Ukraine, iNordstream ngeke isaba khona. Lokhu kuphindwe izikhulu zoMnyango Wezwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-US yayisivele yenze konke okusemandleni ayo ukukhungathekisa ukuphothulwa kwe-Nordstream II, njengoba kufakazelwa yizinyathelo zokuphoqelela ezingekho emthethweni ezibekwe emabhizinisini emhlabeni wonke ukwesabisa amabhizinisi afana ne-Dutch-Swiss Allseas kanye nenkampani yomshwalense yaseSwitzerland enezinhlawulo ezinkulu. . Izenzo ezinjalo zazingekho emthethweni, zazihlanganisa ukugxambukela ezindabeni zangaphakathi zezifundazwe nokusebenzisa imithetho yase-US ngaphandle kwezindawo ngokungemthetho, kodwa umhlaba ngandlela thize wakubekezelela. Noma kunjalo banikela kudosi ekhulayo esemthethweni ngokumelene ne-US. Naphezu kwama-UCM angekho emthethweni, i-Nordstreem 2 yaqedwa futhi isilungele ukusebenza kusukela ngo-2021. Kwabe sekufika izingcindezi ezinkulu ezalethwa i-US eJalimane ukuthi ingayiqinisekisi.
Ukucabanga ukuthi umsulwa
Othile e-US wasebenzisa lo mgomo ngamanga โku-dubio pro reoโ โ ngokungabaza kummangalelwa. Lesi simiso sisebenza kuphela ngokuphathelene nabantu, kodwa hhayi mayelana nohulumeni, abavame ukuphatha nokulawula ubufakazi obuningi. Alikho izwe elingalindela ukuthi kususwe izinsolo zokwenza icala ngokukhanda ngamatshe. Isisho samaRoma esithi โuma ukwenzile, phikaโ (si fecisti, nega) azisusi izimo ezikhomba ngokusobala izwe elithile. Umbuzo wokuqala okufanele wonke umuntu awubuze owokuthi ubani ohlomula ngesenzo okukhulunywa ngaso. Ubani ozuzayo ngokuqhumisa i-Nordstream? Emkhangisweni wakhe wokuziphendulela UPro Milone, UCicero usevele wabuza umbuzo obalulekile "Uyabona?โ. Ngempela, zonke izinkantolo kufanele ziwubambe lo mbuzo futhi kufanele zinikeze impendulo egculisayo. Maningi amazwe enza ubugebengu bese edlala emsulwa. Yiqiniso, i-Israel ithule cwaka mayelana nokuhlasela kwayo kobuphekula ngokumelene neSiriya ne-Iran, mayelana nokubulawa kwayo okuhlosiwe. Kodwa wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi "Ubani okwenzile".
Umthwalo wobufakazi
Ubufakazi obunezimo busetshenziswa yizo zonke izinkantolo zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe, ikakhulukazi uma โcorpus delictiโ akufinyeleleki ngokuphelele, isb lapho ubufakazi bucekelwe phansi abenzi bobubi, lapho ohulumeni bephazamisa ngamabomu ulwazi futhi besula namarekhodi edijithali. IKomiti Yamalungelo Abantu Ye-UN inolwazi olwanele lokwahlulela amacala lapho ohulumeni bewakha ngamatshe. Kakade ngo-1982, iKomidi lawuhlehlisa umthwalo wobufakazi ecaleni lika Bleier v. Uruguay[2]. Kuleso simo ibutho lezempi lase-Uruguay laphika ukuthi lalinolwazi lokuthi ukuphi u-Eduardo Bleier, owayeboshwe amaphoyisa ase-Uruguay, owayevalelwe ejele laseMontevideo, lapho umkakhe ayemlethele khona izingubo nokudla. Ngolunye usuku uBleier โwanyamalalaโ. Ngombhalo wangomhla zi-14 ku-August 1981 owawuya kuyi-Human Rights Committe, uhulumeni wase-Uruguay waphikisa ngokuthi: โIKomiti ayibonisi nje kuphela ukuntula ulwazi ngemithetho engokomthetho ephathelene nokuthathwa kwecala, kodwa nokuntuleka kwezimiso zokuziphatha ekufezeni imisebenzi eliphathiswe yona, ngoba kwafika ngokushesha esiphethweni esingathi sรญna sokuthi iziphathimandla zase-Uruguay zazibulale u-Eduardo Bleier.โ IKomidi liphendule ngokuthi: โngokuhambisana negunya lalo ngaphansi kwe-athikili yesi-5 (1) ye-Optional Protocol, iKomidi licubungule ukuxhumana ngokuhambisana nolwazi olunikezwe ababhali bezokuxhumana kanye nenhlangano yoMbuso ethintekayo. . Kulokhu iKomidi liwulandele ngokuqinile umgomo i-audiatur nezinye iziqephu futhi inikeze inhlangano yoMbuso ithuba lonke lokunikeza imininingwane ephikisa ubufakazi obethulwe ababhali.โ Lona umthetho oqhubekayo weKomiti Yamalungelo Abantu kusukela ngo-1982. Umthwalo wobufakazi uyahlehliswa lapho uMbuso uphethe imininingwane nezindonga zamatshe.
Izizathu ezinengqondo zokuphika isibopho
Izinsizakalo zezobunhloli zase-US zazi kahle ukuthi kwenzekeni, ngubani owanikeza imiyalo, owenze ukuhlasela kwamaphekula. Yiqiniso, i-US ayifuni ukuvuma ukwephulwa okukhulu komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ophula ukuthula nokuvikeleka kwamazwe ngamazwe ngezinjongo ze-athikili 39 ye-UN Charter. I-US izifihla ngemuva kokuthula nokuba yimfihlo. Ngempela, imfihlo ingumgqugquzeli wobugebengu. I-Negationism ingenye into eyenza ubugebengu. I-US kanye nomshini wayo we-propaganda sekungamashumi eminyaka basakaza inganekwane yokuthi i-US "intando yeningi" nokuthi iyizwe elingaphansi "komthetho womthetho". Kodwa-ke, i-US iqamba amanga kubantu baseMelika, njengoba yenza mayelana nokuhlasela kweCuba ngo-1961, iMpi YeVietnam, iYugoslavia, i-Afghanistan, i-Iraq, iLibya kanye nezimpi zaseSyria. Nakuba i-US ifakazelwe ukuthi inamanga amaningi, abezindaba bezinkampani/abajwayelekile benza okusemandleni ukwakha isithombe esihle se-United States โnjengomholiโ โwezwe elikhululekileโ, โizwe elikhethekileโ noma โelibalulekile. โ, njengoba uNobhala Wezwe ongasekho uMadeleine Albright ejwayele ukubiza izwe lakhe lokutholwa.
Izibopho ngaphansi kwe-UN Charter
I-US ayinazo izizathu ezingokomthetho zokwenqaba ukubambisana ophenyweni lwamazwe ngamazwe. I-US ibophekile ngaphansi kwe-UN Charter ukuthi ibambisane ekwakheni ukuhleleka komhlaba okunobulungiswa. Kakade isethulo soMqulu we-UN sibophezela i-United States โukusungula izimo lapho ubulungisa nokuhlonipha izibopho ezivela ezivumelwaneni neminye imithombo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kungagcinwa khonaโ. Phakathi kwezivumelwano[3] ukuthi i-United States kumele ikhuthaze futhi ihloniphe i-Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Actions against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, Rome 1988, ebophezela amaqembu ukuthi akhiphe noma ashushise abasolwa ngokwephula umthetho abenze izenzo ezingekho emthethweni emikhumbini, njengokubeka amabhomu phezu kwemikhumbi. gibela imikhumbi. Lokhu kwenezelwa yiProtocol yokucindezelwa kwezenzo ezingekho emthethweni ezimelene nokuphepha kwezinkundla ezingashintshi, ezidlulisela izidingo ezinkundleni ezithintekayo ekuxhashazweni kukawoyela negesi. Iphrothokholi yakamuva ingasetshenziswa ngokwe-analogiam. Okubaluleke kakhulu kufanele sikhumbule iSivumelwano Samazwe Ngamazwe sokucindezelwa kokuqhuma kwamabhomu kwamaphekula, eNew York 1997, esibophezela uMbuso ngamunye ukuba ushushise noma ukhiphe abantu abanjalo kwamanye amazwe.
I-US akulona kuphela izwe elihlanganyela emisebenzini yobuphekula. I-Israel ikwenze amashumi eminyaka ngokungajeziswa ngokuphelele. I-France yazama ukukwenza endaweni Rainbow Warrior icala[4], lapho umkhumbi weGreenpeaceRainbow Warrior yacwiliswa abatshuzi bakahulumeni waseFrance ngo-10 July 1985. Nakuba abanye abantu bashushiswa, akekho osesikhundleni esiphakeme owake waphazanyiswa, futhi iFrance ayizange ilimale kangako idumela layo elihle emhlabeni wonke.
Izindlela zokubhekana necala le-Nord Stream
Njengohlaka oluyinhloko lwamazwe ngamazwe olubhekene nokuthula nokuvikeleka kwamazwe ngamazwe, uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN unesibopho sokugxeka ubuphekula, njengoba wenza ngokushesha ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-11 September 2001 eNew York City naseWashington DC, lapho wamukela isinqumo 1368 (2001) esigxekayo. ngamazwi anamandla ukuhlasela kwamaphekula ngokumelene ne-United States nokucela zonke izifundazwe ukuthi zisebenzisane ngokushesha ukuze abenzi bokubi babhekane nengalo yomthetho.
Akuyona into engavamile kuNhlangano Yezizwe, futhi ikakhulukazi uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha, isinqumo seNordstream sanqatshwa. Lapha futhi sibona ukusetshenziswa kwezindinganiso eziphindwe kabili. Ukuthula kwe-UN mayelana nokucekelwa phansi kwamaphekula e-Nordstream kuvala izindlebe njengokuthula kwayo maqondana nama-bio-labs ase-US angama-40 e-Ukraine. Nalapha futhi sihlobene nezingcindezi ezinkulu ze-US kanye ne-NATO phezu koMkhandlu Wezokuphepha, kanye nesiko lokusebenzela izintshisekelo zamazwe aseNtshonalanga hhayi izintshisekelo zobuntu wonkana.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi ngeke kube nophenyo oluzimele lwamazwe ngamazwe ngaphansi kweNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene. ImiSebenzi Yokuthola Amaqiniso noma AmaKhomishana Ophenyo angasungulwa yizinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ze-UN.
Manje sekusele ku-General Assembly ukwenza lokho. Kufanele kwenzeke ukuthola iningi kuMhlangano Jikelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-General Assembly kufanele idlulele ngale kokulahla nje ukucekelwa phansi kwe-Nordstream. Kufanele yamukele isinqumo ngaphansi kwe-athikili 96 yesicelo soMqulu we-UN umbono wezeluleko ovela eNkantolo Yezobulungiswa Yamazwe Ngamazwe mayelana nemiphumela engokomthetho yokuqhunyiswa kwamapayipi, ikakhulukazi izikweletu zomphakathi kanye nezijeziso ezihilelekile.
Sikhumbula ukuthi ubushokobezi bamazwe ngamazwe bungaphakathi kwehhovisi le-UN Vienna Office on Drugs and Crime[5], Igatsha layo lokuvimbela ubuphekula kumele libanjwe ngalolu daba futhi lizenzele uphenyo lwalo ngokushesha.
Kanti enye inhlangano ye-UN enekhono i-United Nations Environmental Programme[6]nendlunkulu eNairobi. IHhovisi laseYurophu le-UNEP kufanele liphenye imithelela emibi yemvelo yokuqhuma kwezindawo zokudoba oLwandle iBaltic.[7].
Ngingaphakamisa futhi ukuthi kufakwe isikhalazo phakathi kwezifundazwe ngaphansi kwesigaba 41 se-International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Wonke amazwe ANGAKAFANGA isimemezelo esikhawulela amandla eKomiti ngaphansi kwe-athikili 41 angase ethule isikhalazo esinjalo ngokumelene ne-US (engazange yethule ukubhukha mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-athikili 41, ngoba ibe nomuzwa wokuthi asikho izwe "elingalokotha" liqalise le nqubo) . Ngibona izinkinga eziphakamayo ngaphansi kwezihloko 1, 2, 6, 19, 26.
Ngokombono Wamalungelo Abantu, ngokuqinisekile uMkhandlu Wamalungelo Abantu we-UN kufanele wamukele isinqumo esilahla ukucekelwa phansi kwe-Nordstream futhi ungasungula i-Fact Finding Mission ukuze iphenye imithelela emibi yamalungelo abantu esifundeni nasemhlabeni, njengoba ngempela, ukuhlaselwa kwemithombo yamandla kuye kwaba khona. imiphumela esabalele, ikakhulukazi ekuthokozeleni amalungelo ezomnotho nawenhlalo, kanye nokuzuza Izinjongo Zokuthuthukiswa Okusimeme.
I-Special Procedures yoMkhandlu Wamalungelo Abantu inezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuqhubeka nophenyo mayelana nokuqhuma. Impela kungaphakathi kwesabelo sababhalisi abathathu - i-Rapporteur on Terrorism, i-Rapporteur on the Right to Truth, Justice and Reparation, kanye ne-Repporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression.
Kukhona futhi ukwephulwa kwe-United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Futhi ngisho noma i-US ingakaze ivume iSivumelwano Se-UN mayelana Nomthetho Wasolwandle, akukho lutho oluvimba i-UNCLOS Secretariat ekusunguleni iqembu elisebenzayo elizocwaninga ngemiphumela yokucekelwa phansi kwamapayipi angaphansi kolwandle.
Izimpimpi
Esikudinga kakhulu namuhla ama-Whistleblowers e-United States, eNorway, eSweden naseJalimane. Bayazi ukuthi ubani okwenzile. Sidinga abavikeli bamalungelo abantu abengeziwe abafana noJulian Assange kanye no-Edward Snowden, abasibonise ukuthi yimaphi amacala asabekayo enziwe egameni lethu. Uma sifisa ukuzibiza โngamademokhrasiโ, kumele kuqala sivikele ilungelo lokwazi, ilungelo leqiniso. Kufanele sifune ukuthi kube sobala kanye nokuziphendulela futhi sigxeke imfihlo njengomama wobugebengu bukazwelonke nobumazwe ngamazwe. Ukwethembeka kweNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene - futhi ngokuvamile kakhulu emthethweni wamazwe ngamazwe - kusengozini.
Amanothi.
[1] https://seymourhersh.substack.com/p/how-america-took-out-the-nord-stream
[2] http://www.worldcourts.com/hrc/eng/decisions/1982.0โณ3.29_Bleier_Lewenhoff_v_Uruguay.htm. Bheka u-Jakob Moller/Alfred de Zayas, i-United Nations Human Rights Committee Caselaw, NPEngel 2009, pp. 148 et seq.
[3] https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2009/10/united-nations-treaties-against-international-terrorism
[4] https://www.greenpeace.org/international/explore/ships/rainbow-warrior/
[5] https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/terrorism/
[6] https://www.unep.org/
[7] https://www.unep.org/regions/europe
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