[Ingcaphuno elandelayo, evela encwadini kaTom Engelhardt, Ukuphela KweMasiko Okunqoba, ithunyelwe ngemvume evela eNyuvesi yaseMassachusetts Press.]
1. Ukuza Kokuqala kuka-G.I. UJoe
Kwakungu-1964, futhi eVietnam izinkulungwane “zabeluleki” baseMelika base bevele benikeza ulwazi lwabo besebenzisa izihlalo zendiza enophephela emhlane noma izindawo zokubuka izibhamu. I-United States yayisisele unyaka nje ukuthi ithumele ibutho layo lokuqala elikhulu lamasosha aphansi lapho, intsha eyayizongena endaweni yempi iphupha uJohn Wayne futhi icabanga ngendawo elawulwa izitha “njengezwe laseNdiya.” Ngaleso sikhathi, kulowo nyaka wokwethulwa kweNhlangano Enkulu kaLyndon Johnson, isizukulwane esisha sezingane saqala ukuzwa indaba yempi yaseMelika sisebenzisa iqhawe lamathoyizi elaziwa kakhulu elake ladalwa.
Igama lakhe, G.I. - "Ngodaba lukahulumeni" - uJoe wayethanda impi yokugcina yokunqoba yaseMelika futhi ejwayeleke ngokuphelele. Kwakungekho muntu othile ogama lakhe linguJoe, futhi akekho “koJoe” owayenamagama. "Yena" weza ngezinhlobo ezine, eyodwa yenkonzo ngayinye, kuhlanganise nabaseMarines. Nokho wonke uJoe, empeleni, wayefana. Njengoba wayeyithoyizi leNhlangano Enkulu enamaphupho ayo okufakwa, kwathatha unyaka kuphela kumkhiqizi wakhe, u-Hasbro, ukukhiqiza "u-Negro Joe," kanye nabanye ababili ukwengeza i-she-Joe (umhlengikazi, ngokwemvelo). UJoe ekuqaleni wafika engenandaba, engenaziyalezo, futhi engenasitha, ngoba kwakungakafiki kubantu abadala (noma abenzi bamathoyizi) ukuthi bangamethembi umntwana ukuthi angazikhethela isitha esifanele ukuze axabane noJoe.
Ezikhangisweni ze-TV zangaleso sikhathi, uJoe wayevezwe njengendabuko yamathoyizi empi. Abafana abancane ku-World War II izigqoko zokuzivikela baboniswa bengena empini nge-GI. I-Joe tank, noma bebonisa ngokunamandla okokusebenza kwabo kwe-Joe kuyilapho ikhorasi yamazwi ajulile, amadoda ecula (okuhambisana nethi “The Halls of Montezuma”), “G.I. UJoe, G.I. UJoe, Indoda elwa kusukela ekhanda kuye ozwaneni emhlabeni, olwandle, emoyeni. " “Wayeyiqiniso” “ne-bazooka” yakhe engamayintshi ayishumi esebenza ngempela, “umjikijeli welangabi osogwini,” kanye “nomfanekiso wakhe onemininingwane eyiqiniso” we-U.S. Army Jeep “enesibhamu esinama-tripod mounted recoilless” kanye “namarokhethi amane”. .”
Angathatha noma iliphi ibhishi noma indawo yokufikela ngesitayela, egqoke “into yangempela,” kusukela ebhantshini elithi “Ike” elinesikhafu esibomvu kuya “ehembeni lokukhathala lokushaya lasebhishi,” ibhulukwe, nephakethe lasendle. Angadla ngekhithi yakhe yokuchitha, noma alale “ngesethi yetende le-bivouac-pup” yakhe. Futhi wayengumdondoshiya wamathoyizi, futhi, cishe ubude benyawo. Kusukela esibazini esibomvana esihlathini kuya ekugijimeni kwe-testosterone yabafana abanobuso obusabekayo abamemezayo, “G.I. Joe, thatha igquma!” wayebonakala isithombe sethoyizi lokulwa indoda.
Nokho, uJoe, njenganoma yini enye enkathini yakhe, wayengeyona into ayebonakala ngayo. Wethula unyaka uLyndon Johnson angenela ngawo isikhundla sokuba ngumongameli njengongenele ukhetho lokuthula emelene noBarry Goldwater ngenkathi abaphathi bakhe behlela ngasese ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eNyakatho yeVietnam, uJoe, naye, wabandakanyeka ekufihleni. Ngoba uma uJoe wayengumbhemu wesosha lokudlala, wayenjalo futhi, nakuba igama lalingenakushiwo, idoli. Umdlalo wempi Isitayela sikaJoe, empeleni, sakhiwe kakhulu futhi ngenxa “yentombazane” - uBarbie kaMattel.
U-Barbie wayefike endaweni yethoyizi ngo-1958 ebonakala kanzima ebusweni futhi namabele akhe angenayo ingono ephumele ngaphandle, isikhumbuzo sokuthi naye, wayenomlando oyimfihlo. Wayengumdlali ophumelelayo, unodoli wokuqala "omusha" onesibalo "sentsha". Kodwa-ke, umdali wakhe, u-Ruth Handler, akazange ammongise osemusha kodwa emdwebeni wamahlaya waseJalimane obizwa ngokuthi “intombazane yokudlala” okuthiwa uLili, owathengiswa esesimweni sikanodoli, akathengiswanga izingane kodwa emadodeni “ngogwayi nasezinkantini… isilwane esifuywayo sowesilisa omdala.” Njengoba uJoe kamuva wayesezofika ogwini, ngakho u-Barbie wathatha amasaluni emfashini, izitolo ze-malt, ama-boudoirs, namagumbi okulala, afinyeleleka ngokugcwele, kanye nehaba elifanayo lehaba. (Uma amabele emakhulu, phela, kungcono ukulengisa leyo Gown Yomshado kaBarbie.)
UJoe wayengumcabango womklami wamathoyizi ogama lakhe lingu-Stanley Weston, owayeqiniseka ukuthi abafana badlala ngasese no-Barbie futhi babefanelekela unodoli wabo. Njengoba ayethanda amasosha amathoyizi esemncane, wakhetha indikimba yezempi njengeyamukeleka kakhulu kunodoli womfana futhi wayisa umbono wakhe ku-Hassenfeld Brothers (kamuva eyaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-Hasbro), inkampani yamathoyizi ngaleso sikhathi eyaziwa kakhulu ngokukhiqiza uMnu. Potato Head.
Ngalezo zinsuku, wonke umuntu ebhizinisini lamathoyizi wayazi ukuthi amasosha amathoyizi ayengama-intshi amathathu-ukuphakama, anganyakazi, ipulasitiki noma izibalo eziholayo, futhi impendulo yokuqala kuJoe yayisukela ekungabazeni kuya ekuhlekeni nasekuhlekeni; kodwa uMerrill Hassenfeld, omunye wabazalwane ababili abaphethe inkampani, wabiza umngane wakudala, uMajor General Leonard Holland, inhloko ye-Rhode Island National Guard, owanikeza ukufinyelela kwezikhali, umfaniswano, namagiya ukuze akhe amasosha anembe ngokuphelele. umfanekiso. UJoe wanikezwa “ukubamba” okukhethekile, isithupha nomunwe wangaphambili ophikiswayo, kwaba ngcono kakhulu ukuba abambe lezo zibhamu ezingokoqobo nama-bazooka, futhi wakhiwe ngezingxenye ezingu-21 ezinyakazayo ukuze ekugcineni abafana bakwazi ukuqala impi.
I-Hassenfeld Brothers yadida izabelo zebhizinisi lamathoyizi ngokuthengisa ama-Joes nemishini ebiza u-$16.9 million ngonyaka wokuqala kaJoe emakethe, futhi ngemva kwalokho izinto zaba ngcono. Ngale ndlela kwadalwa iqhawe u-Adamu ngombambo luka-Eva lwepulasitiki, insizwa eqinile enezimpahla zayo kanye nezinsiza, ongayigqokisa, uyikhumule, futhi ulale nayo - noma uhlale nayo, noma kunjalo. Kodwa akukho kulokhu okwakungashiwo. Kwakuyihlazo eHasbro ukubiza uJoe ngonodoli. Esikhundleni salokho, inkampani yambiza ngokuthi "isenzo esibonakalayo sabafana," futhi igama elithi "isenzo" lanamathela kuwo wonke amathoyizi okulwa impi okufanele alandele. Ngakho-ke uBarbie noJoe, amabele aqinile nezinhlamvu ezithambile, ibhomu eliyihaba kanye neqhawe elinobuso obuthinta inhliziyo, beza ukuzomela izindaba zobulili ezinyakazayo zaseMelika ekupheleni kweshumi leminyaka, lapho umlando oyimfihlo wezenzakalo wawucwila kancane uze ufike ezingeni ebuntwaneni.
Okwesikhashana, konke kwahlala njengoba kwakubonakala. Kodwa uJoe waba noguquko olunensayo uBarbie aphunyuka kakhulu (yize ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, ebhekene nentsha yabesifazane, ukuthengisa kwakhe kwehla). Njengoba iminyaka yaseVietnam iqhubeka, uJoe waya encipha ngokuba yisosha. Umbhikisho wawusemoyeni. Emuva ngo-1966, iqembu lomama ababegqoke izingubo zikaMary Poppins laqoka umhlangano wezohwebo waminyaka yonke wemboni yamathoyizi eNew York, izambulela zabo ziveza isiqubulo esithi, “I-Toy Fair or Warfare?” Ngempela, iSears yalahla wonke amathoyizi ezempi ohlwini lwazo. Ngokuvumelana ne Umhlahlandlela ka-Tomart we-Action Figure Collectibles, “Ekupheleni kweminyaka engu-60… [f] bezwa ukuduba okungenzeka ‘kwethoyizi labo eligxile empini,’ u-Hasbro washintsha ukubukeka kobuso bukaJoe kanye nekhabethe lakhe. Izinwele ezihlutshiwe nentshebe kwenezelwa emifanekisweni. U-Hasbro wavala izingcezu ezibukeka njengezempi ngokuqinile ngamasethi akhethekile, futhi ngo-1970 i-GI. Ithimba le-Joe Adventure ladalwa. "
Manje, uJoe wayehlangene nezitha zakhe zangempela zokuqala, kodwa zazingebona abantu. Kwakukhona ingwe “Yokuzingela Kwengwe Elimhlophe,” “i-hammerhead stingray” ethi “Devil of the Deep,” umama “Wemfihlo Yethuna Likamama,” kanye “noshaka omnyama” “wokuziphindiselela ku-Spy Shark, ” kanye namabhere amhlophe ahlukahlukene, i-octopi, amanqe, nenqwaba yezitha zemvelo kumasethi wamathoyizi afana nokuthi “Ukusinda Kwesiphepho Esishisayo.” Ngokokuqala ngqá, ngaleyo minyaka yokudideka kwabantu abadala, inkomba ethile yetulo, yokuthi yini ngempela ingane okufanele iyenze ngalamathoyizi, yaqala ukufakwa ezihlokweni ezinjengokuthi “Ukufuna Isithombe Esibiwe” noma “Ukuthunjwa KomThwa. Gorilla.” UJoe wayengagcini nje ngokuba ngumhambi, kodwa uhambo lwakhe lwaluvezwa kabuhlungu emaphaketheni ahambisana naye; futhi ezimbalwa zalezi zigigaba ezintsha zazinobudlelwano nendaba yempi azalelwe kuyo.
Lo mculi we-hipper, u-Joe omusha, uma engazange athole ubuntu, wabe esengena inqubo yokwenza umuntu siqu. Akabange esabonakala emasosha ngezinwele zakhe ezintsha kanye nophawu lwakhe oluthi “A” (wohambo olusha), okuthi, njengoba uKatharine Whittemore ephawulile, “lalibukeka nje njengophawu lokuthula.” Eqinisweni, wayeseqala ukubukeka ngendlela esolisayo njengabaphikisi, eshabalala njengeqhawe njengoba nje wayeseba unodoli ongajwayelekile. Ngo-1974, wayesethole ukuthintana kancane kwaseMpumalanga “nge-kung-fu grip” entsha. Ngo-1976, ngaphansi kwengcindezi yokukhuphuka kwezindleko zepulasitiki, wancipha cishe amasentimitha amane; futhi ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, wanyamalala endaweni yesigameko. Ngokuka-Hasbro, “wahlukunyezwa,” futhi ngokwazi kwanoma ubani ngaleso sikhathi, wanikelwa ekubeni ithoyizi likhohlwe.
Ukukhumula Impi Emhlabeni Wengane
Kulokhu wayefana nayo yonke indaba yempi esikweni lezingane ngaleyo minyaka. Kwaba sengathi ama-sappers aseVietnam afinyelele ezweni laseMelika futhi aqhumisa indaba yempi ngaphandle kokuqukethwe kwayo okungokwesiko, njengokungathi "amaNdiya" angaleso sikhathi ayethumele amabutho amahhashi ukuba abaleke futhi aphazamise iNtshonalanga. Ngakho-ke iminyaka eminingi yokuphikiswa kweVietnam yayiguqule injabulo yesiko lokudlala impi yaba unya, amahloni okufanele abukwe. Ngawo-1970s, imikhiqizo yamasiko yaseMelika yayibonakala ihlose ukugxeka imishini yabo kanye nezinganekwane zabo noma ukukhipha imingcele emisha yokuzivikela.
Thatha uSgt. I-Rock, lelo qhawe leMpi Yezwe Yesibili le-noncom ye-DC Comics ' Ibutho Lethu Empini uchungechunge. Umagazini ngamunye wohambo lwakhe manje usunophawu olusha olwalumemezela, “ungabe usaba IMPI,” kuyilapho uhambo lwakhe oluqinile lwaseMpini Yezwe II lwalubukelwa phansi ukwazi okusha okufana nesitha. Ngokwesibonelo, isembozo sikamagazini ka-June 1971, sabonisa usayitsheni owayenesibindi kodwa eqhaqhazela ethi “B-kodwa babeyizakhamuzi!” futhi ekhomba izidumbu zamadoda amahlanu, engawugqokile umfaniswano, okubonakala sengathi akleliswe odongeni abulawa. Eduze kwakhe, i-GI, isibhamu sakhe somshini omncane sisabhema, uyababaza, “Ngivimbe isitha, Rock! Akekho kubo owabaleka!”
Ngaphakathi, isiqephu esithi, "I-Headcount," sitshele "i-underside" yendaba yomunye u-Johnny Doe, owangasese ohlotshiswe ngemva kokufa, odubula kuqala futhi abuze kamuva. “Yibambe, Johnny!” kumemeza u-Rock njengoba u-Private Doe esezokwenza ekamelweni eliphelele labathunjwa baseFrance nabathumbi babo bamaNazi, ethi bonke bangamaqhinga, “uma unephutha… ngokumelene!” Ngo-Doe, owabulawa u-Rock ngaphambi kokuba abulale abathunjwa, indaba yabuza umbuzo wokugcina ngo-1971 owawuzojwayeleka kubantu baseMelika banoma iyiphi iminyaka: “Ingabe u-Johnny Doe wayengumbulali—noma iqhawe? Lowo ngumbuzo owodwa ngamunye wenu okufanele azinqumele wona!”
Ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva, kumagazini ka-August we Ibutho Lethu Empini, umfundi angangena engqondweni kaTatsuno Sakigawa ku-“Kamikaze.” USakigawa, esezophonsa indiza yakhe e-USS Stevens, uyakhumbula “lapho unina emsondeza futhi emfudumeza! Wakhumbula imfucumfucu yokudoba ababehlala kuyo… iphunga elimnandi lolwandle nomoya… wayekwenye indawo… ngesikhathi esijabulisayo.” Njengoba indiza yakhe ishayiswa umlilo ovimbela izindiza futhi iqhuma, ubona ubuso bakhe obulusizi. "BABA ... MAMA ... UKUPHI?" uyamemeza.
Isigameko sinqamula kafushane kubazali bakhe kudoti wabo ovuthayo (“H-sisize… ndodana yami… siza…”), bese kuya esithombeni sokugcina “samalangabi aphuma emadolobheni avuthayo aseJapan! Izindlu zokhuni namaphepha… ikhaya lakhe.” Tatsuno Sakigawa, isiqephu siphetha ngokuthi, “wafela umbusi… ngenxa yezwe… ukuze ahlonishwe! Kodwa ikakhulukazi… ukuphindiselela ukufa kwabazali bakhe! Ukucekelwa phansi komuzi wakhe! Ukulahlekelwa ukuphila kwakhe siqu!” Ekhasini ngezansi, ngaphansi kwesigxivizo se-DC sokugunyazwa kwe-pacifist, "kwakuyinothi elingokomlando: amaJapane angu-250,000 ashonile ngesikhathi sokuhlasela komlilo… abangu-80,000 bafa ekuqhumeni kwamabhomu e-Hiroshima."
Ngisho nakuleyo ndawo eqashwe kakhulu yezindawo ezingcwele, incwadi yesikole, indaba yaseMelika yaqala ukuhlakazeka. Okokuqala ezimpahleni zayo, kwase kuthi endaweni yayo kwavela uchungechunge lwezindaba ebezifihliwe ngaphambilini. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960, izincwadi zokufunda zaphinde zathola “abampofu,” iqembu elalingekho kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1930. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1970, indaba emnyama, indaba yabesifazane, indaba yaseChicano, indaba yamaMelika Omdabu - zonke lezo zindaba "ezingabonakali" ngaphambili - zazivela ngaphansi kwendaba ye-monolithic yaseMelika eyayikade ibekwe esizweni sezingane. . Ngokufanayo, ezingeni lasekolishi, imilando yomhlaba ongewona owaseYurophu yavela ngaphansi kwendaba “yomhlaba” we-monolithic eyake yathatha umfundi e-Egypt yamyisa eMelika ekhulwini lamashumi amabili ngeGrisi, iRoma, iYurophu yasendulo, kanye neRenaissance.
Lezi zindaba ezintsha “zomgubho” zemihelo kanye nokunqoba “kwabambalwa” abahlukahlukene zavela ikakhulukazi njengokugxeka okusobala kweNdaba Eyodwa YaseMelika eyake yazandulela noma njengezinkonzo ezizimele nezizibheka kakhulu njengalelo fomu elisha le-TV, izinsiza. Kunoma ikuphi, babonakale bexhumene nendatshana enkudlwana, nakuba ngeminyaka yawo-1980s bonke babezoqoqwa ngokuzimisela ngaphansi kwesambulela “sokuhlanganisa amasiko amaningi.”
Njengoba babegubha, babengasidingi isitha sangempela, kodwa ngokusobala isitha kwakuyiyona ndaba eyayisenze ukuba bangabonakali kwaze kwaba muva nje. Bekuyinto efana namaqembu anentshisekelo aqhudelana ngenani elilinganiselwe lendawo engenalutho. Indaba kazwelonke, obekufanele ihlanganise bonke ngokwanele ukuze ihlangane kuzo zonke lezo “zixuku eziminyene,” ezazineminyaka embalwa ngaphambili zivumele ababhali bezincwadi zokufundisa ukuba baqambe imisho efana nokuthi, “Asimangazi kangako ubuhle obungakaze bubonwe e-U.S. inqubomgomo yezangaphandle, futhi ngomqondo wayo omuhle,” manje kwase kuvuliwe.
Ngesikhathi uSaigon ewa ngo-1975, izingane njengabantu abadala zazikhona endaweni engenandaba ngokuphawulekayo. Lona kanye igama impi yayikhishiwe emasikweni ezingane nasebuntwaneni kwaguqulwa kwaba into efana nesenzakalo esingesona esaseMelika. Izinga lezingane ezihlasimulisayo ezingaphansi komhlaba ngeminyaka yawo-1950 lase likhuphukele phezulu. Abasha base bephumela obala besabisa abantu abadala. Abanye bebephonsela inselelo amandla aseMelika ngobufakazi bokucekelwa phansi kwezingane ezincane ekhaya noma ngaphandle ("Hey, hey, LBJ, zingaki izingane ozibulele namuhla?"), kanti abanye, noma ngabe ama-radicals ezepolitiki, ingxenye ye-counterculture, noma ama-GI eVietnam, abonakala esendleleni yokuhlubuka esitheni saseMpumalanga.
Kodwa-ke, ngokuxakayo, leso sitha esinqobile sasingabonakali - hhayi kumamuvi, hhayi ku-TV (naphezu kwesithombe saseVietnam njengempi yethelevishini), ngisho nakumaphephandaba. Lapho amaVietnam kufanele ngabe abe khona, esikhundleni salokho kwakungekho. Ngenxa yokuthi kwakungenakwenzeka “ukubona” ukuthi ubani owayenqobe i-United States futhi yingakho abantu baseMelika belahlekelwe, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuqonda ukuthi yini eyayilahlekile. Ngakho-ke ukuba yizisulu zaseMelika, ukulahlekelwa kwaseMelika - okuhlanganisa nokulahlekelwa amafomu empucuko yobungane - kwaba yindaba ngokwakho, okuwukuphela kwesihloko, ongathi, kuyilapho ukungabonakali kwesitha esasisuse le ndaba kwanikeza lokho kulahlekelwa i-aura ethile yokungabi nabulungisa.
Ngakho-ke, ekuguqukeni kokugcina, okuyisimanga kuleyo nkathi yokuhlehla, “ukwakhiwa kabusha” kwaseMelika kwangemva kwempi kwakungeke kuqale eVietnam, izwe eliyincithakalo, okwakufanele ngabe lalingelona izwe elihluliwe, kodwa ekhaya ezweni elicishe lingakaze lithintwe. impi, okwakufanele ngabe yaba ngumnqobi; futhi ukwakhiwa kabusha bekungeke kugxile endaweni ethile ebonakalayo ecekeleke phansi kodwa emqondweni kazwelonke. Kule ndima yangemva kwempi esuka ku-John Wayne kuya ku-Sylvester Stallone, kusukela e-Pax Americana kuya e-Pecs Americana, lo mzamo wokwakha kabusha indaba yaseMelika yokunqoba, izingane zazizodlala indima ekhethekile.
2. Isikhala Esingenalutho
Ngobusuku bangoMeyi 25, 1977, umqondisi wamabhayisikobho owayemangele oneminyaka engu-32 ubudala, owaphumelela igama lakhe, wayeqeda i-Herculean amasonto amabili “ehlanganisa” ifilimu yakhe yakamuva ukuze athamele izethameli zaseYurophu. Lapho bedla isidlo sakusihlwa, yena nomkakhe babhekisa amabombo eHamburger Hamlet, indawo yokudlela engaphesheya komgwaqo eMann’s Chinese Theatre eHollywood, kodwa bangena esiminyaminya nesixuku sabantu. Efika ekhoneni, wabona isihloko sefilimu yakhe entsha ngezinhlamvu ezinkulu etendeni letiyetha. Bekuwusuku lokuvula. “Ngathi, ‘Angikukholelwa lokhu,’” ekhumbula. “Ngakho-ke sahlala eHamburger Hamlet futhi sabuka isixuku esikhulu esasilapho, ngase ngibuyela emuva ngaxuba ubusuku bonke…
Umqondisi uGeorge Lucas wayeseyigubhe iminyaka yakhe yobusha American Graffiti ("Wawukuphi ngo-'62?"), Ingoma emangazayo ka-1973, eyavusa igagasi lokulangazelela iminyaka ngaphambi kweVietnam futhi yagqugquzela uchungechunge lwe-TV. Izinsuku Ezijabulisayo (1974). Njengomenzi wamafilimu, nokho, wayenesifiso sokufinyelela ekujuleni kobusha bakhe baseCalifornia, ukubuyela kulezo zikhathi lapho alingisa khona izimo zeMpi Yezwe II namasosha amathoyizi, noma ebukele imidlalo ewuchungechunge yeFlash Gordon endala, amafilimu ezinkomo namafilimu empi umabonakude.
Njengababukeli bamamuvi (njengamarisidi asehhovisi ebhokisi esikhathi ayekhonjisiwe), wayefuna ukuhlehlisa ubuzimu basesinema ngeminyaka yawo-1960. Kulokhu, wema ngaphandle kwabaqondisi abahlukene njengoRobert Altman, Stanley Kubrick, Arthur Penn, Mel Brooks, kanye nomeluleki wakhe uFrancis Ford Coppola, okwase kuyiminyaka ehlakaza indawo nama-opera amahhashi, impi namafilimu abaphenyi; empeleni, sonke isikhala esisesikrinini esijwayelekile.
“Kunesizukulwane sonke,” kamuva wayesho, “esikhula ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwezinganekwane.” Nakuba ngokungangabazeki ehlotshaniswa nepolitiki ephikisana namasiko yangaleso sikhathi, eyakhe kwakuwumbono oqinile. Ngokwemvelo, wayefuna ukuthulisa amazwi abhuqayo futhi abuyisele izethameli zefilimu hhayi nje ebuntwaneni bakhe kodwa esimweni sokubuka njengengane.
Kuwo wonke ama-1970s okuqala, wazabalaza ukwakha umbhalo ozokwakha kabusha indaba yempi engekho emkhathini. Amazulu abengenalutho kusukela, ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1960, uStanley Kubrick aqhumisa usomkhathi waseMelika endaweni yengane. 2001: I-Space Odyssey; Iplanethi Yezinkawu ithathe osomkhathi bayo ohambweni oluhlekisayo oluya eMhlabeni wangemva kwe-nuclear lapho abantu kwakungezona izinto eziphilayo ezihamba phambili; kanye ne-USS Enterprise kwe TV Star Trek ushiye “umngcele wokugcina” ukuze uqhutshwe ngamabhu.
Ngo-1975, uLucas wasayina ne-Twentieth Century Fox ukuze akhiqize ifilimu yasemkhathini (aqinisekisa umkakhe) “abafana abaneminyaka eyishumi ubudala abangayithanda.” Ukuze aphumelele, wayenezincwadi zakhe zokufunda umklami wezingubo zokugqoka zeMpi Yezwe II kanye nezikhali zaseJapane, kuyilapho ephendukela kumafilimu asukela kuFrank Capra. Impi yaseBrithani (1943) ukuze Amabhuloho e-Toko-Ri (1954) ukwakha izinja emkhathini. Ekulingiseni, wagwema izinhlanga ezimhlophe ezinjengoDustin Hoffman kanye no-Al Pacino, ababedlale izihlubuki ezisesikrinini iminyaka, evuna abalingisi abangaziwa be-WASP-y abangase bakhumbule ubumhlophe obunohlangothi olulodwa lwefilimu yakhe edlule.
Ebiza izitha kusukela ebuntwaneni bakhe, wafanisa umbusi wakhe omubi ku-Ming, umbusi waseMongo Flash Gordon (kanye noRichard Nixon), futhi wembathisa iJedi yakhe emnyama, uDarth Vader, nge-visor emnyama ecwebezelayo nesudi yomzimba. Nakuba bekungeke kube khona abamnyama esikrinini, waqasha umlingisi omnyama uJames Earl Jones ukuthi adlale i-Vader's hissing techno-voice. E-Chewbacca, i-“Wookie” enamabhande e-cartridge ase-Mexico eboshelwe esifubeni sakhe esinoboya, Abanye beminyaka eyishumi edlule besuka ezinkawini ezikhuphukayo baye boMdabu baseMelika bazobuyiselwa endaweni yabo efanele. Lokhu okungemhlophe bekungeke kwazi ngisho nesiNgisi esiphukile sesitayela saseHollywood; kuphela ukukhala kwe-King Kong-ish kokukhungatheka noma ukucasuka (okwenziwa ngokuxuba ibhere, i-walrus, i-seal, nezingcingo zamabheja).
Ekuqaleni kuka-1977, ifilimu ecishe yaqedwa yayibonakala ingenakwenzeka ukuba iphumelele. Ucwaningo lukaFox lwabonisa ukuthi igama impi esihlokweni bekucisha abesifazane, ukuthi amarobhothi azocisha wonke umuntu, nokuthi inganekwane yesayensi yayiyisigaba esifile. Ibhodi labaqondisi bakaFox lalixhase ngokungabaza ifilimu kuphela; nasembukisweni okhethekile, labo baqondisi abangazange balale bacasuka. Njengoba abanikazi bemidlalo yeshashalazi bebonisa intshiseko encane, le filimu yavulwa ezinkundleni zemidlalo yeshashalazi ezingu-32 kuphela ezweni lonke.
Hhayi ezindizeni zakhe ezimangalisayo lapho uLucas acabanga ukuthi umbono wakhe wesinema uzoshanela konke ngaphambi kwawo, ukuthi ukuphinda athole izethameli zezingane kanye "nezingane ezikithi sonke" kungabaluleka ekwakhiweni kabusha kwendaba yokunqoba, lokho wayezosiza ukunikeza ukubukeka okusha kokuzijabulisa ekwakhiweni kwempi futhi abuyisele umbukwane wokuhlatshwa ezikrinini eziningi zaseMelika.
Ukubukeka Kwe-Star Wars Kungena Emhlabeni Wempi
Cishe eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili I-star wars kwavulwa, umfundi we-MIT oneminyaka engu-20, uPeter Hagelstein, wafaka isicelo sobudlelwane kuHertz Foundation. Phakathi kwamalungu ebhodi layo kwakukhona u-Edward Teller, "ubaba" we-H-bhomu kanye nomsunguli we-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, isikhungo sikahulumeni sokucwaninga ngezikhali zenuzi eNyakatho California. Nakuba u-John D. Hertz (wodumo lwezimoto eziqashwayo) wayesungule ubudlelwano “bokukhuthaza amandla ezobuchwepheshe eMelika” ngokuqhathaniswa neSoviet Union futhi abanye abamukeli babuthelwa ocwaningweni lwezikhali lukaLivermore yilabo ababexoxa nabo, isisekelo sakhangiswa. kuphela ukuthi "[t] umkhakha ohlongozwayo wokufunda iziqu kumele ukhathazeke ngokusetshenziswa kwesayensi yemvelo ezinkingeni zabantu, ezihunyushwa kabanzi."
UHagelstein wanikezwa ubudlelwano nomsebenzi wasehlobo eLivermore nguLowell Wood, umxoxi wakhe kanye nenhloko yeLivermore's O Group. Ososayensi bayo abasebasha babesebenzela ukuklama “isizukulwane sesithathu” sezikhali zenuzi (ezokuqala ezimbili amabhomu A no-H). NgokukaHagelstein, uWood wamtshela kuphela ukuthi basebenzela “ama-laser ne-laser fusion, engangingakaze ngizwe ngawo ngaphambili, futhi wathi kunamakhodi ekhompyutha ayefana nokudlala i-organ ye-Wurlitzer. Konke kwakuzwakala njengokuphupha… Ilebhu yenza umbono omkhulu, ikakhulukazi onogada nocingo oluhlabayo. Lapho ngifika emnyangweni wezabasebenzi kwangikhanyela ukuthi basebenzela izikhali lapha, futhi bengiqala ukwazi ngakho.”
Ehlobo lika-1976, waya lapho ngokugcwele, ngenkathi eqhubeka ne-Ph.D. sebenza eMIT. Wayeyinsizwa “eyayizonda amabhomu” futhi “engafuni ukuhlanganiswa nanoma yini yenuzi.” Waze wahileleka kwezothando nesishoshovu se-anuclear esakhetha ilebhu. Kodwa wayebanjwe iphupho lokudala i-x-ray laser yelabhorethri eyayizovumela ososayensi ukuba "babone" izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo, kanye nezinsizwa ezikhangayo ze-O Group, ne-jeans yazo nezinwele ezinde, imikhuba yokusebenza ubusuku bonke, i-élan ephikisana namasiko, namahlaya ahlanekezelwe. (Ngesinye isikhathi, baze “bathatha iqoqo” ukuze bathenge uLowell Wood imvunulo yaseDarth Vader.)
Unyaka lowo I-star wars inyukela ezulwini, usosayensi omkhulu we-O Group waqhamuka nomqondo omusha wokusebenzisa ukuqhuma kwezikhali zenuzi ukuze "ampompe" amandla agxilile anele abe yi-laser ukuyiphendula ibe isikhali. Ehlobo lika-1979, uHagelstein wavela emhlanganweni lapho kwakudingidwa khona ukusetshenziswa kokuqhuma kwezikhali zenuzi ngaphansi komhlaba ukuze kuhlolwe lo mbono. Emangele amahora angu-20 aqondile okusebenza, wenza isiphakamiso - "Umlomo usanda kusho lokho" - okwakuzoholela ensizeni ye-laser ebizwa ngokuthi i-Excalibur futhi yahlolwa ngempumelelo ngoNovemba 1980. Nakuba iphupho lika-Hagelstein le-x-ray laser lafiphala, Isikhali “sakhe” saba isizinda sohlobo oluhlukile lwenganekwane.
NgoFebhuwari 1981, iphephabhuku lezohwebo Iviki Lezindiza kanye Nobuchwepheshe Bomkhathi ibike ukuba khona kwe-x-ray laser ehlukaniswe kakhulu, ithi, "ibekwe endaweni yempi ye-laser" emkhathini, "inamandla okufiphaza ukuhlasela kwezikhali zenuzi zaseSoviet." I-akhawunti yaleli phephabhuku yayiphelezelwa “umdwebo weciko” ongokoqobo, wesikhathi esizayo obonisa isiteshi sempi esinesiphithiphithi “esinezinduku ze-laser ezinde,” isithombe esathathwa abezindaba abavamile, ngaleyo ndlela sashadisa impi ebukekayo. I-star wars.
Ngo-1982, uTeller wayesethathe izindaba ze-laser kaPeter Hagelstein ngqo kuRonald Reagan. Waqinisekisa umongameli, ama-laseser emkhathini nezinye izikhali zesizukulwane sesithathu, “ngokuguqula amabhomu e-hydrogen abe izinhlobo ezingakaze zibonwe kuze kube manje futhi ngokuqondisa lezi zindlela eziphumelela kakhulu ngokumelene nezinhloso zezitha kuzoqeda inkathi ye-MAD [Mutual Assured Destruction] futhi kuqale inkathi eqinisekisiwe. ukuphila ngokwemibandela evumelana nombimbi lwaseNtshonalanga.” Ngisho nomcwaningi osemusha wezikhali onombono wakhe wobudokotela (“I-Fiziksi Yokuklama I-Laser Wavelength Emfishane”) wathi amanoveli amathathu ezinganekwane zesayensi anezikhali zensimbi wayengeke acabange ukuthi ukusikisela okukodwa okuhlukanisiwe kungaba yingxenye ebalulekile yephupho lezwe lezigidigidi elizosungulwa. "isivikelo" phezu kokwakhiwa kabusha kwempi eMhlabeni.
[Ingxenye 2, ethi “Teenagers in Space” izothunyelwa ngoLwesine, Agasti 15.]
U-Tom Engelhardt, umsunguli we- Iphrojekthi Yombuso waseMelika nombhali I-United States Yokwesaba, iphethe iNational Institute's TomDispatch.com, lapho kwaqala khona lesi sihloko. Lokhu okuthunyelwe kucashunwe emlandweni wakhe weMpi Yomshoshaphansi, Ukuphela KweMasiko Okunqoba (esanda kushicilelwa ku-a Uhlelo lwe-Kindle), ngemvume yomshicileli wayo, i Inyuvesi yaseMassachusetts Press.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela