Ezikhathini ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ezinyangeni ezedlule ngizwile noma ngafunda okuthile okuvikela ukungalingani. Ngemva kokuzwa impilo yonke ngombono โwenkululeko, ukulingana kanye nobuzalwaneโ, ngangizwa abantu abafundile bethi ukungalingani yikho okwenza uhlelo luqhubeke - amandla ashukumisa umphakathi wethu ukuba ufike ezingeni eliphezulu. Ekuqaleni, ngakuthola kunzima ukukukholelwa engangikuzwa. Khona-ke, ngacabanga ngokuhlanekezela, uma ukungalungi okuncane kusilungele, okuningi kufanele kube ngcono.
Phela lokho kubukeka kuwumgomo wokusebenza kwabantu abaphethe njengamanje enhlokodolobha yesizwe. Balokhu bephusha bebheke khona.
โUmbono owamukelekayo kuyisayensi yezenhlalo ukuthi ukungalingani kuyisimo esingenakugwenywa sempumelelo yezomnotho,โ kusho uprofesa wezomnotho, uJacques Mistral, isikhulu esiphezulu eHarvard's Kennedy School of Government, ephawula emuva ngo-July. Uqhube wathi inani labantu base-US abangenawo umshwalense wezempilo liyakhula futhi izinga lobumpofu lapha โliphezulu kakhulu phakathi kwawo wonke amazwe e-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni nakubantu abadala.โ
Ngasekuqaleni kwaleli hlobo, bebukela phansi labo elithi โobani abangadelela ubunxiwankulu baseMelika,โ abahleli bakamagazini i-Economist babhala: โBathi noma isiphi isimiso lapho impango isakazwa ngokungalingani kangaka siyiphutha ngokokuziphatha. Leli phephandaba liyaphika. Ukungalingani akulungile ngokwemvelo.โ Abahleli baqhube bathi ukungalingani akulungile uma umphakathi wonkana ucebe kakhulu; kukhona inetha yokuphepha "yabampofu kakhulu" futhi wonke umuntu unethuba lokukhuphuka ngokusebenzisa uhlelo. Yebo, lokho akusho okuningi okuhle ngesimo somnotho namuhla โ okungenani kuleli lizwe. Inetha lokuphepha liyasikwa, futhi izingxenye ezidabukile yilezo eziklanyelwe ukusiza abampofu kakhulu. Kuwo wonke umuntu โ โkungakhathaleki ukuthi ukuliphi izinga, uhlanga, inkolo noma ubuliliโ โ enekhono lokunyukela phezulu, kunobufakazi obanele ukuthi akwenzeki.
NgoJuni, iThe Economist yenze udaba olukhethekile oluthi โUkungalingani kanye Nephupho LaseMelika.โ Ichaze i-US njengezwe โelibekezelela ukungalinganiโ futhi yaphetha ngokuthi โโฆ zonke izinyathelo zibonakalisa ukuthi, phakathi nekota yekhulu leminyaka edlule, labo abaphezulu benze kangcono kunalabo abaphansiโ kanye โnezinzuzo zokukhula komkhiqizo seziye zaba ngcono. ngokuqhubekayo nokuhlanekezela.โ Kalula nje, abahleli bayavuma ukuthi nakuba kwakhiwa ingcebo eyengeziwe, labo asebenayo basuke beba ningi futhi abanokuncane bahlangabezana nokuncane.
Kodwa silapha - ezweni elicebe kakhulu emhlabeni lapho ingane eyodwa kweziyisihlanu iphila ngobumpofu. Lapho isisebenzi esithola umholo omncane sithatha u-$10,700 okuyi-$6,000 ngaphansi kwezinga lobumpofu lombuso womndeni wabathathu. Amaphesenti angamashumi ayisithupha nanye abantu abahola kancane ngabesifazane, abaningi babo abangashadile.
Nakuba inzuzo yezinkampani inyukile, ukukhula kwamaholo okushintshaniswa nokwehla kwamandla emali kumile futhi amaholo abasebenzi abahola kancane phakathi kwethu awazange ahambisane nokwehla kwamandla emali. Kusukela ngo-2001 kuya ku-2003, imali engenayo eguquguqukayo yokwehla kwamandla emali phakathi kwemindeni ephansi ngamaphesenti angama-20 abantu yehle ngamaphesenti angu-5.1.
Kuningi okushiwo abanye abahlaziyi ngomehluko wemali engenayo phakathi kwabasebenzi abasemazingeni aphansi abizwa nge-middle class kanye nalabo abaqashwe emazingeni aphezulu, imisebenzi enamakhono amaningi. Okuningi kwalokhu i-mirage yezibalo. Ukungalingani kweholo kuyakhula kumaphesenti angama-80 abasebenzi baseMelika ababonakala โnjengabakhiqizayo nabangezona ukuqondisa.โ โ okungukuthi, isigaba sabasebenzi.
Phakathi kuka-2002 no-2003 inani labantu baseMelika abampofu lenyuke ngezigidi ezingu-1.3 kanti izinga lobuphofu labasebenzi base-Afrika baseMelika kanye nabaseLatino lalingaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-20. Ngaso leso sikhathi, imali engenayo yangempela yamaphesenti angama-40 aphansi emindeni yase-Afrika-yaseMelika yehle cishe ngamaphesenti ayisi-6
Umehluko wemali engenayo emindenini yase-Afrika yaseMelika uma uqhathaniswa nabamhlophe ukhule ngempela kule minyaka eyishumi edlule.
Njengoba umlobi wephephandaba i-New York Times uPaul Krugman ephawula muva nje, โukungafani kwezomnotho eNew York, njengase-United States iyonke, kubanzi kunalokho obekuyikho kusukela ngawo-1920.โ
Faka โIjika Lensimbi.โ Leso yisihloko sencwadi yango-1994 eyabhalwa ngabasekeli be-neo-Conservatives bokuqala uCharles Murray noRichard Herrnstein ethi ukuhlakanipha ikakhulukazi kuyindaba yokuzalwa, ukuthi mancane amathuba okuguqula lelo qiniso, nokuthi abantu abampofu kanye nama-Afrika aseMelika ikakhulukazi, bamelwe ngokweqile. phakathi kwabangahlakaniphile. I-screed yabo yagxekwa kakhulu ngenxa yokucwasa kanye nemfundo yobudlabha. Umhlaziyi ophikisayo uPat Buchanan, nokho wakwamukela njengokuvula โimbobo ngqo enhliziyweni ye-egalitarian socialism eyazama ukudala ukulingana komphumela ngezinhlelo zikahulumeni eziphoqelelayo.โ
Labo abangathanda ukuthi sikholwe ukuthi ukungalingani akugwemeki kuphela ngokubuyela ngokwemvelo kulo mbono ongagunyaziwe ngokuphindaphindiwe ngoba ithisisi yawo ithuthukisa umbono wabo wokukhuphuka okungenakugwemeka ekubuseni "kwe-cognitive elite" ngaphansi kwezimo zobuchwepheshe obuphambili kanye nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. Bagcizelela ukuthi i-US isiba โi-meritocracyโ yofuzo.
Ngomhla zi-5 kuMfumfu, i-Economist yabuyela endabeni yokungalingani kuhlelo olukhethekile olunesihloko esithi: โThe Search for Talent.โ Kuyo, igama elithi "Bell Curve" livela kabili. Enkulumweni yomhleli, enesihloko esithi โUhlangothi Olumnyama,โ lo magazini wathi:
Ukuncintisana ngethalente kunikeza izinzuzo eziningiโkusuka ekuthuthukiseni umkhiqizo kuye kwanda amathuba, kusukela ekukhuthazeni ukwaneliseka komsebenzi kuya entuthukweni yesayensi emba eqolo. Uma amazwe nezinkampani ziqhudelana ngethalente, aba maningi amathuba okuthi ongqondongqondo basuswe ekungabonakali.
Kodwa indaba igcwele amabhomu agqitshwayo. Cabanga ngentukuthelo eyamukela incwadi kaCharles Murray noRichard Herrnstein ethi โThe Bell Curve,โ eyayiphikisa ngokuthi kunomehluko esilinganisweni sobuhlakani bezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene; noma ukuxoshwa kukaLawrence Summers njengomongameli weNyuvesi yaseHarvard ngenxa yokuthi wayeqagele obala ngokuthi kungani bembalwa abesifazane abasezikhundleni eziphezulu zesayensi. Kungaba kuhle uma ithalente lisatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izinhlanga, izigaba nobulili. Kodwa kuthiwani uma imakethe yamahhala ibonisa ukuthi akunjalo, iphakamisa zonke izinhlobo zezinkinga zezombangazwe? Futhi kwenzekani ezisebenzini zaseNtshonalanga ezinethalente lapho kufanele ziqhudelane nezigidi zamaNdiya ahlakaniphile azimisele ukwenza umsebenzi ngengxenye encane yentengo?
Phawula ukuthi amaNdiya awachazwa njengahlakaniphile, kuphela โahlakanipheโ kakhulu โkunezisebenzi zaseNtshonalanga ezinethalente.โ
Khona-ke, esihlokweni esiyinhloko, esinesihloko esithi โUkuziphindisela Kwejika Lensimbi,โ lomagazini uyaqhubeka:
Isici sesibili esixhumanisa ithalente nokungalingani ukuthi amalungu e-talent elite asebenza kahle ekubambeni "imali yabantu." Bashada abantu abafana nabo. Ngesikhathi sokudlondlobala โkomuntu wenkampani,โ abamabhange bashada nonobhala babo; manje sebeshada nabanye osomabhange. Basebenza emisebenzini eyengeza emalini yabo yengqondo. Bahlala โezindaweni ezinethalente,โ kude nezindawo ezihlala abantu abasezingeni eliphakathi, ingasaphathwa eyokuthi ama-ghettos angaphakathi kwedolobha. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, badlulisela izinzuzo zabo ezinganeni zabo. Abafundi abavela ku-quartile ephezulu yemali engenayo bandise isabelo sabo sezikhala emanyuvesi aseMelika aphezulu ukusuka ku-39% ngo-1976 kuya ku-50% ngo-1995.
Akukho kulokhu okungavamile eMelika noma kwamanye amazwe acebile; kwenzeka okufanayo emazweni asathuthuka ngendlela emangalisa nakakhulu. Amalungu ochwepheshe abanekhono lapho ahlala emiphakathini enamasango, amanye anamagama aseMelika njengePalm Springs, iNapa Valley noma iPark Avenue, eziqhenya ngezikole zamazwe ngamazwe, izibhedlela ezisezingeni lomhlaba, izindlu zikanokusho nezindawo zokuzivocavoca eziwubukhazikhazi.
โโฆ Impi yamathalente ikhiqiza i-global meritocracyโiqembu labantu abateketiswa ngokuthi โDavos menโ noma โcosmocratsโ
abavuna imivuzo emihle ngokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke.
Laba bantu bahlala ebhamuza lenhlalonhle-masiko eligcwele abanye abaphumelele kakhulu njengabo. Bafunda emanyuvesi asezingeni lomhlaba nasezikoleni zamabhizinisi, basebenzela izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke futhi bakhulume ulimi lwebhizinisi lomhlaba wonke.
Amazwe asaphikelela ekubambeleleni ekulinganeni akhokha inani elikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, iSweden ikuthola kunzima ukuheha ithalente lakwamanye amazwe. Futhi kulo lonke elaseYurophu, amanyuvesi alinganayo alahlekelwa izimbangi zawo eziphakeme zaseMelika.
Ngakho-ke, impendulo yokwanda kokungalingani iwukuyeka โukubambelela ekulinganeni.โ
Iningi lezinkinga eziyinhloko emhlabeni namuhla azihlukaniseki kusukela ekuguquguqukeni kokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi umnotho wezimakethe. Ngaphandle kwezinguquko ezithile eziyisisekelo, ikusasa ngaphansi kwalesi simiso liyobona ukwanda kobumpofu, ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo okwengeziwe, futhi lokho umlobi uRonald Aaronson akubize ngokuthi โukusatshalaliswa kwezinsiza okungalingani nakakhulu nokucekelwa phansi kwemiphakathi engokwesiko nezindlela zokuphila, ngenxa yesiko elibuswa ukuthengisa. , ukukhangisa nentuthuko engalingani emhlabeni wonke.โ
Umnotho wemakethe - kuzo zonke izici zawo: ukukhiqiza, isevisi, imfundo, izindlu, njll.) uqhutshwa ukuphishekela inzuzo. Yilokho kushayela, futhi akusona idrayivu ethile efinyelelekayo ebheke โekuphakameniโ kwenganekwane okuvela ekushintsheni kwezobuchwepheshe. Umuntu angase acabange ukuthi emhlabeni wokukhula kokukhiqiza nokudalwa kwengcebo kufanele kube nokuvikeleka kwemisebenzi nokuchuma. Esikhundleni salokho ngaphansi kokuhlelwa kwamanje, asebevele kahle kanye nenzalo yabo bathola ukulondeka okwengeziwe nokuchuma futhi amadoda nabesifazane abasebenzayo kanye nemindeni yabo bathola okuncane. Lokho kungase kube indlela isistimu esebenza ngayo kodwa ayilungile futhi akufanele kube njalo.
Asikho isizathu sokuthi kungani i-United States nengcebo yayo enkulu kanye nezinsiza ingakwazi ukunquma ukwethula ukuthuthukiswa kabusha okukhulu kwengqalasizinda yethu yezakhiwo ewohlokayo, ukwakha kabusha nokulungisa kabusha amabhuloho nomzila wesitimela ngaleyo ndlela kunikeze abantu abangasebenzi imisebenzi; baqhamuke nesu elikhulu lokulungisa kabusha kanye nokwenza ngcono izinhlelo zezikole zesizwe, kugcizelelwe ukuthi kuqalwe ngezikole ezisemadolobheni ezifeyilisa kakhulu intsha yethu namuhla; dala uhlelo lomkhokhi oyedwa. Kufanele kucace ukuthi izizathu ezibangela ukuthi amaphrojekthi anjena enziwe ingoba awenzi โamandla emakethe,โ
ukuze bangakhiqizi inzuzo enkulu kulabo abazuzayo, futhi basakaze ingcebo nxazonke.
Asibhekene nokushoda, izinsiza ezilinganiselwe kanye nokwehla kokukhiqiza kodwa sikhula ingcebo nokukhiqiza. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, wonke umuntu wesifazane osebenzayo kufanele athole ilungelo lokungalokothi besabe ukungabi nakunakekelwa kwezempilo okuseqophelweni eliphezulu, bangalokothi besabe ukuthi ngeke bavikeleke lapho sebethatha umhlalaphansi, bangalokothi besabe ukushiywa dengwane futhi bangalokothi besabe ukuthi izingane zabo ngeke zisabe. babe nemfundo engcono kakhulu umphakathi ongakwazi ukuyinikeza. Ngaphandle kwezimo ezinjalo zangaphambili, ukukhuluma ngenkundla yokudlala noma umhlaba owenziwe "flat" ngobuchwepheshe be-inthanethi kuwubuwula obuningi.
Oh, bazama ukusethusa ngezinsongo ezifana nokuncintisana kwamanye amazwe, ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe kanye nenani labantu asebekhulile. Kodwa konke lokho kuyi-bunk kakhulu. Impela, ukulungiswa kufanele kwenziwe kodwa akudingekile ukuthi kubandakanye ukungalingani kwezomnotho nezenhlalo okwanda njalo.
Abahleli be-Economist baphetha inhlolovo yabo bekhuluma โngezingozi zokuhlehla kubantu abanekhono.โ Yebo, kufanele kube khona, futhi ngokuqinisekile kuyoba, ukuhlehla. Kumanje kuyaqhubeka emhlabeni jikelele. Kodwa akufanele, futhi akufanele, ngokumelene nalabo abaye, ngemizamo yabo kanye namakhono abo, ngokusemthethweni bavune impumelelo. Kalula nje: uhlelo olunephutha. Akufanele siwufulathele lowo mbono ngoba nje abacebile nabanamandla kanye nezazi zabo bethi kuwukuzicabangela okungafanele futhi iqiniso liwukuthi ukungalingani kuyasizuzisa.
I-Left Margin ivela ngo-BC njalo ngemva kwesonto.
Ilungu le-BC Editorial Board u-Carl Bloice ungumbhali e-San Francisco, ilungu leKomidi Likazwelonke Lokuxhumanisa lamaKomidi Ezincwadi Ezibhalela Intando Yeningi Nezenhlalakahle futhi phambilini wayesebenzela inyunyana yokunakekelwa kwezempilo.
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