Ikati elincane liqhwanda ezitebhisini ze-ivy-laden Cobb Hall eNyuvesi yaseChicago. Eduze, umfundi oyi-mohawked uzama ukukhontoza intonga endala, โelahliwe,โ i-bagel phakathi komoya ngepayipi le-PVC. Uzungezwe inqwaba yabanye abasha abangama-radicals abahlangana egcekeni lesikole eliluhlaza, bexoxa ngomculo, ubushoshovu kanye nenguquko. Ngaphakathi nje kwehholo kuqubuka ingxabano enzima neshisayo mayelana nenhlangano kazwelonke kanye nezinselele ezibucayi ezihambisana nokuhluka kohlanga, ubulili, isigaba, ukukhetha ubulili kanye nobunikazi bobulili. Uyemukelwa Kumhlangano Kazwelonke Wokuqala Wabafundi Abazalwa kabusha BeDemocratic Society (SDS).
Omusha kanye Omdala
Le ngqungquthela ibanjwe mhla zizi-4-7 kuNcwaba futhi ihanjelwe abafundi nezishoshovu ezibalelwa ku-200 ezivela ezindaweni ezikude njengaseWashington State, Vermont, nase-Arizona, lo mhlangano bekuwumcimbi wokuqala kazwelonke owenziwa yi-SDS selokhu yasungulwa kabusha ezinyangeni eziyi-7 ezedlule ngoMartin Luther King. Usuku. I-SDS yasekuqaleni yama-1960s, ngaphambi kokuba ihlakazeke yaba amaqembu ahlukene ancintisanayo (umhlangano wokugcina, owaba nenhlekelele ngo-1969 nawo wabanjelwa eChicago), ukhunjulwa njengengxenye yenhlangano enamandla eyaqhubekisela phambili izinkulungwane zabafundi abasebasha eNingizimu emigqeni ephambili yenhlangano. ukulwela Amalungelo Omphakathi, futhi njengelinye lamazwi okuqala futhi aqinile efuna ukuhoxa okungenamibandela kwamasosha ase-US endaweni ebizwa ngeVietnam. Eminyakeni engama-40 kamuva, ngenkathi isizwe sibambene ngezihluthu mayelana namalungelo abantu bokufika, futhi amasosha aseMelika evaleleke komunye udaka lwangaphandle, umuzwa wokungathandi, ngisho nokuphelelwa ithemba, kuze kube manje usabambelele ngokuqinile ezintweni eziningi. Intsha yaseMelika. Khonamanjalo, izinhlangano zikazwelonke ezihola impi yokulwa nokukhuphuka kwegagasi lama-imperialism kube yinhlanganisela edabukisayo yamaqembu anxusa asekelwe ku-inthanethi acela uxhaso kubaxhasi abacebile, kanye namaqembu amahlelo abambeke phakathi nesu lama-60s lokuqoqa izindikimba ukuze avale imigwaqo yasemadolobheni. ngenye intambama.
U-Pat Korte, ongomunye wabasunguli be-SDS entsha, uthi kwakuyisipiliyoni sakhe ngalezi zinhlangano โezingenayo intando yeningi ngokwemveloโ ezibusa i-American Left okwamphoqa yena nabanye abafundi ukuthi bakhulume ngokuqala kabusha i-SDS ngekwindla edlule, ngesikhathi u-Pat esafunda esikoleni esiphakeme. . โBesifuna inhlangano enezingqinamba eziningi lapho amalungu azoba namandla okuchaza inhlangano, lapho intsha nabafundi ikakhulukazi bezokhuthazwa ukuba babe negalelo, futhi ezokwakha amabhuloho phakathi kwabafundi nabangebona abafundi ngohlaka lwentando yeningi.โ
I-SDS, ikakhulukazi izimiso eziqukethwe kuSitatimende sasePort Huron sango-1962, yethule inketho yohlobo oluhlukile lokuhlela, โokusekelwe kuntando yeningi yokubamba iqhaza.โ Ngakho uPat waqhubeka nokuthola futhi wathintana namalungu angaphambili e-SDS yokuqala futhi wathola imvume yokuzama le nhlangano.
Umuntu oyedwa okwathintwa kusenesikhathi owaba nesandla empumelelweni yeqembu kwakungu-Tom Good, u-Wobbly onezinwele ezimpunga owayemncane kakhulu ukuthi angajoyina i-SDS yokuqala. Lapho u-Tom egibela i-SDS entsha, waqala ukwakha iwebhusayithi (newsds.org), listserv namanye amathuluzi okuxhumana ukuze ahlanganise ama-SDS avela ezweni lonke. I-inthanethi yazibonakalisa โnjengethuluzi elihle lokuhlela,โ futhi ubulungu beqembu baqhuma. Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha amalungu angaphezu kwe-1,000 asejoyine i-SDS ngewebhusayithi, emele izahluko ezingu-150 ezweni lonke. Abaningi balabo abaqale bajoyina babengamalungu eqembu lokuqala phakathi neminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha, kanti abanye abaningi bakhuthazwa umlando weqembu kusukela ku-Sixties. Njengoba uTom asho, โukuqashelwa kwegama [le-SDS] kukhulu.โ
Nokho, umlando we-SDS uyindaba enezinkinga, futhi ukuthola lelo fa kusho ukuvuselela izinselele ezindala, kanye nezinye ezintsha. Ingabe i-SDS entsha izokwazi ukugwema ukwenza amaphutha owandulelayo, isibonelo, ubuholi obumhlophe kanye nokubusa kwabesilisa? Ingabe i-inthanethi iyithuluzi elingcono kakhulu lokuhlela abafundi abatholakala kumakhempasi ezweni lonke, ababengakaze baxhumane ubuso nobuso ngaphambilini, futhi lokhu kwakungenziwa kanjani โngentando yeningi,โ โngendlela yokungakhethiโ? Okokugcina, ingabe i-SDS entsha ingakwazi ukuba yizwi elinamandla loshintsho olukhulu ngaphandle kokuba yisisulu sokuhlukana kwamaqembu, ukungena kukahulumeni, kanye nokugxila okuncane, okulwa nempi?
Yiyo kanye le ngxubevange ethakazelisayo yethemba nokungabaza okungidonse maphakathi nezwe ukuze ngibuke lo mhlangano futhi ngithole ukuthi i-SDS entsha โiyisivumelwano Sangempela.โ Ngaya e-Chicago nge-carpool nabafundi engangixhumane nabo nge-Ride Board ewusizo eyasungulwa kuwebhusayithi ye-SDS, futhi ngalala endlini yokuhlanganyela eyamukelwayo engayithola Ebhodini Lezindlu eliwusizo ngokulinganayo. Kodwa lapho ngifika emhlanganweni ngoLwesihlanu ntambama, kusasele ihora ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukubhaliswa, zazingekho izimpawu ezibonisa ukuthi ngangizoyaphi, futhi okuwukuphela kokwaziswa enganginakho kwakuphuma โEsimisweni Sesikhathi Esimisiweโ esingaphelele esasisafakwe kusizindalwazi, izinkomba zokuqala zokuthi umcimbi wangempelasonto uhlelwe ngokuxhamazela. Ngesikhathi ngihlezi ngilindile futhi ngilinde othile onolwazi ukuthi afike, ngahlangana noBruce Rubenstein, owangigcina ngijabulile ngezindaba zezinsuku zakhe ku-Weathermen, owaphendukela ekucekeleni phansi impahla lapho bekholelwa ukuthi umbhikisho ongenalo ubudlova wawuhlulekile ukuqeda iMpi YaseVietnam.
Ngaphesheya Kwesithiyo Seminyaka
Esinye sezici zokuqala, eziyingqayizivele umuntu aziqaphelayo mayelana ne-SDS entsha umlingiswa wayo wezizukulwane. Kuyo yonke imibuthano ye-SDS, phakathi kwabafundi nentsha uzothola ukumelwa okunempilo โkwama-SDS esizukulwane sokuqala,โ abantu abanobungane abaphikelela ngokuthi abazami ukuqondisa noma ukuhola inhlangano entsha, kodwa bakhona ukuze banikeze usizo nolwazi noma nini lapho kudingekile. Eqinisweni, i-SDS ihlelwe yaba izingxenye ezimbili ezihlukene, ingxenye yabafundi nentsha, i-Students for a Democratic Society, kanye ne-MDS, noma i-Movement for a Democratic Society, okuyimoto yamalungu okuqala e-SDS nabanye abangebona abafundi. La maqembu womabili abonakala ehlalisana ngokuzwana, njengoba abantu abadala, ngenkathi behlinzeka ngosizo lwezezimali oludingeka kakhulu kanye nezinkulumo ezinde ezikhuthazayo, babonakala beneliseke ukusebenzisa amatafula amaningi omhlangano futhi ngezikhathi ezithile behola izingxoxo zephaneli, kuyilapho ikakhulukazi bevumela amalungu amancane ukuba amazwi aphezulu kakhulu futhi anqumayo. Londoloza izibonelo ezimbalwa, amalungu amaningi, abancane nabadala ngokufanayo, babheke isimo sokuhlangana kwezizukulwane se-SDS njengamandla.
U-Al Haber, umsunguli we-SDS yasekuqaleni kanye nomdidiyeli weSitatimende sase-Port Huron, ube nesihloko esithi โUmhlangano Wezikhalazo Zokuvulaโ ngoLwesihlanu ebusuku futhi wathola ihlombe elinamandla kakhulu kusihlwa (kanye nokuhlabelela okumile). Ngokuka-Al, eneminyaka engu-70 ubudala, manje โuseqedile ngokusemthethweni ngeminyaka yawo-60s.โ
Amandla nobuthakathaka
NgoMgqibelo izigcawu zokucobelelana ngolwazi zaqala, zinezihloko ezihlukahlukene ezinjengokuthi โI-New Orleans: Ukuhlela Ukwakha Kabusha,โ โIlungelo Lekilasi: Umthwalo Noma Ithuluzi?,โ โUkwakha Umbutho Wobumbano WasePalestine,โ โInhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu Abathengisa Ngocansi Yesimanjeโ kanye "Ukudala nokusekela i-Anarchist Revolution."
Inkundla yokucobelelana ngolwazi engcono kakhulu engaya kuyo ibinesihloko esithi โIsenzo Esiqondile Ekhampasini,โ lapho wonke umuntu ebambe iqhaza ekungqubuzaneni okuhlekisayo phakathi kwabafundi nabaphathi (ngakhethwa ukudlala iphoyisa elididekile). Akugcinanga nje ngokucutshungulwa kwethiyori kanye namasu okucutshungulwa, kodwa ababambiqhaza banikezwe ithuba lokusebenzisa amakhono abo abasanda kuwafunda.
Akuwona wonke umhlangano ohambe kahle kangaka. Ishejuli njengoba sakhiwe isikhathi esabelwe ukuze kuhlanganwe amakhakhasi, okuhlanganisa i-โQueer/Trans Caucus,โ โPeople of Color Caucus,โ โCaucus Yabesifazane,โ โI-Environmental Caucusโ kanye nomabili โI-Anarchistโ kanye โNe-Marxianโ Caucuses njengoba kahle, kodwa zonke zazihlelelwe isikhathi esifanayo. Ngakho-ke abantu abazichaza bona, ngokwesibonelo, umuntu webala elihlukile, kuzodingeka bakhethe ukuthi iyiphi ikhokhasi abazoyithamela nokuthi bazomele bani.
Lapho bebona lokhu kuqapha, abafundi abaningi basheshe bahlela ukuhlelwa kabusha kwamakhokhasi, bawasakaza ngempelasonto, kodwa amanye amakhokhasi ahlangane nenani elincane lababekhona ngoba ahlehliselwe uMsombuluko, kanti i-Anarchist kanye ne-Marxian Caucuses isahlangene ngezikhathi ezingqubuzanayo. , ezinhlangothini eziphambene zephasishi. Khonamanjalo, iPeople of Colour Caucus bekumele ihlangane ngeSonto ngesikhathi sasekuseni, kodwa lapho befika eCobb Hall bathola iminyango yesakhiwo ikhiyiwe futhi baphoqeleka ukuthi balinde kuze kufike isikhathi sesidlo sasemini (ngasikhathi sinye neKhokhasi ka-Anarchist kanye ne-Marxian - kuqinisekisa izethameli ezimhlophe imibuthano yemibono).
Kodwa kwakungeSonto ntambama lapho okunye ukungqubuzana okungokwemvelo okubhekene neqembu elisha kuba sobala kabuhlungu. Ngokusobala indawo yokusebenzela ebaluleke kakhulu yomhlangano, ebizwa ngokuthi โIngxoxo Yesakhiwo Sikazwelonke,โ yayifakwe ihora nesigamu nje kuphela futhi isendaweni ekwazi ukuphatha abantu abangaphezu kuka-35. Kunjalo, kwafika abangaphezu kuka-70, futhi abagqugquzeli abathathu bazithola bengakwazi nhlobo ukuphatha nokugxilisa ingxoxo esihlokweni. Esikhundleni salokho, okwaqala njengeseshini yokucabanga ezolile mayelana nokufaneleka kanye nezingozi ezihambisanayo zokudala uhlaka lukazwelonke ngokushesha kwaphenduka impikiswano engahlelekile neqinile ngendlela edabukisayo, kangangokuthi ukubuyisela uhlaka lomhlangano osebenzayo ngokwako kwaba yinkulumo-mpikiswano, kweqa ukwesaba okucashile okuthi uma kukhona. umuntu wanikwa igunya eleqile mayelana nokuqhutshwa komhlangano okungase kuholele ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo esinegunya se-SDS ngokwayo. Ngakho-ke kwabusa isiphithiphithi esikhulu, futhi ukumemeza ngokushesha kwathulisa wonke amazwi angewona amadodaโฆ into eyagcina ikhonjwe owesifazane.
Lapho nje ukukhathazeka ngokuphinda okobulili kwe-SDS kwasekuqaleni kushaya wonke umuntu ebusweni, ukushaya kwangena kwangena egumbini. Emnyango kuqhamuke iPeople of Colour Caucus, igqoke ubuso obudumele futhi ihlome ngesitatimende esibuhlungu. Ngalesi sikhathi, umhlangano weSakhiwo wawusuqhubeke isikhathi esingaphezu kwehora nesigamu, nokho amalungu angu-15 eKhakhasi ye-POC ayengekho sonke isikhathi, futhi empeleni kade ehlangene kwamakhelwane amahora angu-3-4 edlule. , ngokusobala akukho muntu ongabonwa. Kuthe uma kwehla amahloni nokuvungama ukukhononda ezilalelini ezimhlophe, abeKhaladi bethula isitatimende sabo. โNjengabantu Bebala, siye sabona ukuthi ukuba kule ngqungquthela bekuyinto engathandekiโฆโ Badunyazwa umoya womhlangano owawugcwele abamhlophe futhi bazwakalisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi i-SDS yenza amaphutha afanayo ahlukanise futhi akhubaza inhlangano Yesokunxele eqhubekayo. e-US eminyakeni engama-40 edlule. Bafuna ukwazi ukuthi i-SDS izoba enye yini inhlangano eqinile emhlophe, noma izolwela ukuhlanganisa izinhlanga eziningi futhi ihlanganise konke, ingagcini ngokuzwela imigqa yobuhlanga, kodwa futhi imigqa yobulili neyokukhetha ubulili.
Ngeke kube khona impendulo eyanele. Ngale kokushaya ihlombe, ilungu ngalinye lezethameli ebeligcwele abamhlophe lizabalaze futhi lazulazula lizama ukuthola indlela yokuqinisekisa abantu Bebala ngezinhloso zabo ezinhle ngenkathi bevuma ukwehluleka namaphutha abo. Eqinisweni, uhlobo lwengxoxo eqaphelayo, ezwelayo nebonisayo amalungu amhlophe e-SDS okudingeka ayenze mayelana nalolu daba olunzima alukwazanga ukwenzeka ngokushesha ngemva kwesitatimende, ikakhulukazi ngemva kweqoqo lezehlakalo elidumazayo. Akekho owayazi ukuthi enzeni ngokulandelayo.
Kuleli qophelo amathimba okucobelelana ngolwazi abesezidlule isikhathi esingaphezu kwehora elilodwa ngesikhathi sokuqala kwawo afuna ukuthi iseshini elandelayo iqale ngokushesha, ngoba bekumele bagoduke ngaphambi kukaMsombuluko. Igumbi laba nesiphithiphithi futhi abantu baqala ukuphuma ngobuningi babo, kuyilapho abanye besamemeza bethi azikho izinqumo ezithathiwe ngohlaka lukazwelonke. Umhlangano wakhamisa wacishe waminyanisa; bonke besaba ukuthi i-SDS entsha yazalwa isifile.
Solidarity Building
Nokho, ukuhambahamba ekhempasini, kwaba sobala ukuthi ukuphila kwase kuphefumula kancane, ngezingxoxo ezikhululekile nezinobungane ezazihlanganisa abafundi abahlakazekile. Noma ngabe ibuphi ubutha obabukhona kulelo gumbi bashabalala njengoba ama-radicals asemancane elenga ndawonye eChicago.
Lokhu kukhomba kulokho ngokungangabazeki okwakuyinto enhle kakhulu eyayizophuma emhlanganweni: konke ukuxhumana komuntu siqu okwenziwe. Ukuze abafundi bahlangane futhi babelane ngolwazi lwabo mayelana nendlela abaye badonsa kanzima ngayo emiphakathini yabo nasemakhempasi, bezama ukubhekana nezinkinga esibhekene nazo sonke, kwakungagcini nje ngokuziqinisekisa kodwa kwakukhomba ukuthi kungenzeka ngempela inhlangano kazwelonke. kungathinta ushintsho ngokuhlanganisa abantu ndawonye.
NgoMsombuluko, usuku lokugcina lomhlangano, njengoba kusekhona abantu abangu-60 kuphela kwabalinganiselwa ku-200 ababekhona, umhlangano waphela kahle. Engqungqutheleni yokuqala yosuku, enesihloko esithi โResisting Empire From Within: SDS and the Antiwar Movement,โ ama-SDSers ahlanganisa amasu esonto lonke azosebenza kule semester ezayo ebizwa ngokuthi โIraq Week,โ ngethemba lokukhuthaza amakhampasi ukuthi aphinde abe yizindawo ezishisayo. yokumelana nempi kulokho okwamanje okubonakala kuyimpi engapheli e-Iraq naseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Ngokwabaphaneli, lokhu kuzofezwa โngezenzo eziqondile ekhampasini nangale kwalokho [lokho] kukhombisa ngesibindi ukuxhumana phakathi kwezikhungo zemfundo, abahlomuli bempi, kanye nezikhulu zezombangazwe ngaphakathi kwenhlangano yama-impiriyali.โ Ekugcineni, โIsigcawu Sokuvalaโ sisebenze njengengxoxo yokuphetha nehlanganisayo, lapho, ngosizo lomgqugquzeli oqokwe ngokucacile, othatha amaphuzu, kanye nomgcini-sitaki, kanye nemithetho enqunywe ekuqaleni, ezinye izinqumo ezicacile zingenziwa. ngokuvumelana. Mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwezinqumo eziphasisiwe kwakuyimpendulo yomdlalo wangosuku lwangaphambili, isiqinisekiso sokuthi i-SDS izolwela โukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bebala, abesifazane, i-LGBTQ, nawo wonke amanye amaqembu acindezelwe baneqhaza eliqondile ekuthathweni kwezinqumo,โ ezifana nalezi. ukuthi akubona nje kuphela ubuholi obumele i-SDS, kodwa ukuthi umkhathi wamukela wonke umuntu.
Kuphinde kwanqunywa ukuthi i-SDS izoba yinethiwekhi kazwelonke ehlanganisa izahluko, kodwa lawo mandla angempela asemazingeni aphansi emakhempasi endawo nasemiphakathini. Imihlangano elandelayo ye-SDS izoba yesifunda esikhundleni sezwe lonke, ukuze abantu bakwazi ukuhlangana ngaphandle kokuhamba ezweni lonke. Kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi indawo ngayinye kufanele ibambe izingqungquthela zezifunda ezimbili phakathi nonyaka ozayo, kanti eyesibili igxile ekunqumeni izinjongo zomthethosisekelo weSDS ongase ube khona. Izinqumo ezimayelana nalowo mthethosisekelo zizobe seziqinisekiswa eNgqungqutheleni Kazwelonke yesi-2, ezobanjwa ehlobo elizayo, indawo ye-TBD.
Lapho ingxoxo iphela ngokuvumelana ngazwi linye, kwaba nehlombe elincane nomuzwa omkhulu wokukhululeka.
Okulindelwe Okuphezulu
Uma ngibheka phambili, ababeze emhlanganweni engaxoxa nabo baba nomuzwa wokuthi impelasonto, nazo zonke izinkinga nezinkinga zayo, ibe yimpumelelo.
Umfundi wesifazane ogama lakhe lingu-Iwi waveza ukuthi โAkunakwenzeka ukuthi umhlangano kazwelonke wokuqala uqhube kahle kakhuluรขโฌยฆ Noma kunjalo kufanele sikwazi ukuqophisana nokuphikisana, yilokho ekugcineni okwenza inhlangano ibe namandla.โ
Elinye ilungu elincane elizibiza ngo-Scribbler liveze ukuthi โsesiqala ukusukuma futhi,โ futhi laphawula ngokungananazi ukuthi kuzothatha impelasonto engaphezu kweyodwa โukwakha umfundi oqinile osele kuleli lizwe.โ
Kufanele kulindeleke ukuthi inhlangano ezinikeza umgomo onjengokuvala izifiso zombuso, futhi izuze ifa elinzima njenge-SDS, kufanele ibhekane nemihelo embalwa yokuzalwa emhlanganweni wayo wokuqala. Phela lezi yizikhathi ezinzima nezinzima, futhi njengoba u-Al Haber asho, โasikaze sibe nenhlangano yezizwe ngezizwe kusukela maphakathi nawo-60s.โ Kodwa amalungu amaningi engikhulume nawo aba nomuzwa wokuthi i-SDS iyavela futhi ngesikhathi esifanele, ukusiza isizukulwane esisha sama-radicals aseMelika ukuthola izwi laso, futhi siqinise lokho obekuyinhlangano ehlukene phakathi nengasebenzi kahle yokuthula nobulungiswa eMelika.
NgoMsombuluko ntambama, njengoba umhlangano usuphelile futhi abantu beqala uhambo olude lokubuyela kuzo zonke izingxenye zezwe, omunye waba nomuzwa wokuthi lokho uPat Korte akubiza ngokuthi โukuhlolwa kwentando yeningi yokubamba iqhazaโ kunamandla amaningi kabi, kodwa ukufeza lawo mandla. kuzodinga isineke esikhulu, ukuqonda, kanye nomzamo wokuzimisela ukuze kuzuzwe umgomo wokuvelela wokwakha umphakathi wentando yeningi.
U-Alexander Knight usanda kuphothula eNyuvesi yaseLehigh, lapho athola khona iziqu zeMasters kuSayensi Yezepolitiki. Njengamanje usebenzela ukubhala nokugqugquzela indaba 'yamafutha aphezulu,' futhi maduze uzohamba futhi asebenze eVenezuela izinyanga eziyisithupha ezizayo. Angafinyelelwa ku-activistlex ku- Gmail.com
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