Eningini labomdabu baseBolivia, unyaka ka-1781 ugxile enkumbulweni edumile njengowokuvukela obala ubukoloni baseSpain. Eholwa nguTupak Katari, ama-Aymaras omdabu asezindaweni eziphakeme avimbezela idolobha laseLa Paz izinyanga ezimbalwa. Ngenkathi uKatari ekugcineni ehlulwe amandla, wabanjwa, futhi wahlukaniswa izingxenye ezintathu, waba indawo eyingqophamlando yomzabalazo wendabuko, ethembisa ngaphambi nje kokuba abulawe ukuthi “ngizobuya, futhi ngizoba izigidi.”
Ngakho-ke futhi, ngemuva kweminyaka engaphezu kuka-500 yobukoloni, izigidi zabomdabu baseBolivia baphinde basukuma ukuze balawule ikusasa labo, baqhubekisela okokuqala umuntu wendabuko, u-Evo Morales, ehhovisi likamongameli wezwe. .
Leli gagasi elisha lokuhlubuka ligxile encwadini yokuqala yentatheli uBen Dangl Intengo Yomlilo: Izimpi Zezinsiza kanye Nokunyakaza Komphakathi eBolivia. U-Dangl akayena umuntu ongaziwa kulesi sihloko, njengoba ebike ngezenzakalo ezenzeka eBolivia iminyaka eminingana, kuhlanganise nofakazi wokuzibonela wokuvukela umbuso ngo-2003, phakathi kokunye. Umagazini we-Z, The Nation, Futhi Green Kwesobunxele Weekly, kanye nokuhlela iphephabhuku eliku-inthanethi Umhlaba Obheke Phansi, umthombo owusizo wolwazi mayelana nezinguquko zezombangazwe eLatin America.
Encwadini yakhe, uDangl ubuyela eBolivia ukuyonikeza abafundi ukuqonda okucacile kokuthi kungani iBolivia isiphenduke inkundla yempi ebaluleke kangaka phakathi kwezinhlangano ezilwa nomphakathi wangaphandle, lokho akubiza ngokuthi, "inani lomlilo" - ukufinyelela ezintweni eziyisisekelo zokusinda. njengegesi, amanzi, umhlaba, i-coca, ukuqashwa, nezinye izinsiza.
Nakuba inikeza ulwazi oluningi olubalulekile ngemvelaphi nemithelela ye-neoliberalism e-Bolivia, umnikelo obaluleke kakhulu wale ncwadi ukulandelela kuka-Dangl umsuka nezici ezihlukile zabalingisi abasha emphakathini waseBolivia - abalimi be-coca esifundeni sase-Chapare, amakomiti omakhelwane base-El Alto, umnyakazo wabalimi abangenamhlaba, kanye nezinhlangano zabesifazane namasiko phakathi kokunye - ukuhlinzeka ngemininingwane ebalulekile ngemvelo yabo. Okubi kakhulu, i-Dangl ivumela labo abasenkabeni yalo mzabalazo ukuthi baxoxe indaba yabo, bethula abafundi kubadlali abaningi abaziwayo, nabangaziwa kakhulu.
Kungenxa yezingxoxo nabadayisi basemgwaqweni, amalungu amakomiti omakhelwane, izintatheli ze-Aymara kanye nezazi zezokuhlalisana kwabantu lapho u-Dangl enikeza iwindi lokubuka umhlaba wabantu base-El Alto, abalingisi abamaphakathi ekubhalweni komlando omusha waseBolivia. Unikeza abafundi ukuqonda okujulile ngepolitiki yaleli dolobha elikhulu, edweba ukuthi umlando waleli dolobha, elalinganakwa amashumi eminyaka uhulumeni, ubaluleke kanjani ekudaleni izibopho eziqinile zobumbano kanye nomzabalazo phakathi. alteños.
U-Dangl uveza ukuthi ukuxutshwa kwemikhuba namakhono abavukuzi, kushiywe kanjani bengasebenzi ngenxa yezinkampani ezizimele, kanye nezinhlaka zenhlangano namasiko ase-Aymaran yasemaphandleni. yilo, idale ubunikazi obuyiqoqo bokubumbana komphakathi nokuhleleka. U-Dangl ucacisa ukuthi, kubasebenzi abaningi abangekho emthethweni base-El Alto, ukubandakanyeka kwabo ezinyunyaneni kunikeza kanjani “umuzwa wobunikazi beqoqo . . . kubalulekile kubathengisi abasebenza endaweni evame ukuhluka futhi enokuncintisana kwezomnotho. "
Uhlaka olufanayo lwenziwa ngomlimi we-coca, noma i-cocalero, inhlangano esifundeni saseChapare, eyabhekana “nempi yokulwa nezidakamizwa” eyayibekwe yi-US, yenziwa enye yezinhlangano zomphakathi ezilwa kakhulu ezweni.
Nakuba imithelela yezinyunyana zabasebenzi basezimayini ibe nomthelela omkhulu ngenxa yezizathu ezingokomlando, u-Dangl uyachaza ukuthi “ama-syndicatos, ukuhlelwa komphakathi okufana nezinyunyana” kungaphezu nje kwezikhali zomzabalazo, ezisebenza “ukuhlela imijikelezo yomsebenzi nokwabiwa komhlaba, nezingxabano ezixoxisanayo.”
Elandisa ngendaba yakhe, uLeonilda Zurita, owasiza ekusunguleni umfelandawonye wesifazane wokuqala we-cocaleros ngo-1995, uchaza indima yalaba. ama-syndicatos. UZurita uthi kuDangl: “[Abaningi] abesifazane baseChapare abakwazi ukufunda nokubhala. Ngakho isikole esingcono kakhulu sabesifazane inyunyana. Lapho sinikeze abantu amandla. Sifunda ngokuthi yimiphi imithetho esivunayo nokuthi yimiphi engasivuni. Konke lokhu kusikhombisile ukuthi inhlangano yezinyunyana ibalulekile ukuvikela umhlaba ongumama, ukuvikela i-coca, nokuvikela imithombo yethu yemvelo. "
Namuhla, uZurita uyilungu lephalamende neMovement Towards Socialism - Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples (MAS-IPSP), eyavela njengempendulo yezombusazwe, ikakhulukazi yama-cocaleros of the Chapare, "kuzinqubomgomo ezazicekela phansi izimpilo zabo. ”
Kuphinde futhi kuvele ezinhlwini zalawa ma-cocaleros lapho kwavela khona uMorales, okwathi, njengoba u-Dangl esho, wasiza ukuthuthukisa i-MAS yaba “iqembu 'elimelene nama impiriyali' kanye 'ne-'anti-neoliberal', phakathi kwezinye izinkundla, elakhuthaza ukuhoxiswa kokukhiqizwa kwe-coca. kanye nokubeka imithombo yemvelo, njengegesi namafutha, ngaphansi kokulawulwa kukahulumeni.”
U-Dangl uphinde adwebe ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano ezibalulekile zomphakathi njenge-Movement of Landless Peasants, i-Coalition in Defense of Water and Life, kanye nenhlangano yabesifazane i-Mujeres Creando. Kukho konke ukubhekwa okuseduze kokushintshashintsha okuhlukahlukene okudlalwayo phakathi kwalokhu, kanye nokunye ukunyakaza, hhayi eBolivia kuphela kodwa nakulo lonke elaseNingizimu Melika, u-Dangl uyaqhubeka nokubuyela kulokho okubahlanganisa ndawonye, umzabalazo wabo wokubuyisela ukulawula imithombo yabo yemvelo.
U-Dangl ufingqa lo mbono ekupheleni kwesahluko esithi "Occupy, Resist, Produce" - isiqubulo esenziwa saduma yinhlangano yezimboni zase-Argentina: "Enhliziyweni yalo msebenzi ngamunye," kulokhu umsebenzi wamafektri e-Argentina. , izwe laseBolivia naseParaguay, nejele laseVenezuela, “umbuzo wempahla nobunikazi, nokuthi abantu abakhethekile noma abantulayo kufanele basebenzise lezi zinsiza noma cha.”
Ngokugxila kulo mbuzo, u-Dangl udlulela ngalé nje kokwethula abafundi emikhankasweni yezenhlalo yaseBolivia, ekwenzeni umnikelo obalulekile engxoxweni mayelana nokuguquguquka kwezenhlalo, indima yohulumeni abasha kwesokunxele, kanye nombuzo wamandla ombuso, okuyinto yenza incwadi ibe yinsiza ebaluleke kakhulu kulabo abanentshisekelo engxoxweni eqhubekayo.
Isikhundla sika-Dangl siyasuka embonweni wokuthi “ukwakhiwa kokudidiyelwa kwezifunda phakathi kohulumeni baseLatin America abathuthukayo” kuye kwasiza ekususeni ibhalansi yamandla “esuka eWashington kanye nezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe futhi aye ezandleni zezinhlangano zomphakathi zaseLatin America kanye nohulumeni abamaphakathi”; kunalokho, uthi, ithuba langempela lenguquko livela kuleyo nhlangano yezenhlalo “esebenzisa amandla okuhlela nokudala enye inkundla yezenhlalo ezimweni eziningi enamandla kunombuso.”
Lokhu kuholela ekushiyeni okubili ekuhlaziyeni kwakhe. Okokuqala, ivele ihlanganise bonke esinxeleni sohulumeni abaphakathi, ngaphandle kokwenza umehluko phakathi, ngokwesibonelo, ohulumeni baseMorales noHugo Chavez (Venezuela) nowaseLula (Brazil), noTabare Vasquez (Uruguay), noBachelet (eChile) ngakolunye uhlangothi.
Okwesibili iphinde ikubeke phansi ukubaluleka kwamandla ombuso. U-Dangl ubhekisela kumhlaziyi owaziwayo wase-Uruguayan wesokunxele Raul ZibechiUkuhlaziywa kokuvukela kuka-Okthoba 2003, owabhala, “kungaphikiswana ngokuthi ukube izinhlaka ezibumbene, ezihlelekile bezikhona, bekungeke kukhululwe amandla omphakathi amaningi. Isihluthulelo salokhu kugqugquzelwa kwabantu abasemazingeni aphansi, ngokungangabazeki, kuwukusungula inhlangano eyisisekelo egcwalisa zonke izintuba zomphakathi futhi eye yenza izinhlobo eziningi zokumelela ngendlela engafanele.”
Kodwa-ke, njengoba uDangl ngokwakhe ephawula, into esemqoka ekukhuleni kukaMorales ukuthi “yize abanye abaholi bezinyunyana noma amaqembu angaleso sikhathi babegxile ezindabeni ze-campesino, noma ezomdabu, uMorales - umlimi womdabu we-coca odabuka e- altiplano - wakhuluma naye abalimi, abomdabu, nabavoti be-cocalero.”
Kungenxa yokuthi i-Morales kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi ezakha isisekelo se-MAS zigxile ekudaleni “uhlaka oluhlangene, oluhlelekile” - MAS-IPSP - nokusebenzisa leli thuluzi hhayi nje ukuwina ukhetho, kodwa ukuthatha amandla, okwenza lezi zindawo ezimbili ezimaphakathi. izimfuno zezinhlangano zomphakathi - ukwenziwa kwegesi kanye nomhlangano wabavoti kuzwelonke - zibe ngokoqobo, naphezu kokugxeka okuvumelekile uDangl akwenzayo mayelana namaphutha ekusetshenzisweni kwazo.
UMorales ukwazile ukuhlanganisa izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zezifunda zaseBolivia zibe umnyakazo onamandla wephrojekthi yenkululeko kazwelonke ehloselwe hhayi nje ukubuyisela ukulawula izinsiza zezwe, kodwa futhi “nokwenza izwe” libe izwe.
Ngokuthatha umbuso okhona, uMorales, esebenzisana nezinhlangano zezenhlalakahle zaseBolivia, uthemba ukuthi uzokwenza buthaka ukuphikiswa konxiwankulu futhi akusebenzise ukubeka isisekelo sombuso omusha osekelwe ekufakweni kweningi labomdabu baseBolivia. Kodwa-ke lena yimpi okuzomele izinhlangano, kanye nohulumeni, ziyilwe ePhalamende Lomthethosisekelo, nasemigwaqweni. Ukwenza okuhlukile kungaholela ekuhlakazekeni, ekudambiseni, nasekunqotshweni kokugcina kwezinhlangano zomphakathi.
UFederico Fuentes ungumbhali ovamile wephephandaba lase-Australia lezenhlalakahle, Green Kwesobunxele Isonto, futhi igcina ibhulogi I-Bolivia Rising. Uyilungu leDemocratic Socialist Perspective, ukuthambekela ngaphakathi kwe-Australian Socialist Alliance.
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