โUmbusi nguyena onqumayo ngokuhlukile,โ kusho ungqondongqondo oguquguqukayo uCarl Schmitt ngo-1922, okusho ukuthi umholi wesizwe angakwazi ukweqa umthetho ukuze asebenzele okuhle kakhulu. Nakuba inkonzo kaSchmitt njengommeli omkhulu waseJalimane lobuNazi kanye nokusekela kwakhe uHitler okungaguquki kusukela ngobusuku bemibese emide kuya eKristallnacht nangale kwayo konakalisa isithunzi sakhe amashumi eminyaka, namuhla imibono yakhe izuze ithonya ebelingacatshangwa muntu. Empeleni, balolonge umbono we-neo-conservative wamandla kamongameli osekunezinhlangothi ezimbili kusukela ngomhlaka-9/11. Ngempela, u-Schmitt ube nomthelela kwezombusazwe zaseMelika ngokuqondile ngomfundisi wakhe ohlakaniphile u-Leo Strauss owathi, njengoprofesa we-emigrรฉ e-University of Chicago, waqeqesha abadwebi bokuphatha bakaBush bempi yase-Iraq uPaul Wolfowitz no-Abram Shulsky.
Konke lokho kufanele kuhlaba umxhwele ngokwanele kungqondongqondo onegunya owashona kudala. Kodwa i-dictum kaSchmitt futhi yaba yisisekelo sefilosofi sokusebenzisa amandla omhlaba aseMelika ngekota yekhulu eyalandela ukuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi. IWashington, ngaphezu kwanoma yimaphi amanye amandla, yakha umphakathi wanamuhla wemithetho nezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke, nokho manje inelungelo lokudelela leyo mithetho ngaphandle kokujeziswa. Umbusi ozimele kufanele, kusho uSchmitt, alahle imithetho ngezikhathi zezimo eziphuthumayo zezwe. Ngakho-ke i-United States, njengamandla amakhulu okugcina aleplanethi noma, ngokwemibandela kaSchmitt, umbusi wayo womhlaba wonke, kule minyaka iye yawushaya indiva ngokuphindaphindiwe umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, esikhundleni salokho ilandela imithetho yayo engabhalwanga yomgwaqo yokusebenzisa amandla omhlaba.
Njengoba nje umbusi kaSchmitt ancamela ukubusa esimweni esikhethekile ngaphandle komthethosisekelo weReich yakhe, ngakho-ke iWashington manje isingene eshumini lesibili leminyaka leMpi Yezobushokobezi engapheli ebonakala iyisamba sokungafani kwayo nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe: ukuboshwa okungapheli, ngaphandle kokwahlulela. ukubulala, ukugadwa okugcwele indawo yonke, iziteleka zezindiza ezingenalo izindiza ngokungahloniphi imingcele yezwe, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokufunwa, kanye nokuvikeleka kwakho konke okungenhla ngezizathu zokufihla umbuso. Nokho lokhu okuhlukile okuningi kwaseMelika kuwukubonakaliswa okungaphezulu kobukhulu obuyimfihlo obuhlala bukhula bezwe laseMelika. Idalwe ngezindleko ezingaphezu kwesigidi sezigidi zamadola kusukela ngomhlaka-9/11, inhloso yaleli thuluzi elikhulu ukulawula isizinda esiyimfihlo esiba inkundla eyinhloko yemiqhudelwano yezwe ekhulwini lamashumi amabili nanye.
Lokhu kufanele kube (kodwa kuyaqabukela kubhekwe) indlela exakayo, ephazamisayo yezwe, ngaphezu kwanoma yiliphi elinye, elikhulise umqondo, futhi libhale imithetho, yomphakathi wezizwe zomhlaba wonke obuswa umthetho. Engqungqutheleni Yokuthula YaseHague ngo-1899, isithunywa saseMelika, u-Andrew Dickson White, umsunguli weNyuvesi yaseCornell, wagcizelela ukuthi kwakhiwe Inkantolo Engunaphakade Yokulamula futhi ancenge u-Andrew Carnegie ukuthi akhe iSigodlo Sokuthula esiyisikhumbuzo eHague njengekhaya laso. Engqungqutheleni Yesibili YaseHague ngo-1907, uNobhala Wezwe u-Elihu Root wanxusa ukuba izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe zesikhathi esizayo zixazululwe yinkantolo yezazi zezomthetho ezingochwepheshe, umbono owagcwaliseka lapho kusungulwa iNkantolo Engunaphakade Yobulungisa Bamazwe Ngamazwe ngo-1920.
Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II, i-US yasebenzisa ukunqoba kwayo ukusiza ukudala iNhlangano Yezizwe, iphushele ukwamukelwa Kwesimemezelo Samalungelo Abantu Wonke Sayo, futhi yamukele Izivumelwano Zase-Geneva zokuphathwa kobuntu empini. Uma uphonsa ezinye izinhlelo ezisekelwa yiMelika njengeWorld Health Organisation, iWorld Trade Organisation, kanye neWorld Bank, cishe unayo yonke ingqalasizinda yalokho manje esikubiza ngokuthi โumphakathi wamazwe omhlaba.โ
Ukuphula Imithetho
Akugcinanga ngokuthi i-US yabamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekubhaleni imithetho emisha yalowo mphakathi, kodwa yavele yaqala ukuyephula. Phela, naphezu kokukhula kwamanye amandla amakhulu, iSoviet Union, iWashington ngaleso sikhathi yayiwumbuso womhlaba ngakho yayinganquma ukuthi yikuphi okufanele kube okuhlukile emithethweni yayo, ikakhulukazi kumgomo oyisisekelo wakho konke lokhu kubusa komhlaba wonke: ubukhosi. Njengoba izabalaza ukubusa izizwe eziyikhulu ezintsha ezaqala ukubonakala ngemva nje kwempi, ngalinye latshala imali ngobukhosi obungenakuvinjelwa, iWashington yayidinga indlela entsha yokuveza amandla angaphezu kwezokuxhumana ezivamile noma amandla ezempi. Ngenxa yalokho, imisebenzi eyimfihlo ye-CIA yaba yindlela yayo yokungenelela ngaphakathi kwe-oda lomhlaba omusha lapho ungeke ukwazi noma okungenani ungenele ngokukhululekile.
Konke okuhlukile okubaluleke ngempela kuvela esinqumweni saseMelika sokujoyina inhloli yangaphambili uJohn Le Carrรฉ esibizwa ukuthi โudwendwe olubi lweziwula eziyize, amambukaโฆ abadakayo, nezidakwa,โ futhi bamukela ubunhloli ngendlela enkulu ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Kuze kube yilapho kwakhiwa i-CIA ngo-1947, i-United States yayingenacala phesheya emhlabeni wezobunhloli. Lapho uJenene John J. Pershing ehola amasosha aseMelika ayizigidi ezimbili ukuya eYurophu phakathi neMpi Yezwe I, i-US yayinebutho elilodwa nhlangothi zombili zempi ngaphandle kwenkonzo yezobunhloli. Yize iWashington yakha izinsiza zokuphepha ezinkulu phakathi naleyo mpi, yehliswa ngokushesha ngabagcini beRepublican ngeminyaka yawo-1920. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, umfutho wokusika noma ukuphoqa lezi zinhlaka zomshoshaphansi zahlala ziqinile, njengalapho uMongameli uHarry Truman eqeda owandulela owandulela i-CIA, iHhovisi Lezinsizakalo Zamasu (OSS), ngemva nje kweMpi Yezwe II noma lapho uMongameli uJimmy Carter exosha izisebenzi ezingama-800 zeCIA. ngemva kweMpi YeVietnam.
Kodwa ngokulingana nokuqala, isizinda esiyimfihlo ngaphakathi kuhulumeni wase-US sikhule ngokunyenya kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili kuze kube manje. Yaqala ngokubunjwa kwe-FBI ngo-1908 kanye ne-Military Intelligence ngo-1917. I-Central Intelligence Agency yalandela ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II kanye neningi lezinhlaka zezinhlamvu ezakha isikhathi samanje. Umphakathi Wezobunhloli wase-US, okuhlanganisa i-National Security Agency (NSA), i-Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA), futhi okokugcina kodwa okungenani, ngo-2004, iHhovisi Lomqondisi Wezobunhloli Kazwelonke. Ungalenzi iphutha: kukhona ukuhlobana okucacile phakathi kwezimfihlo zombuso kanye nomthetho - njengoba omunye ekhula, omunye uyancipha.
UMbusi Womhlaba
Ukungena kweMelika okungenakuhlehliswa kule netherworld ecashile kufike lapho uMongameli uTruman ethumela i-CIA yakhe entsha ukuze aqukathe ukuketulwa kweSoviet eYurophu. Leli kwakuyizwekazi ngaleso sikhathi eliminyene elinezinhloli zayo yonke imithende: ama-fascists ahlulekile, amakhomanisi afunayo, nakho konke okuphakathi. Njengoba yethulwa kubunhloli โngabazalaโ bayo baseBrithani, i-CIA yasheshe yakwazi ngokwengxenye ngokusungula amaxhama okuxhumana nezinhloli zangaphambili zamaNazi, izisebenzi zamafascist zase-Italy, kanye nenqwaba yezinkonzo eziyimfihlo zezwekazi.
Njengombusi omusha womhlaba, iWashington yasebenzisa i-CIA ukuze iphoqelele okuhlukile kwayo ekulawuleni umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ikakhulukazi kumgomo oyinhloko wobukhosi. Phakathi nezikhathi zakhe ezimbili, uMongameli uDwight Eisenhower igunyaziwe Imisebenzi eyi-104 eyimfihlo emazwenikazi amane, igxile kakhulu ekulawuleni izizwe eziningi ezintsha ezazivela emakhulwini eminyaka yobukoloni. Okuhlukile kuka-Eisenhower kwakuhlanganisa ukwephulwa kwemithetho esobala yobukhosi bezwe njengokuguqula inyakatho yeBurma ibe isisekelo esingafuni ukuhlasela kweChina, ukuhlomisa ukuvukela kwesifunda ukuze kuhlukanise i-Indonesia, nokuketula ohulumeni abakhethiwe eGuatemala nase-Iran. Ngesikhathi u-Eisenhower eshiya isikhundla ngo-1961, ama-ops ayimfihlo ayethole i-mystique enamandla kangaka eWashington kangangokuthi uMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy wayezogunyaza abangu-163 kubo eminyakeni emithathu eyandulela ukubulawa kwakhe.
Njengoba isikhulu esiphezulu se-CIA sathumela e-Near East ekuqaleni kwawo-1950s sakubeka, i-Ejensi yabe ibona wonke umholi wamaMuslim owayengeyena ummeleli waseMelika โnjengomgomo ogunyazwe ngokomthetho ngokomthetho wesenzo sezepolitiki seCIA.โ Isetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke hhayi kumaSulumane kuphela, le nqubomgomo isize ukukhiqiza โigagasi elihlehlayoโ enkambweni yomhlaba wonke ebheke kuntando yeningi kusukela ngo-1958 kuya ku-1975, njengoba ukuketula umbuso - iningi lawo elaligunyazwe yi-US - kwavumela amasosha ukuthi athathe amandla ngokungaphezulu. amazwe angaphezu kwamashumi amathathu, amelela ingxenye yesine yamazwe azimele omhlaba.
"Okuhlukile" kwe-White House kuphinde kwaveza isimo sengqondo sase-US esiphikisana ngokujulile mayelana nokuhlukunyezwa kusukela eminyakeni yokuqala yeMpi Yomshoshaphansi kuqhubeke. Esidlangalaleni, ukuphikisana kweWashington nokuhlukunyezwa kwabonakala ekukhulumeni kwayo kwe-UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights ngo-1948 kanye neziNgqungquthela zase-Geneva ngo-1949. Ngesikhathi esifanayo nangasese, nokho, i-CIA yaqala ukwenza amasu amasha ahlakaniphile okuhlukumeza ngokuphambene naleyo mihlangano yamazwe ngamazwe efanayo. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi yocwaningo lokulawula ingqondo, i-CIA empeleni ikhodified indlela yayo entsha yokuhlukumeza ngokwengqondo encwadini yokufundisa eyimfihlo, incwadi ethi โKUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogationโ, eyabe isisabalalisa ngaphakathi koMphakathi Wezobunhloli wase-US kanye nezinsiza zokuphepha ezihlangene emhlabeni wonke.
Ukuhlukunyezwa okuningi okuye kwafana nenkathi yokubusa kobushiqela e-Asia naseLatin America ngeminyaka yawo-1960 nawo-1970 kubonakala sengathi kwavela ezinhlelweni zokuqeqesha zase-US ezazihlinzeka ngamasu ayinkimbinkimbi, amathuluzi akamuva, kanye nokuba semthethweni kokuziphatha kwalo mkhuba. Kusukela ngo-1962 kuya ku-1974, i-CIA yasebenza ngeHhovisi Lokuphepha Komphakathi (OPS), uphiko lwe-US Agency for International Development eyathumela abeluleki bamaphoyisa aseMelika emazweni asathuthuka. Yasungulwa nguMongameli Kennedy ngo-1962, eminyakeni eyisithupha nje i-OPS wakhula waba umsebenzi wokulwa namakhomanisi emhlabeni wonke onabeluleki bamaphoyisa base-US abangaphezu kuka-400. Ngo-1971, lase liqeqeshe amaphoyisa angaphezu kwesigidi emazweni angu-47, kuhlanganise nangu-85,000 100,000 aseNingizimu Vietnam nangu-XNUMX XNUMX eBrazil.
Kufihlwe ngaphakathi kwalo mzamo omkhulu we-OPS, Ukuqeqeshwa kwe-CIA ngemibuzo kwafana nokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu okungathi sรญna, ikakhulukazi e-Iran, ePhilippines, eNingizimu Vietnam, eBrazil nase-Uruguay. I-Amnesty International ibhalwe phansi ukuhlukunyezwa okusabalele, ngokuvamile ngamaphoyisa endawo, emazweni angama-24 kwangu-49 ayebambe amaqembu okuqeqesha amaphoyisa e-OPS. Ekulandeleni abahlukumezi emhlabeni wonke, u-Amnesty ubonakale elandela umkhondo wezinhlelo zokuqeqesha ze-CIA. Ngokuphawulekayo, ukuhlukunyezwa kwaqala ukuncipha lapho iMelika iphinda iwuphikisa ngokuqinile lo mkhuba ekupheleni kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi.
I-War on Terror
Nakuba igunya le-CIA lokubulala, ukungenelela ngokucashile, ukubhekwa, kanye nokuhlukunyezwa lancishiswa ekupheleni kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, ukuhlasela kwamaphekula kwangoSepthemba 2001 kwabangela ukwanda okungakaze kubonwe esikalini somphakathi wezobunhloli kanye nokuvela kabusha okuhambisanayo kokuhlukile kwabaphathi. I-War on Terror's isifiso esinamandla sokuthola ulwazi olukhiqizwe, eshumini leminyaka layo lokuqala, ukuthi yini Washington Post ubizwa ngegama "igatsha lesine" langempela likahulumeni wobumbano wase-US onezikhulu zezokuphepha ezihloliwe ezingu-854,000, izinhlangano zezokuphepha ezingu-263, izinhloli ezizimele nezikahulumeni ezingaphezu kuka-3,000, kanye nezikhungo zokuphepha ezintsha ezingu-33 - konke kukhipha ingqikithi yemibiko yezobunhloli ehlukanisiwe engu-50,000 minyaka yonke ngo-2010.
Ngaleso sikhathi, elinye lamalungu amasha kakhulu oMphakathi Wezobunhloli, i-National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, kakade Abasebenzi abangu-16,000, isabelomali esingamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5, kanye nendlunkulu enkulu ecishe ibe yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili zamaRandi e-Fort Belvoir, eMaryland - konke okuhloswe ukuxhumanisa idatha egcwele yokugada evela kuma-drones, izindiza ze-U-2 zezinhloli, i-Google Earth, namasathelayithi azungezayo.
Ngokusho kwemibhalo i-whistleblower u-Edward Snowden aputshuze ku- Washington Post, i-US wachitha $500 billion ezikhungweni zayo zezobunhloli eminyakeni eyishumi nambili ngemuva kokuhlasela kwe-9/11, okubala izabelo zonyaka ngo-2012 zamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-11 ze-National Security Agency (NSA) kanye namaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-15 zeCIA. Uma sengeza amabhiliyoni angama-790 kusetshenzisiwe Emnyangweni Wezokuphepha Kwasekhaya kuleyo bhiliyoni engama- $ 500 yobuhlakani baphesheya kwezilwandle, lapho-ke iWashington yachitha cishe ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.3 ukwakha izwe eliyimfihlo ngaphakathi kwesimo sobukhulu namandla angakaze abonwe.
Njengoba lo mbuso oyimfihlo wawudlondlobala, umbusi womhlaba wanquma ukuthi ezinye izinto ezingavamile ezimele inkululeko yomphakathi ekhaya nobukhosi bangaphandle kwakufanele. Okugqama kakhulu kube nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwe-CIA okunedumela elibi lokuhlukumeza abantu abasolwa ngokuba ngamaphekula kanye nokusungula inethiwekhi yayo yamajele azimele, noma โamasayithi amnyama,โ ngaphandle kwanoma iyiphi inkantolo noma iziphathimandla ezingokomthetho. Ngokuhambisana nobugebengu nobugqila, ukuqedwa kokuhlukunyezwa kwase kunesikhathi eside kuyindaba yokusayina uma kuziwa ekubuseni komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Lesi simiso sasiqine kangangokuthi i-UN General Assembly yavota ngazwi linye ngo-1984 ukuze yamukele i-Convention Against Torture. Nokho, lapho kuziwa ekuyiqinisekiseni, iWashington yashaya indiva le ndaba kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi lapho ekugcineni iqala kabusha ukumelela ubulungisa bamazwe ngamazwe, ibamba iqhaza eNgqungqutheleni Yomhlaba Wonke Yamalungelo Abantu eVienna ngo-1993 futhi, ngemva konyaka, yamukela. i-UN Convention Against Torture.
Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, inkosi yanquma ukubekela izwe layo kuphela ezinye izinto. Ngemva konyaka uMongameli Bill Clinton esayine i-UN Convention, ama-CIA agents waqala ukuhlwitha abasolwa bobuphekula emazweni aseBalkan, abanye babo bekuyizizalwane zaseGibhithe, futhi babathumela eCairo, lapho umbuso wentando yeningi ovumela ukuhlukunyezwa ungenza noma yini eyifunayo kubo emajele ayo. Owayengumqondisi weCIA uGeorge Tenet kamuva wafakaza ukuthi, eminyakeni engaphambi kwe-9/11, i-CIA yathumela abantu abangaba ngu-70 emazweni angaphandle ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa okusemthethweni - inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi "ukuhumusha okungavamile" eyayivinjelwe ngokusobala ngaphansi kwe-Article 3 ye-UN Convention.
Ngemva nje kwenkulumo yakhe yeningi esizweni esinyakaziswayo ngoSepthemba 11, 2001, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wanika abasebenzi bakhe imiyalelo eyimfihlo ebanzi yokuba bahlukumeze, engeza (enguqulweni yolimi lwendabuko ye-dictum kaSchmitt), "Anginandaba ukuthi bathini abameli bamazwe ngamazwe, sizokhahlela imbongolo." Ngalo moya, i-White House igunyaze i-CIA ukuthi ithuthukise leyo matrix yomhlaba wonke yamajele ayimfihlo, kanye ne- i-armada yezindiza for spiriting abasolwa abathunjwe amaphekula kubo, kanye a Inethiwekhi yabalingani abangakwazi siza ukubamba labo basolwa abavela ezifundazweni ezizimele bese bebenza ba i-supranational gulag yezindawo eziyisishiyagalombili ze-ejensi emnyama ukusuka eThailand kuya ePoland noma kuyigugu lesistimu, i-Guantรกnamo, ngaleyo ndlela imithetho nezivumelwano ezihlala zisekelwe emibonweni esekelwe endaweni yobukhosi.
Kwake kwaba yiCIA Ivaliwe amasayithi abamnyama ngo-2008-2009, ababambisene nabo kule gulag yomhlaba wonke baqala ukuzwa amandla omthetho ngamacala abo abhekiswe esintwini. Ngaphansi kwengcindezi yoMkhandlu WaseYurophu, ePoland Iqalile uphenyo lobugebengu oluqhubekayo ngo-2008 kubasebenzi bayo bezokuphepha ababeqondise ijele eliyimfihlo le-CIA enyakatho-mpumalanga yezwe. NgoSepthemba 2012, inkantolo ephakeme yase-Italy yaqinisekisa ukugwetshwa kwamanxusa angama-22 e-CIA ngokuhunyushwa ngokungemthetho kodingiswa lwaseGibhithe u-Abu Omar esuka eMilan eya eCairo, yaphinde yayala ukuba kuqulwe icala lesikhulu sezobunhloli bezempi yase-Italy ngamacala athi. wamgweba iminyaka engu-10 ejele. Ngo-2012, iScotland Yard yavula uphenyo lobugebengu kumanxusa e-MI6 anikela abahlukumezi baseLibya emajele kaColonel Gaddafi ngokuhlukumeza, kwathi eminyakeni emibili kamuva iNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala. kuvunyelwe abanye balabo bantu baseLibya ukuthi bamangalele iMI6 ngokuthumba nokuhlukumeza.
Kodwa hhayi i-CIA. Ngisho nangemva kombiko weSenethi Wokuhlushwa wango-2014 ibhalwe phansi we-Ejensi ukuhlukunyezwa okuhlukumezayo ngokuningiliziwe okubuhlungu, kwakungekho mnyakazo wokuthi kube nezijeziso zobugebengu noma zomphakathi ngokumelene nalabo ababeyalele ukuhlushwa noma labo ababekwenzile. Phakathi ku umhleli onamandla ngoDisemba 21, 2014 New York Times ubuze ukuthi "isizwe sizoma yini futhi sivumele abahlukumezi ukuthi babe nokuvikeleka okungapheli." Yebo, impendulo yaba yebo. Ukungavikeleki kwabaqashiwe ingenye yezinto ezihlukile zobukhosi ezibaluleke kakhulu.
Njengoba uMongameli Bush eqeda ihlandla lakhe lesibili ngo-2008, uphenyo olwenziwe yi-International Commission of Jurists lwathola ukuthi ukuhlanganisa kwe-CIA kwezinhlaka zezokuphepha ezihlangene emhlabeni wonke kwenze umonakalo omkhulu ekulawuleni umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. "Isigungu esiphezulu ... akufanele nakancane sisebenzise isimo esibucayi ukuze siphuce izisulu zokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu ... ukufinyelela kwabo kwezobulungiswa," iKhomishana Kunconywa ngemva kokubhala phansi ukucekelwa phansi kwenkululeko yabantu emazweni angaba ngu-40. "Izimfihlo zombuso kanye nemikhawulo efanayo akumele ivimbe ilungelo lokuthola ikhambi elisebenzayo lokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu."
Iminyaka kaBush nayo yaletha ukwenqaba okusobala kweWashington umthetho womthetho. Lapho iNkantolo Yobugebengu Yamazwe Ngamazwe (i-ICC) esanda kusungulwa ihlangana e-Hague ngo-2002, iBush White House "okungasayiniweโ noma โwaklamaโ isivumelwano se-UN esakha inkantolo wabe esefaka umzamo oqhubekayo wokugoma imisebenzi yezempi yase-US ngokusuka emthethweni wayo. Lokhu kwaba ukuhoxa okungajwayelekile kwesizwe esaphefumulela umqondo wokuthi kube nenkantolo yamazwe ngamazwe.
Izizinda Ezingenamingcele ZoMbusi
Ngenkathi oMongameli u-Eisenhower kanye noBush banquma ngokuhlukile okwephula imingcele kazwelonke nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, uMongameli Obama usebenzisa amalungelo akhe akhethekile ezizindeni ezingenamingcele ze-aerospace kanye ne-cyberspace.
Zombili ziyizindawo ezintsha, ezingalawulwa zezingxabano zezempi ezingaphezu kwerubhrikhi yomthetho wamazwe omhlaba futhi iWashington ikholelwa ukuthi ingazisebenzisa njenge-Archimedean levers yokubusa umhlaba wonke. Njengoba nje iBrithani yake yabusa olwandle futhi ngemva kwempi iMelika yasebenzisa ukufinyelela kwayo emhlabeni wonke ngokusebenzisa amandla endiza, ngakho-ke iWashington manje ibona i-aerospace kanye ne-cyberspace njengezindawo ezikhethekile zokubusa ekhulwini lamashumi amabili nanye.
Ngaphansi kuka-Obama, ama-drones akhulile esuka ku-Band-Aid ehlakaniphile e-Afghanistan aba isikhali samasu sokusebenzisa amandla omhlaba. Kusukela ngo-2009 kuya ku-2015, i-CIA kanye ne-US Air Force bathumele i-armada ye-drone engaphezu kwe-200 Predators and Reapers, ukuqala Iziteleka ezingama-413 ePakistan iyodwa, kwashona abantu ababalelwa ku-3,800. Njalo ngoLwesibili ngaphakathi kwe-White House Situation Room, njenge New York Times kubikwe ngo-2012, uMongameli Obama Izibuyekezo indiza ye-CIA "uhlu lokubulala" futhi igqolozele ubuso balabo okuhloswe kubo ukubulawa okungenzeka emoyeni. Ube esenquma, ngaphandle kwanoma iyiphi inqubo engokomthetho, ukuthi ubani ozophila futhi ubani ozofa, ngisho noma kwenzekani Izakhamizi zaseMelika. Ngokungafani nabanye abaholi bomhlaba, lo mbuso usebenzisa okuhlukile kulo lonke elaseMpumalanga Ephakathi Elikhulu, izingxenye ze-Afrika, nakwezinye izindawo uma ethanda.
Le mpumelelo ebulalayo iwunqenqema lwephrojekthi eyimfihlo yePentagon ezothi, ngo-2020, isebenzise "isihlangu" sesikhala esinompheme kathathu ukusuka ku-stratosphere kuya endaweni engaphandle, egadwa ama-Global Hawk nama-X-37B ama-drones ahlome ngemicibisholo esheshayo.
Njengoba iWashington ifuna ukuphoqa imbulunga yonke engaphumuli esibhakabhakeni nasemkhathini, umhlaba ungabuza: Buphakeme kangakanani ubukhosi banoma isiphi isizwe? Ngemuva kokwehluleka okulandelanayo kwengqungquthela yendiza yaseParis ka-1910, i-Hague Rules of Aerial Warfare ka-1923, kanye ne-Geneva's. Iphrothokholi I ka-1977 ukuze kutholwe ubungako bendawo yezindiza ebusayo noma ukunqanda impi yasemoyeni, omunye ummeli wePentagon ophuphile angase aphendule: kuphela ngokuphakama njengoba ungakuphoqelela.
UMongameli u-Obama uphinde wamukela uhlelo olukhulu lokugada lwe-NSA njengesikhali esihlala njalo sokusebenzisa amandla omhlaba. Ezingeni elibanzi, ukugada okunjalo kuhambisana necebo lika-Obama lokuzivikela, elamenyezelwa ngo-2012, lokusika amandla avamile ngenkathi kuyalondolozwa Amandla omhlaba e-US ngokusebenzisa amandla "womkhankaso wezikhali ohlangene kuzo zonke izizinda: umhlaba, umoya, osolwandle, indawo kanye ne-cyberspace." Ngaphezu kwalokho, akufanele kusimangaze ukuthi, ngemva kokuvula amathuba okudala impi ku-cyberspace, umongameli akazange angabaze Uqalise i-cyberwar yokuqala emlandweni ngokumelene ne-Iran.
Ekupheleni kwethemu yokuqala ka-Obama, i-NSA ingase ishanele izigidigidi zemiyalezo emhlabeni wonke ngobuciko bayo bokugada obushelelayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amakhulukhulu amaphuzu wokufinyelela ngokungena kwezintambo ze-fiber optic zeWebhu Yomhlaba Wonke; ama-ancillary intercepts ngokusebenzisa izivumelwano ezikhethekile kanye namaphutha esofthiwe "emuva"; ama-supercomputers ukuze aphule ukubethela kwalesi sifufula sedijithali; kanye nepulazi elikhulu ledatha ku IBluffdale, Utah, eyakhiwe ngezindleko zamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2 ukuze kugcinwe ama-yottabytes edatha ye-purloined.
Ngisho nangemva kwezikhulu zeSilicon Valley ezithukuthele wabhikisha ukuthi ukugadwa kwesoftware ye-NSA โemuvaโ kusongela imboni yabo yezigidigidi zamadola, u-Obama esibizwa inhlanganisela yolwazi lwe-inthanethi namakhompyutha amakhulu โithuluzi elinamandla.โ Waphikelela ngokuthi, โnjengowukuphela kwamandla amakhulu emhlabeni,โ i-United States โayikwazi ukuphuca izinhlangano zethu zezobunhloli izikhali.โ Ngamanye amazwi, umbusi akakwazi ukugunyaza noma yikuphi okuhlukile kuhlelo lwakhe oluhlukile.
Izambulo ezivela kunqolobane ka-Edward Snowden yemibhalo eputshuziwe ngasekupheleni kuka-2013 kukhombisa ukuthi i-NSA yenze uphenyo abaholi ezizweni ezingaba ngu-122 emhlabeni wonke, ezingu-35 zazo eduze, okuhlanganisa nomongameli waseBrazil u-Dilma Rousseff, owayengumongameli waseMexico uFelipe I-Calderon, kanye noShansela waseJalimane u-Angela Merkel. Ngemuva kokubhikisha kwakhe okunamandla, u-Obama wavuma ukukhulula ucingo lukaMerkel ekugadweni kwe-NSA esikhathini esizayo, kodwa ugodliwe ilungelo, njengoba akubeka, ukuqhubeka โnokuqoqa ulwazi mayelana nezinhloso zohulumeniโฆ emhlabeni wonke.โ Umbusi wenqabile ukusho okuyinto abaholi bomhlaba abangase bakhululwe ekubukeni kwakhe kokwazi konke.
Ingabe kungaba khona noma yimuphi umbuzo wokuthi, emashumini eminyaka ezayo, iWashington izoqhubeka nokwephula ubukhosi bezwe ngokusebenzisa umshoshaphansi wesitayela sakudala kanye nokungenelela okuvulekile, njengoba iphikelela ekwenqabeni noma yimiphi imihlangano yamazwe ngamazwe evimbela ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwe-aerospace noma i-cyberspace ukuze ingahloliwe. phoqa ukuqagela, noma kuphi, nganoma yisiphi isikhathi? Imithetho ekhona noma izivumelwano ukuthi nganoma iyiphi indlela ukuhlola la mandla kuzophulwa lapho inkosi inquma kanjalo. Manje lena imithetho engabhaliwe yomgwaqo yeplanethi yethu. Bamele ukuhluka kwangempela kwaseMelika.
U-Alfred W. McCoy unguprofesa wezomlando eNyuvesi yaseWisconsin-Madison. A TomDispatch Njalo, ungumbhali we Ukuhlushwa Nokungajezisi: Imfundiso yase-US Yokuphenywa Ngempoqo, phakathi kweminye imisebenzi.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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