Manje kubukeka sengathi uRafael Correa, ongenele ukhetho lukamongameli wezwe lakhe e-Ecuador. Kusukela ngoMsombuluko ekuseni, cishe amaphesenti angama-21 evoti abaliwe, iCorrea inamaphesenti angama-65 uma iqhathaniswa namaphesenti angama-35 ka-Alvaro Noboa, ngokusho kweNkantolo Ephakeme Yokhetho yase-Ecuador. Uma uCorrea ewina, uzokwengamela i-Ecuador iminyaka emine.
Kungolunye futhi uphaphe lwegwalagwala kuMengameli waseVenezuela uHugo Chavez, osekunesikhathi eside ehlakulela ukwesekwa ngumholi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyigalelo elinzima ngokumelene nokuphatha kukaBush manje okumele kubhekane nesimo sezombusazwe esingenakuqhathaniswa kakhulu esifundeni. I-Ecuador manje isijoyina eminye imibuso encike kwesobunxele njengeBrazil, i-Argentina, i-Uruguay, iBolivia, iNicaragua neChile, yonke ezwelana noChavez.
UBush akakwazi ukuchitha ukunqoba kwe-Correa njengokungabalulekile: I-Ecuador njengamanje ingeyesibili ngobukhulu e-South America ethumela ngaphandle izinto ezingcolile e-U.S. Izwe elincane lase-Andean lisingatha okuwukuphela kwesizinda samasosha ase-US eNingizimu Melika, lapho kumiswe khona amasosha angama-400. I-Correa iphikisana nokunwetshwa kwesivumelwano sokuqashisa sase-U.S. esikhumulweni sezindiza e-Manta, esisebenza njengendawo yenkundla yezindiza ezigada izidakamizwa. Ukuqashisa kwe-U.S. kuphelelwa yisikhathi ngo-2009.
"Uma befuna," kusho uCorrea ngokuxakayo, "ngeke sivale isisekelo ngo-2009, kodwa i-United States kuzofanele isivumele ukuthi sibe nesizinda sase-Ecuador eMiami."
Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi uChavez noCorrea babenobudlelwane bomuntu siqu. Ngesikhathi esifushane ngo-2005 njengongqongqoshe wezeziMali ngaphansi kombuso ka-Alfredo Palacio, uCorrea wabolekisa ngemali eyizigidi ezingama- $ 300 kuChavez. Ngenxa ye-diplomacy yakhe, uCorrea waxoshwa kuhulumeni. Kuthiwa uCorrea waphishekela isivumelwano sokubolekwa ngemuva kukaPalacio. Kamuva wavakashela isifunda sakubo kaChavez eBarinas, lapho ahlangana khona nomholi waseVenezuela futhi wachitha ubusuku nabazali bakaChavez.
"Kubalulekile ukunqoba wonke amanga e-neoliberalism," kusho uCorrea. Eboleka esinye seziqubulo zikaChavez azikhonzile, uCorrea uthi futhi uyakweseka lokho okubizwa ngokuthi โi-socialism yekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye.โ
I-Correa: "Ukubhaxabula" Osopolitiki base-Ecuador, kanye ne-U.S., ku-Shape
Ngokungafani noChavez, uCorrea akaveli emlandweni wezempi kodwa wakhulela emndenini osezingeni eliphakathi; usopolitiki osemusha naye ugqoka kahle. Uthole iziqu zakhe zobudokotela kwezomnotho eNyuvesi yase-Illinois futhi ungumlandeli kasomnotho ophiko lwesokunxele kanye nowine umklomelo kaNobel uJoseph Stiglitz.
Okumncomayo ukuthi uCorrea wachitha unyaka evolontiya edolobheni elisezintabeni elibizwa ngokuthi iZumbahua futhi ukhuluma isiQuichua, ulimi lwendabuko. Abomdabu baseZumbahua bakhumbula uCorrea njengendoda eyayihamba amahora amabili noma amathathu eya ezindaweni ezikude nge-poncho nezicathulo eziphukile ukuze inikeze amakilasi.
UCorrea uphishekele umkhankaso ohlekisayo. Phakathi namarali, wayegibela esiteji ecula iculo lakhe lokukhankasa, eliculwa ingoma ethi Twisted Sister ethi, โNgeke Siyithathe.โ Njengoba umculo ukhala, uCorrea wayegqashula ibhande lesikhumba elinsundu, ayelisebenzisa emculweni.
Ku-Correa, ibhande laba isiqubulo esikhulu somkhankaso wakhe: "Dale Correa." NgeSpanishi, leli binzana lisho ukuthi โBanikeze Ibhande.โ UCorrea uthembise ukusebenzisa lelo bhande ukushaya osopolitiki base-Ecuador.
UCorrea ukhankasele izithembiso zokubeka phambili ukusetshenziswa kwemali emphakathini kunokukhokha isikweletu. Uze washo nokuthi izwe lase-Andean lingase lifune ukuhluleka. Uphinde waveza ukuthi uzophinde axoxisane ngezinkontileka nabakhiqizi bamafutha bakwamanye amazwe abenza ibhizinisi kuleli.
UCorrea uthi ufuna ukukhulisa imali yabampofu futhi uyaphikisana nesivumelwano sohwebo lwamahhala ne-US "Asiphikisani nomnotho wamazwe omhlaba," kusho uCorrea, "kodwa ngeke sixoxisane ngesivumelwano ngaphansi kwemibandela engalingani ne-United States."
ICorrea nayo ayinalutho ngaphandle kokudelela uGeorge Bush.
Lapho esanda kubuzwa mayelana nenkulumo kaChavez ethi โdevilโ diatribe ngokumelene nomongameli waseU.S. eNhlanganweni Yezizwe, uCorrea waphawula ngokuhlekisayo, โUkubiza uBush ngokuthi udeveli kucasula udeveli. UBush unguMengameli odangele kakhulu owenze umonakalo omkhulu emhlabeniโ [emva kokuba ehlulwe nguNoboa emzuliswaneni wokuqala wokuvota u-Correa wehlise inkulumo yakhe, ethi ukuphawula kwakhe ngoBush โkwakungahlakaniphileโ nokuthi i-Ecuador ingathanda qhubeka nemizamo yayo enamandla eya e-United States]
UNoboa Udlala Ikhadi le-Chavez
Emzamweni wokwethusa abavoti, u-Alvaro Noboa, isikhulu sikabhanana e-Ecuador, wafuna ukubiza uCorrea njengonodoli wakwaChavez. UNoboa, ngokubhekiselwe kumlando wezempi kaChavez, wabiza isitha sakhe ngokuthi โColonel Correa.โ
ICorrea, umkhankaso kaNoboa obekwe icala, wawuxhaswe yiVenezuela. Ngomsindo oshubile, uNoboa waze wamemezela, โababili baseChavez-Correa badlale ngokungcolile ngomzamo wokunqoba i-Ecuador futhi bayihambise ebugqilini.โ Uma ekhethwa, uNoboa wathembisa, wayezobunqamula ubuhlobo neCaracas.
U-Correa ukuphikile ukuthi umkhankaso wakhe uxhaswe nguChavez futhi eceleni wamemezela ukuthi ubungane bakhe nomholi waseVenezuela babusemthethweni njengobungani bukaMongameli Bush nomndeni wakwa-bin Laden.
"Baphishekele umkhankaso wokuziphatha okubi nongcolile kakhulu ngokumelene nami ngomzamo wokungihlanganisa nobukhomanisi, ubuphekula kanye neChavismo," kuchaza uCorrea. Osekusele wukuthi bathi uBin Laden ubengixhasa ngezimali.
UChavez, mhlawumbe esaba ukuthi noma isiphi isitatimende ngasohlangothini lwakhe singase sitshekise ukhetho luvune uNoboa, uqale wathula maqondana nokhetho lwase-Ecuador. Kodwa ekugcineni uChavez owayengalawuleki akabange esakwazi ukuzibamba wabe esephula ukuthula kwakhe.
Umholi waseVenezuela usole uNoboa ngokumyenga ngomzamo wokuthola โihlombeโ lase-United States.
UChavez uphinde wazwakalisa ukungabaza ngobuqiniso bomphumela wokuvota okhethweni lokuqala lukamongameli ngo-Okthoba, lapho uCorrea ephume isibili. Esandleni sakhe sokucasuka, uChavez wasola uNoboa ngokuthi "ungumxhaphazi wokusetshenziswa kwezingane" emasimini akhe kabhanana futhi "engumshisekeli welungelo elidlulele."
E-Ecuador, uChavez wathi, โkukhona nezinto eziyinqaba ezenzekayo. Umnumzane ocebile kakhulu e-Ecuador; inkosi kabhanana, exhaphaza izisebenzi zayo, exhaphaza izingane futhi izisebenzise, โโengazikhokheli izikweletu, ngokuzumayo ibonakala isendaweni yokuqala emzuliswaneni wokuqala [wokhetho].โ
Umkhankaso kaNoboa, empini yamazwi eyandayo, wabuyisela emuva ukuthi iNxusa laseVenezuela kufanele lixoshwe e-Ecuador ngenxa yokugxambukela kukaChavez.
Abantu bomdabu base-Ecuadoran kanye no-Chavez
Uma kubhekwa izimbuyiselo zokhetho zakuqala, abavoti base-Ecuador, iningi labo okungabomdabu, bawushaya indiva inkulumo kaNoboa yomlilo nesibabule. AmaNdiya, abalelwa ku-40% wabantu base-Ecuador abayizigidi eziyi-13, angamandla ezombusazwe anamandla ezweni. I-Correa isebenzise uxhaso lwendabuko. Umele u-Alianza Pais, umfelandawonye othole ukwesekwa kwezinhlangano zomdabu nezenhlalo ezehlisa uhulumeni kaLucio Gutierrez ngo-Ephreli 2005.
Kusho ukuthini ukuwina kweCorrea ngezifiso zikaChavez ze-hemispheric?
Njengoba ngichaza encwadini yami, u-Hugo Chavez: Amafutha, Ezombangazwe, kanye Nenselele Yase-U.S. (esanda kukhululwa yi-St. Martinโs Press), uChavez sekuyisikhathi eside efuna ukuhlakulela ubuhlobo nabantu bomdabu base-Ecuador. Sekuyisikhathi eside amaNdiya ase-Ecuador esaba ukuthi amazwe awo angokwesiko axhashazwa ukuze kusetshenziswe i-United States enonya ngenhloso yokwandisa izinkampani. Izithunywa zevangeli zaseU.S. ziye zabhebhethekisa ukucasuka. Ngokwezishoshovu zabomdabu, izithunywa zevangeli zasheshisa ukungena kwezinkampani zase-U.S. Isibonelo esiyinhloko, ngokwamaNdiya angamaHuaorani, kwakuyimboni kawoyela eyayisebenza nezithunywa zevangeli ukuze kuvuleke izindawo ezivamile.
UChavez wenze okuningi ukuhlakulela ukwesekwa kwabantu bomdabu. Udlala izimpande zakhe zomdabu, isibonelo. Uphinde waxosha i-Protestant New Tribes Mission eVenezuela, athe yayisebenzisana ne-CIA.
"Asifuni Izizwe Ezintsha lapha," kusho uChavez.
โKwanele ubukoloniyali! Iminyaka engu-500 yanele!โ
Ekuphikiseni izithunywa zevangeli, uChavez ugcizelele i-ajenda yabantu bomdabu base-Ecuador, abacele ukuxoshwa kwezithunywa zevangeli zaseNyakatho Melika ezweni labo. I-CONAIE, umfelandawonye womdabu wase-Ecuador, empeleni uvumela izikhundla eziningi zikaChavez njengokuphela kwempi yase-US esifundeni kanye nokuphela kwezinqubomgomo zezomnotho ze-neo liberal. U-CONAIE, njengoRafael Correa, ufuna i-Ecuador inqamule isivumelwano sokuqasha saseMelika esikhungweni samasosha eManta. U-CONAIE, kanye nophiko lwezepolitiki lwenhlangano uPatchakutik, usekele uChavez. Eqinisweni, u-CONAIE ukugxekile ukuphikiswa โkwamafascistโ eVenezuela futhi wakuhleka usulu ukungenelela kwe-US.
UChavez akagcinanga nje ngokuhlakulela ubudlelwano bezepolitiki nabaholi be-hemispheric kodwa futhi nokunyakaza komphakathi okuvela ngezansi. Ngomnyakazo omusha, uChavez uxhase into ebizwa ngeBolivarian Congress of Peoples eCaracas. Izikhulu ze-CONAIE zihambele iCongress, njengoba kwenza u-Humberto Cholango, umongameli we-Kichwa Confederation of Ecuador. UCholango waphawula ngaleso sikhathi, โakekho ongamisa lokhu [Bolivarian] Revolution eVenezuela, sizoqhubeka nokunqoba ama-oligarchies aseCreole kanye neYankeessesifikile isikhathi sokuthi iNingizimu Melika ivuke ukuze inqobe umbuso. .โ
I-Cholango iyisixhumanisi esibalulekile kumfelandawonye we-Chavez-Correa esizayo. Inhlangano yakhe yaseKichwa iseke iCorrea. Embikweni, iNhlangano ibhale ukuthi, โNgeke sivumele uNoboa, onezinkampani ezingu-120 futhi waceba ngokuxhaphaza izingane ezinkampanini zakhe, alawule izwe ukuze ahambise amanzi, izingwadule, uwoyela, izimayini, amahlathi kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. izinkampani ezizimele.โ
I-Ecuadoran Oriente: Indawo Yezingxabano
I-Chavez ishintshile ngowoyela ngethonya lezombangazwe kuso sonke isifunda emazweni anjengeNicaragua, njengoba ngichazile kukholamu yami yangaphambili ye-Counterpunch [bheka โUhlobo Olusha LweDiplomacy Kawoyela: ENicaragua, i-Chavez Wave?, Novemba 7, 2006]. E-Ecuador, uChavez angase akhethe isu elifanayo kodwa lapha umholi waseVenezuela kufanele aqaphele izingibe ezingase zidalule ukuphikisana okukhulu phakathi nokunyakaza kwakhe.
Ngokuphathwa kwe-Correa esikhundleni, u-Chavez uzoba sesimweni esihle sokuqhubekisela phambili izinhlelo zakhe zokuhlanganiswa kwamandla e-hemispheric. Inkampani kawoyela yase-Ecuador yase-Ecuador, iPetroecuador, ibambe iqhaza ezingxoxweni ezinde neVenezuela ukuze kucwengwe ukungcola kwayo.
I-Ecuador nayo inentshisekelo yokuthola udizili nophethiloli waseVenezuela ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo zayo zangaphakathi.
Ukukhula kobudlelwane bamandla e-Ecuador neVenezuela kushayelwe ihlombe ngabantu ababalulekile abafana noLuis Macas, osekunesikhathi eside ehlotshaniswa ne-CONAIE.
Inkinga ye-Ecuador iwukuthi, nakuba uwoyela umele cishe ingxenye yesine ye-GDP yezwe, imiphakathi eminingi eyayincishwe amathuba ayizange ijabule ngentuthuko. Ingxenye esenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Ecuador, โi-Oriente,โ sekuyisikhathi eside iyisizinda sezinxushunxushu ezingathi sรญna. Ngazi okuthile ngezingxabano zezenhlalo nezemvelo endaweni, njengoba ngibhale izindatshana ezimbalwa mayelana namaNdiya angama-Huorani kumagazini wase-Ecuador i-15 Dias kanye ne-Quito yansuku zonke i-Hoy.
Ngo-1992, ngemva kokuqeda umsebenzi wokubika emsakazweni i-WBAI eNew York, ngabhekisa amabombo eQuito. Ngaleso sikhathi, amaqembu emvelo aseNyakatho Melika kanye nawase-Ecuador ayekhathazekile ngeMaxus Corporation, inkampani yamandla ezinze eTexas. Inkampani enethonya yasekelwa uhulumeni, abezindaba, nezithunywa zevangeli zamaProthestani zaseNyakatho Melika. AbakwaHuaorani babesanda kuhambela eQuito, lapho babenze khona umbhikisho phambi kwendlunkulu yakwaMaxus.
AmaNdiya afuna uMaxus amise ukwakhiwa komgwaqo omkhulu ku-block 16, owawela ezweni lawo lendabuko. Ngaphuma ngendiza ngaya e-Amazon futhi ngaxoxa namaNdiya ayephila ngaphansi kwezimo ezidabukisayo zempilo nezihlanzekile. Ezihlokweni zami, ngahlakaza inkulumo-ze kaMaxus engagculisi futhi ngaxwayisa ngezinkinga zemvelo eziseduze.
Ukubandakanyeka kweVenezuela Embonini Kawoyela yase-Ecuador?
Ngahamba e-Ecuador ngasekupheleni kuka-1993, futhi akumangalisi ukuthi iziyaluyalu zaqhubeka. Ngo-2002, uhulumeni wamemezela isimo esiphuthumayo kulandela imibhikisho esifundazweni saseSucumbios nase-Orellana. Ababhikishi bangena emigwaqweni, befuna ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu emiphakathini yabo.
Abantu bomdabu kule ndawo kwase kuyisikhathi eside benomuzwa wokuthi abazange bahlanganyele ngokwanele ezinzuzweni zokuthuthukiswa kukawoyela. Amasosha asebenzise isisi esikhalisa izinyembezi ukuqeda imibhikisho ebivale imithombo kawoyela.
Ngo-Agasti 2005 iziphazamiso zaqhubeka, lapho isiteleka sikawoyela sishaya u-Orellana noSucumbios. Ngaleso sikhathi, uChavez wasiza umongameli wase-Ecuador u-Alfredo Palacios ngokuvuma ukuthumela i-Venezuelan crude esizweni sase-Andean. Ngaleso sikhathi, uChavez wazwakalisa ukuzwelana ne-Ecuador โngoba thina [Venezuela] sesivele sadlula kulolu hlobo lwento ngokucekelwa phansi kukawoyela [ukuvala uwoyela ngo-2002-3 kukhuthazwa abaphikisi baseVenezuela].โ
Ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, uPetroecuador waphoqeleka ukuba amise ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe lapho ababhikishi, ababenganeme ngomonakalo osekunesikhathi eside bewumosha indawo ezungezile, befuna ukuhamba kwe-U.S.
inkampani kawoyela i-Oxy futhi yathatha isiteshi sokumpompa esibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwepayipi. Ababhikishi, beholwa osopolitiki bendawo esifundazweni sase-Amazon, iNapo, bafuna uhulumeni abakhokhele imali yokwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda emiphakathini yendawo.
NgoMashi, uhulumeni wabeka izifundazwe ezintathu ngaphansi kombuso wamasosha ngesikhathi abasebenzi betelekela amaholo angakhokhelwa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezimo zokusebenza. Ngesinye isikhathi, uhulumeni wamemezela isimo esiphuthumayo eNapo, lapho ababhikishi befuna ukuthi izinkampani zikawoyela zitshale imali eningi yenzuzo yazo endaweni.
UGuadalupe Llori, umphathi we-Orellana, waphawula โUma siphathwa njengezilwane sizosabela njengezilwane. Singajoyina abasebenzi futhi sifune uhulumeni ahloniphe amalungelo ethu.โ Ochwepheshe kanye namasosha ePetroecuador bagcine belawule izindawo zikawoyela futhi basusa nabatelekile ezindaweni ezibalulekile.
NgoMeyi, iPetroecuador yathatha imithombo kawoyela engaphansi kwesivumelwano sikawoyela se-Oxyโs block 15; umbuso wase-Ecuador ufuna inkampani yesifundazwe yaseVenezuela i-PdVSA icwenge u-75% wemiphongolo engu-100,000 ngosuku ngaphakathi kwemvume endala. Ngokwephephandaba laseVenezuela i-El Universal, i-Ecuador ibheka iVenezuela njengomunye ongase abe ngumlingani emikhakheni eyayisetshenziswa yi-Oxy.
I-Chavismo kanye Nokuphikisana Kwayo Kwe-Hemispheric
Uma i-PdVSA ibikhona ku-block 15, lokhu bekungaholela enkingeni engaba khona ku-Chavez. Njengoba isimemezele ukusekela kwayo ubulungisa bezenhlalakahle nezemvelo, kanye namalungelo endabuko, i-Venezuela manje izosebenza endaweni okwakunesikhathi eside inezinxushunxushu nobandlululo lwabantu bomdabu.
Esikhathini esifushane, uChavez angase aziqhenye ngokuthi uBush uthole elinye iso elimnyama eNingizimu Melika; yini enye iVenezuela manje engathembela ekusekelweni kweCorrea kanye nokunyakaza kwabomdabu.
Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uChavez angase abe sengozini yokuhlukanisa abalandeli bakhe abaningi uma iVenezuela ibonakala ihlanganyela ezinhlelweni zentuthuko engafanele.
Eminyakeni ezayo, ingabe uChavez uzogcina ukwesekwa kwakhe kwezepolitiki phakathi kwabantu ababencishwe amathuba kuwo wonke umhlaba, noma ingabe ukuthandwa kwakhe kuzongcoliswa yizingxoxo zikawoyela? Kuze kube manje, u-Chavez usesebenzise amafutha njengethuluzi elisebenzayo le-geopolitical, kodwa kungase kubonise i-Achilles Heel yakhe uma engaqaphile.
U-Nikolas Kozloff ungumbhali wencwadi ethi Hugo Chavez: Amafutha, Ezombusazwe, kanye Nenselelo eya e-U.S. (St. Martinโs Press).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela