Mnu. Finkelstein, ngiyabonga ngokuvuma le ngxoxo.
U-Israel wayengumsekeli oshisekayo wempi yaseMelika e-Iraq, futhi uhulumeni waseSharon wabheka ukususwa kukaHussein njengokuhambisana nemizamo yakhe yokuketula u-Arafat. Phakathi nempi, i-New York Times yabhala isihloko mayelana nomuzwa wokunqoba okuseduze kwamaPalestina oboniswa ubuholi bezempi bakwa-Israel. Manje, sekuqubuke ukuphikiswa okushubile e-Iraq, uhulumeni ka-Abbas usehlukene phakathi, u-Arafat usalawula amabutho ezokuphepha, futhi isikhulu esiphezulu sakwa-Israel savuma ukuthi amaqhinga akwa-Israel aqinisa ukuzimisela kwePalestine kuphela. Ingabe ucabanga ukuthi lokhu kufaneleka njengesimo esisha sezombusazwe, futhi kusho ukuthini lokhu รขโฌหimephu yomgwaqoโ exhaswe yi-US?
Into ebalulekile mayelana nemephu yomgwaqo kwakuwukulinganisa. Ngemva nje kokubhujiswa kokuqala kwe-Iraq ngo-1991 i-US yethula lokho okwagcina kwaziwa ngokuthi inqubo yokuthula yase-Oslo; ngemuva kokubhujiswa kwesibili kwe-Iraq, i-US yethula umgwaqo. Kuzo zombili lezi zimo ithemba nokulindela bekufana: Abantu basePalestine (kanye nomhlaba wama-Arab ngokuvamile) bazokwethuka รขโฌลbashaqeke futhi bamangaleรขโฌ ngokuboniswa okukhulu kweziqhumane zase-US kangangokuthi bazokhothamela i-diktat yase-US-Israel. Ngokokuqala ngqa kwakubonakala kuhamba ngokombhalo, u-Arafat wamukela indima yakhe njengenkosi yesizwe. Kodwa ngoJulayi 2000 eCamp David, ngenkathi u-Arafat enqaba ukusayina kulayini onamachashazi weBantustan ayethenjiswe wona, ngokushesha kwathiwa รขโฌลiphekulaรขโฌ futhi. Ngokubona ukuthi u-Arafat wayengenathemba, ngemva kokubhujiswa kwesibili kwe-Iraq, i-US kanye ne-Israel bamfaka u-Abu Mazen, owayekhohlakele futhi eyisiphukuphuku njengo-Arafat kodwa, ngonya, akazange akhethwe. Ukuvota kwakhombisa ukuthi uzothola amavoti angama-3-5% okhethweni lwasePalestine รขโฌโ okusho ukuthi ubemele i-United States umholi ophelele wentando yeningi wasePalestine. Kodwa i-gambit ka-Abu Mazen nayo yehlulekile.
รขโฌหIbalazwe lomgwaqoรขโฌโข libonakala kabanzi njengohlelo olunganamanzi lohlelo lwase-Oslo, olwagcina lungaphumeleli ngo-2000. Abahlaziyi abaningi base-US basola u-Arafat ngokwenqaba lokho abakubiza ngokuthi รขโฌลumnikelo womusaรขโฌ ngu-Israelรขโฌโข Ngaleso sikhathi owayenguNdunankulu, u-Ehud Barak. Ungaluchaza kanjani uhlelo olubekwe etafuleni ngaleso sikhathi, futhi luhluke kanjani kulolu lwamanje?
Imibiko iyashayisana ngokwenzeka eCamp David, futhi kamuva naseTaba. I-akhawunti ebalulekile ka-Robert Malley, omunye wabaxoxisana base-US e-Camp David, iphakamisa ukuthi u-Arafat wabambelela ekuxazululeni ngokuvumelana nesivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe รขโฌโokungukuthi, ukuhoxa ngokugcwele kwe-Israel eWest Bank naseGaza, kodwa evumela u-Israyeli. ukugcina iningi labahlali bakhona eWest Bank ngokushintshaniswa komhlaba รขโฌลinani elilinganayo nobukhulu obulinganayoรขโฌ kusuka kwa-Israel. I-Israel inqabile lesi siphakamiso, ifuna ukuhlukanisa iWest Bank futhi inikeze ngokushintshaniswa komhlaba okuncane kwezindawo zokuhlala ebifuna ukuzigcina.
Enkulumweni yaseMelika iqiniso lokuthi abantu basePalestine baphile amashumi eminyaka ngaphansi kombuso wamasosha akwa-Israel liyafihlwa futhi ligxishwe ngaphansi kwezintaba zokulahlwa ngamasu asePalestina. Njengomuntu oke wavakashela izindawo ezishibhile, ungachaza ukuthi injani impilo ngaphansi komsebenzi, ibuphi ubunzima nezithiyo abantu ababhekana nazo?
Angikwazi ukucela noma ibuphi ubungcweti obukhethekile รขโฌลimpilo ngaphansi komsebenzi.รขโฌ Ngizonxusa abafundi ukuthi bavele babheke imibiko eminingi evamile yamalungelo abantu รขโฌโ Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, BรขโฌโขTselem, Physicians for Human Rightsรขโฌโ โ I-Israel, Ikomiti Lomphakathi Elimelene Nokuhlukunyezwa, njll. รขโฌโ elenza umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu wokubhala uhlu lokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu kanye nobugebengu u-Israel abenza nsuku zonke Ezindaweni Ezithintwayo.
Ngokudelela umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ngisho nezimiso รขโฌหimephu yomgwaqoรขโฌโข, uSharon namasosha akwa-Israel baqhubekile futhi banweba ukwakhiwa kodonga oluhlukanisayo oluzungeze iWest Bank. Ingabe ubheka lesi esinye isinyathelo sokwandisa izindawo zokuhlala? Ingabe lokhu kubulala ithuba lokudala izwe lasePalestine elisebenzayo ku-22% wePalestine yomlando?
Ngiyaqala manje ukufunda imininingwane ngodonga. Ngokwezinhlelo zamanje, kuzophazamisa impilo yabantu basePalestine ababalelwa ku-600,000. Abanye bazovaleleka phakathi kweGreen Line (ngaphambi kukaJuni 1967 umngcele) entshonalanga yodonga, abanye (njengabahlali baseQalquilya) bazovaleleka nhlangothi zonke ngasodongeni, kanti amakhulu ambalwa ezinkulungwane zamaPalestina azonqanyulwa kwezolimo. umhlaba kanye nezindawo zokusebenza. Uma imibono evela kuhulumeni waseSharon ilungile, udonga luzophinde lugudle iSigodi SaseJordani, futhi luvale amakheji amaPalestine endaweni engaphansi kwengxenye yeWest Bank. Isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu esidumile sase-Hebrew University, u-Baruch Kimmerling, ubize iGaza ngokuthi โikamu lokuhlushwa elikhulu kunawo wonke ake akhona.โ Uma udonga seluqediwe, iGaza izoklelisa kuphela ikamu lokuhlushwa lesibili ngobukhulu kwezake zaba khona.
Njengomgxeka ka-Israel, uye wabhekana nabahlaziyi abasekela u-Israyeli, okuhlanganisa no-Alan Dershowitz, osanda kuthatha isinyathelo sokususa izigaba รขโฌลFrom Time Immemorialรขโฌ incwadi ka-Joan Peters wena nezinye izifundiswa eniyidalule njengenkohliso. Ngabe uprofesa wase-Harvard ubalekela kanjani ukuphakamisa izingcaphuno embhalweni osuvele ulahliwe?
Kulula: uyazi ukuthi akasoze abizwa kukho. Khumbula ukuthi ngisho nangemva kokuba ngibonise ukukopela okukhulu futhi ngibonise ukuthi izimangalo eziningi encwadini zimane ziyinkohliso, le ncwadi yathola ukubuyekezwa okujabulisayo ku-New York Times, i-Washington Post kanye ne-Boston Globe. Ababuyekezi ngokuqinisekile babazi ukuthi le ncwadi iwukukhwabanisa ngokuphelele. Kodwa akwenzi mehluko: ungu-Harvard, uvikela u-Israyeli, ngakho konke okunye รขโฌโokungukuthi, amaqinisoรขโฌโ kuphambene nephuzu.
Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule iqembu losomlando ngaphakathi kwa-Israel, elihlome ngezinqolobane ezingachazwanga, liye lagxeka futhi ladalula ukulandisa komlando okungokwesiko kwa-Israyeli. Ungakwazi yini ukuchaza kafushane ukuthi yimaphi amaphuzu ayisisekelo alaba รขโฌหosomlando abashaรขโฌโข uma kubhekiselwa ekudalweni kuka-Israyeli kanye nokwanda kwayo njalo kusukela ekusungulweni kwayo? Iningi (kodwa hhayi lonke) lalokho okubizwa ngokuthi รขโฌลumlando omushaรขโฌ ugxile empini yokuqala yama-Arab-Israel ka-1947-1949. Okutholakele okuyinhloko ukuthi, ngokwezempi, u-Israyeli wayezilungiselele kangcono, futhi izifunda zase-Arab ezingomakhelwane zizilungiselele kabi, kunakuma-akhawunti avamile; ukuthi okuwukuphela kwebutho eliqinile lokulwa ohlangothini lwama-Arab, i-Arab Legion yaseJordani, lase lifinyelele esivumelwaneni nobuholi bamaZayoni ngaphambi kokuba kuqubuke impi yokungalwi namabutho amazayoni kodwa esikhundleni sokuhlukanisa iPalestine nombuso wamaJuda owawusanda kumenyezelwa. (okuyilokho okwenzeka, iJordani ithatha iWest Bank); ukuthi amaPalestine awazange abaleke ngenxa yemiyalelo yama-Arab kodwa รขโฌลaqhutshelwa ekudingisweniรขโฌ (Benny Morris) ngamabutho amazayoni; nokuthi ngemva kwempi kwaba namathuba okuthula u-Israyeli ayenqaba ngoba ayezodinga u-Israyeli ukuthi amukele ukubuyiswa okungenani kwababaleki abathile basePalestine kanye nokubuyisela enye yezindawo eyayinqoba ngokungemthetho phakathi nempi ka-1948.
I-US inikeze u-Israyeli ukwesekwa okungaguquki kusukela ngempi yango-1967. Ungakwazi yini ukuchaza ukuthi lokhu kuphambana kanjani nombono wamazwe ngamazwe, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kwe-UN General Assembly?
Kusukela ngo-1967 kube nezindlela ezimbili zokuxazulula ukungqubuzana kwe-Israel-Palestine etafuleni lezokuxhumana. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960s u-Israel uzame ukuphoqa isixazululo sobandlululo eWest Bank naseGaza, egcina izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba kanye nezinsiza ezibalulekile njengamanzi, ngenkathi evalela abantu basePalestine endaweni eyi-Bantustan ehlukene phakathi, engenakuvinjelwa. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, i-US ngokuyisisekelo yasekela lokhu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba uye wathanda isisombululo semibuso emibili, ngokuyisisekelo esichazwe ku-UN Resolution 242 kanye nezinqumo ezalandela eziqinisekisa ilungelo lika-Israyeli kanye nezwe elingumakhelwane lasePalestine eWest Bank naseGaza lokusebenzisa ukuzimela kanye nombuso. Ngo-2002, ivoti lokuhlala kwezifunda ezimbili lalingu-2-160 (US, Israel, Micronesia, Marshall Islands), futhi kulo nyaka 4-159 (US kanye no-Israel).
Kube nenkulumompikiswano enkulu kanye nokuphikisana mayelana neqhaza lika-Israel kuphrojekthi ye-American hegemony muva nje. U-Noam Chomsky uchaze i-Israel njengendawo yamasosha aphesheya kolwandle yaseMelika, izwe lamakhasimende elisebenzela inhloso yokuqeda ubuzwe bama-Arab. Kodwa uJeff Halper, umxhumanisi weKomidi Lakwa-Israel Elimelene Nokudilizwa Kwezindlu, uphikisa ngokuthi i-Israel ixhaphaza i-United States nokuthi akunangqondo ukuthi i-US isekele u-Israyeli esimweni sangemva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi ngoba ibhebhethekisa umhlaba wonke wamaSulumane. Uthini umbono wakho ngalokhu? Ingabe umuzwa wokuba yisitha esivamile namanani okwabelwana ngawo รขโฌหJudeo-Christianรขโฌโข kuqhuba umfelandawonye we-US-Israel, noma uhambisana nepolitiki yangempela?
Sekuhlale kunezincazelo ezimbili ezincintisanayo zokuthi kungani i-US isekela u-Israyeli: intshisekelo yamasu vs. indawo yokwamukela izivakashi yamaJuda/iZiyoni/yakwa-Israyeli. Angicabangi ukuthi kunempendulo eyodwa eqondile yalo mbuzo. Kwesinye isikhathi i-Lobby iyakwazi ukwehlisa izintshisekelo zezwe laseMelika, kwesinye isikhathi abaphathi base-US babeka u-Israyeli endaweni yakhe. Nokho, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi kusukela ngesikhathi seSimemezelo sase-Balfour, kwaba nezimpikiswano mayelana nokuthi umbuso wamaJuda uzokwenza lula noma ubukele phansi ukubusa kwaseNtshonalanga kwezwe lama-Arab. Ngenkathi amaNgisi ekhipha iSimemezelo sase-Balfour ukucabanga kwakuwukuthi, nakuba izwe lamaJuda lalizohlukanisa imibono eminingi yomphakathi emhlabeni wama-Arab, lizoqhubeka lithembekile รขโฌโ ngoba lincike รขโฌโ isisekelo sombuso waseNtshonalanga esifundeni.
Ngemva kokukhuluma emakolishi ase-US nase-Canada ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule, ungachaza ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lokusabela oluthola phakathi kwabafundi kanye nabantu bebonke lapho wethula umbono we-pro-Palestine?
Ngaphandle kokugcwala kwabalandeli be-pro-Israel abaqinile, izethameli ngokuvamile ziye zamukela futhi zihlakaniphe kakhulu. Bekukade kuwukungahlelekile, kodwa kulezi zinsuku โolunye uhlangothiโ aluzihluphi ngokuphuma, ngoba luyazi ukuthi udaba luka-Israel aluthetheki uma isikhulumi sinolwazi oluncane mayelana namaqiniso. Ngicabanga ukuthi kunesizathu esihle kakhulu sokuba nethemba รขโฌโ Abafundi abangamaSulumane, ikakhulukazi abesifazane abangamaSulumane, bebelokhu benza umsebenzi omuhle wokuhlela, kanye namaJuda amaningi - futhi singaqala ukuba nomthelela omubi emphakathini uma siqhubeka nalesi sifundo. .
Incwadi yenu ethi Image and Reality in the Israel-Palestine Conflict iye yanconywa kakhulu futhi yanconywa yizazi ezihlonishwayo kanye nezincwadi ezishicilele kwesokunxele ngokugxeka kwayo okuhlabayo nokushaya kanzima kokulandisa okusemthethweni kwa-Israel. Muva nje, ukhiphe uhlelo lwesibili. Yini engeziwe?
Isethulo esisha esisha lapho ngiphakamisa uhlaka olujwayelekile lokuqonda inqubomgomo yamaZiyoni/yakwa-Israel ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, indaba eqhathanisa isu le-Israel lezindawo ezihlaselwe yi-Occupied Territories nesipiliyoni sobandlululo lwaseNingizimu Afrika, kanye nokuhlaziywa okubucayi kodayiswa kakhulu lwakamuva. ngempi kaJune 1967, engicabanga ukuthi iwumbhedo.
Esethulweni sohlelo lwesibili, uchaza iZionism njengempendulo รขโฌลizinselelo eziphindaphindayo zokunyanyiswa kwabeZizwe, noma ukuzonda ubuJuda, nokukhangwa kwabeZizwe, noma ukufana...รขโฌ Ifilosofi yamaZiyoni yamukela ukunengwa njengomfutho wemvelo phakathi kwabeZizwe futhi , njengoba ubhala, wayekholelwa ukuthi ukudalwa รขโฌลumbuso wamaJuda omkhulu kakhulu, uma kungenjalo ngendlela efanayo, ePalestineรขโฌ kwakuyisixazululo senkinga yamaJuda. รขโฌลIsithiyoรขโฌ kulesi sixazululo, uyangeza, bekuwukuthi รขโฌลisibalo sabantu bomdabu base-Arabรขโฌ. Namuhla, amaJuda amukelwa, ayachuma, futhi avikelekile endaweni yaseNtshonalanga enamasiko amaningiโukuheha abeZizweโโngenkathi kwa-Israyeli ebhekana nokuhlehla kwabantu abaphuca umhlaba waboโโisithiyoโ. Ngabe ucabanga ukuthi iZionism njengemibono yehlulekile futhi yaphelelwa yisikhathi? Noma ingabe izoqhubeka nokulwa impi ka-1948 kuze kube sesiphethweni sayo esisifisayo?
Umbuzo othokozisayo, ongadinga impendulo ecashile. Ezinye izinhloso zasekuqaleni zamaZiyoni รขโฌโ isb. ukuvuselela ulimi lwesiHeberu รขโฌโ kwaphumelela ngokusobala, futhi cishe kwakungeke kuphumelele ukungabi khona kombuso wamaJuda. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyiqiniso futhi ukusho ukuthi, kude nokunikeza amaJuda indawo ephephile, u-Israyeli cishe uyindawo ephephe kakhulu kumaJuda ukuba abe sezweni namuhla. Ngokunjalo, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni yamuva nje, umbuso wamaJuda, kude nokuxazulula รขโฌลUmbuzo WamaJuda,รขโฌ uye wawenza waba mubi ngokusobala, ngokuhlanganisa amaJuda, kanye nezinhlangano ezivamile zamaJuda ezizihlanganisa nawo, umsebenzi wonya wakwa-Israyeli.
Iwebhusayithi kaNorman Finkelstein: http://www.normanfinkelstein.com
Ushicilelo olusha nolubuyekeziwe luka-Norman Finkelstein Lwesithombe Neqiniso le-Israel-Palestine Conflict luyatholakala lapha:
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1859844421/qid=1070405265/sr=8-1/ref=sr_8_1/102-5797481-4573720?v=glance&n=507846 M. Junaid Alam, 20, is a co-editor and webmaster of the new radical youth journal Left Hook (http://www.lefthook.org)
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