Isingeniso
Ama-Anarchists nama-Marxists awazange avumelane kakhulu ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngempela, uKarl Marx kanye no-anarchist wangaleso sikhathi nembangi yakhe, uMikhail Bakunin, bathambekele ekungabonini ngaso linye. Kodwa kwakunesinqumo esisodwa esibalulekile sezombangazwe of okuyinto bobabili baqiniseka: ukuthi "the ukukhululwa of isigaba sabasebenzi kumele kube yisenzo of abasebenzi ngokwabo." Lesi simiso of uqobo-ukukhululwa yafakwa emithethweni of inhlangano ababengaphansi kwayo bobabili ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engu-19th lekhulu leminyaka, โIzizwe Zonke,โ njengoba zazibizwa kanjalo ngaleso sikhathi, noma โIzizwe Zonke Zokuqala,โ njengoba yaziwa kanjalo. Namuhla, mhlawumbe yaziwa kakhulu ngengoma enikezelwe kuyo, I-Internationale.
Isimiso of uqobo-ukukhululwa, okwabekwa yi-International enkabeni of yayo ezombusazwe, yaqala ukuvela maphakathi no-19th ekhulwini njengengxenye of ukuhlehla phakathi kwama-radicals of leso sikhathi ngokumelene namafomu athile angaphambili of i-socialism ababeyibheke njengobubaba nobukhazikhazi.
Ngokwalawa mafomu angaphambili of i-radicalism, uquqaba lwalungenalwazi kakhulu, noma luzithela ngabandayo futhi bengenandaba, ukuba bangaze bazikhulule, ngakho-ke okwakudingeka kwakuyiqembu elikhethekile. of abaguquli abangenabugovu (noma onjiniyela bezenhlalo abaphuma phambili) ababezofinyelela uguquko lwezenhlalo esikhundleni sika of abantu abasebenza. Ukukhishwa izonikezwa isigaba sabasebenzi njengohlobo of isipho, esinikezwe abasebenzi abavela phezulu iqoqo lezihlakaniphi nezishoshovu.
Izishoshovu ezibheke phambili kakhulu of isikhathi, kuhlanganise Bakunin futhi Marx, waphikelela uqobo-ukukhululwa njengephuzu of isimiso. Kodwa bebeqonde ukuthini "uqobo-ukukhululwa"? Futhi yikuphi ukuhambisana, uma kukhona, okwenzayo lokhu, 19th isikhathi sekhulu leminyaka sinemizabalazo yanamuhla yobulungisa bezenhlalo nezemvelo, kanye nentando yeningi yezombangazwe nezomnotho?
I-Elitist Radicalism Namuhla
Kungase kungabonakali kusobala, kodwa isiko of i-elitist radicalism lapho u-Marx no-Bakunin (nabanye abaningi) ababephikisana nayo ngasekupheleni kwawo-1800 isaphila futhi isaphila, Kwesokunxele namuhla.
Yiqiniso, izishoshovu eziqinile ngeke zisho - ngokusobala - ukuthi izixuku azinalwazi futhi azinandaba ukuthi zingazikhulula, nokuthi zidinga iqembu elikhethekile lezihlakaniphi nezishoshovu ukuze zibakhulule phezulu. Kodwa wona kanye lo mbono empeleni unethonya elikhulu phakathi kwama-radicals amaningi aseNyakatho Melika namuhla. Basebenzisa ulimi oluhluke kancane, kodwa okuqukethwe of zabo ezombusazwe ifana ngokumangalisayo ne-elitist radicalism of i-19th ikhulu leminyaka. Abantu abaningi โabanandaba kakhulu,โ kusho lezi zishoshovu, ukuze bazibandakanye emzabalazweni wobulungiswa emphakathini. Abantu abaningi "bayizimvu," ingxabano iya, abangazi ngamabomu ngoba of ukunamathela kwabo ekuthengeni kanye a uqobo-indlela yokuphila yokuzitika of i-hedonism kanye ne-escapism. Ngakho-ke, umuntu ojwayelekile uyingxenye of inkinga, hhayi ingxenye of ikhambi.
Kusukela kulawa maphuzu okuqala okuhlaziya, ama-elitist radicals of namuhla bafinyelela isiphetho esifanayo esisebenzayo esifinyelelwa yi-19 yaboth abanduleli bekhulu leminyaka: asikho isidingo sokuzama ukuhlanganisa abantu abaningi, futhi abantu kuphela "abangama-radicals weqiniso," abenqaba ukuthengwa kwabathengi futhi "ababona ngamanga" of i-capitalism kanye nemithombo yezindaba yayo, ingazuzwa ngesu of umzabalazo wezempi, okuyikhona okudingekayo ukuze "uthathe uhlelo" futhi uguqule umphakathi.
Okubalulekile, ku-elitist radicalism, ukuthi uquqaba lunjalo hhayi ukuze kubonakale njengamandla anamandla oshintsho olukhulu, oluzohlelwa ngenqubo enzima of ukwakha ukunyakaza lapho bezuzwa khona kuphrojekthi yezepolitiki "ephikisana nesistimu". Kunalokho, uquqaba luqondwa kangcono njengethuluzi of ukusabela ezombusazwe, "ithengiwe" yisistimu, futhi manje isifakwe kuyo ngokuphelele (ngendlela of inhlanganisela of ukuceba, ukuthengwa kwempahla kanye nokukhohliswa kwabantu abaningi ngabezindaba), ukuthi empeleni ziyingxenye futhi ziyingxenye of uhlelo okumele luphikiswe.
Self-Ukukhishwa kanye noguquko lwezenhlalo
Lapho ama-radicals afana noMarx no-Bakunin benqaba ezombusazwe of elitist radicalism, esivuna of the ezombusazwe of uqobo-ukukhululwa, base bethuthukisa indlela entsha of ukucabanga mayelana namandla of ushintsho kwezenhlalo. Ngokombono abaphendukela kuwo kancane kancane, ukuguquka komphakathi kuhambisana nokuzishintsha, futhi abantu bayakhululwa ekucindezelweni noma ekuxhashazweni ngokuzihlanganisa ukuze balwele bona. Ekuqaleni, lokhu uqobo- inhlangano, noma "uqobo-umsebenzi" njengoba uMarx awubiza kanjalo, ungase ungabonakali "uqinile ngempela" kwezinye izishoshovu, ezingase zicabange ukuthi zazi kangcono ukuthi yiziphi izinkinga zangempela nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo. of ushintsho luyadingeka. Kodwa, esifundweni of ezifana uqobo-umsebenzi, abantu abaxhashazwayo nabacindezelwe abaqali nje ukushintsha umhlaba; baphinde baqale ukuziguqula: baqala ukubona amandla angaba khona of izenzo ezihlangene, ukubona ukuxhumana phakathi konxiwankulu kanye nokucwasa ngokwebala noma ukucwasa ngokobulili noma i-imperialism okungenzeka ukuthi abazange bakuqonde ngaphambili, futhi baqala ukucabanga ngoguquko lwezenhlalo olufinyelela kude njengoba bezuza ukuqonda okujulile ngezimpande zesistimu. of izinkinga zomphakathi abanethemba lokuzixazulula ngokusebenzisa izenzo zomphakathi. Le nqubo of ukubusa kwezombusazwe, ngezinye izikhathi okuholela ekushintsheni kwezombusazwe, kungase kuthathe isikhathi, futhi abantu abehlukene bazofinyelela iziphetho zezombusazwe ezehlukene kulokho abahlangabezane nakho emzabalazweni, ngezinye izikhathi befika ezikhundleni eziqinile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezikhundleni eziningi zokulwela izinguquko. Kodwa, ngokusho kwabameli of uqobo-ukukhululwa ezombusazwe, ayikho enye indlela esebenzayo yenqubo yokufunda enzima lapho ukunyakaza komphakathi, okusekelwe uqobo-inhlangano of abantu abaxhashazwayo nabacindezelwe, basebenza njengezindawo of ukuxoxisana (ukwakhiwa kwebhuloho) phakathi kobuningi of abantu kanye ne-ajenda yenguquko of kakhulu ezombusazwe. Grassroots social movements for uqobo-ukukhululwa bangabalamuli amabhuloho ezenza kube nokwenzeka ngezinhloso zokuvelela zenguquko yomphakathi ezamukelwe ama-radicals ahlukaniswe ngenye indlela ukuxhuma ezikhalweni nasezifisweni of masses of abantu abanamandla amakhulu okuguqula umphakathi kusuka ngaphansi.
Ngakho, i ezombusazwe of uqobo-ukukhululwa akuyona nje indlela of ukucabanga ngobudlelwano phakathi kwamaqembu angawodwa ama-radicals kanye nenqwaba yabantu besigaba sabasebenzi. Ngokuvamile kuyindlela of ukucabanga ngokuthi umhlaba ushintsha kanjani, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwe-radical ajenda kanye nenqwaba isifunda or isisekelo senhlalo ukuze kufezeke of leyo ajenda. Ngokuvumelana ne uqobo-ukukhululwa ezombusazwe, ukuze kufezwe i-ajenda eqinile (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ihlobene nekilasi noma ubulili noma uhlanga nanoma yini), izishoshovu kufanele zithembele ekuveleni. of umnyakazo we uqobo-ukukhululwa, lapho iqembu elixhashaziwe kanye/noma elicindezelwe liziguqula libe i-ejenti ehlangene of ukukhululwa kwayo, futhi ngalokho iba amandla oguquko olukhulu emphakathini. Ama-radicals awakwazi ukukhulula abanye, kodwa angakhuthaza ukuvela nokuqinisa of izinhlangano lapho abantu abaxhashazwayo nabacindezelwe besebenzela ukuzikhulula.
Self-Ukukhishwa futhi Okusebenzayo Ezombusazwe
Ithini imiphumela of isimiso of uqobo-ukukhululwa, emizabalazweni yanamuhla yobulungisa bezenhlalo nezemvelo, kanye nentando yeningi yezombangazwe nezomnotho?
Iphuzu elibalulekile ukuthi uqobo-ukukhululwa kusho ukuthi abantu kufanele babe ama-ejenti of ukukhululwa kwabo, futhi akekho omunye ongakwazi esikhundleni ngokwabo kubantu aba ukukhululwa ekucindezelweni nasekuxhashazweni Abanxele bafuna ukusekela.
Cabangela isibonelo. Inkululeko yabesifazane yinto okufanele wonke ama-radicals ayisekele, ngenkuthalo. Kodwa kusho ukuthini ku ukusekela ngenkuthalo ukukhululwa of abesifazane, uma umuntu emukela isimiso of uqobo-ukukhululwa? Kalula nje, kusho ukuthi ukukhululwa of abesifazane kumele kube yisenzo of abesifazane ngokwabo. Abesifazane kanye namadoda banobudlelwano obuhluke kakhulu kubufazi, uma umuntu eqonda ubufazi njengemoto ye uqobo-ukukhululwa of abesifazane.
Kodwa ingabe lokho kusho ukuthi amadoda akufanele enze lutho ukusekela umzabalazo wokulwa nobulili? Of akunjalo. U-Marx no-Bakunin babengezona izisebenzi kodwa ababhali ababeqashwe kancane, ababethembele ekusekelweni ngokwezimali kwezinye izishoshovu kanye nezinhlangano zabasebenzi. Kodwa bazinikela enkululekweni of abasebenzi, futhi bakubona kufanele ukuthi lokhu kuhambisana nokuzibophezela kwabo ekuzikhululeni kwesigaba sabasebenzi. Kwenziwani-ke uqobo-ukukhululwa kusho, lapha?
Iphuzu liwukuthi hhayi ukuthi amadoda akufanele ahlanganyele iyiphi indlela. Iphuzu liwukuthi amadoda akufanele kuholele, futhi kufanele ahlehle ngokuqondile ekugijimeni aye phambili of umnyakazo. Kunalokho, amadoda kufanele azilolonge ngendlela ehlelekile, enesiyalo of ukuhlonipha. Kusho ukuthi, kuqala, engalenzi iphutha of becabanga ukuthi bangamalungu of ukunyakaza kwabesifazane njengawo wonke umuntu (okungukuthi, njengabesifazane), noma ukuthi banelungelo eliningi lokubamba iqhaza ekuthathweni kwezinqumo noma ekuhleleni izenzo njengoba kwenza noma yimuphi owesifazane. Lokho kuzofana noMarx noma u-Bakunin abafuna ilungelo lokuvota emhlanganweni wezinyunyana. I-Deference ibuye isho ukuthi, okwesibili, okuvumela abesifazane ukuba bazinqumele ukuthi iyiphi indima amadoda okufanele ayidlale enhlangano, uma ikhona.
Ifomu elilodwa a uqobo-ukukhululwa indlela yokubhekana nobufazi iwukuhlela abantu besifazane kuphela. Amadoda amukela isimiso of uqobo-ukukhululwa kufanele isekele ngokugcwele of noma yisiphi isinqumo sabesifazane sokungabandakanyi abesilisa ekuhleleni, ngoba lokhu kuvame ukuba yindlela ephumelelayo yokuthi abesifazane babeke ukuhlonishwa ngamadoda (okuvame ukuthatha isikhala esingafanele ekuhleleni imihlangano, futhi abangabeka izishoshovu zesifazane esikhundleni. of kumele benze ukuqeqeshwa "okulungisa" ukulwa nokucwasa ngokobulili kwizishoshovu zabesilisa, lapho isikhathi sabo sizosetshenziswa kangcono ekuhleleni uqobo-inkululeko).
Kodwa uqobo-ukukhululwa akudingi "ukwehlukana." Empeleni, asikho isizathu sokuthi kungani uqobo-ukukhululwa of abesifazane kumele ngaso sonke isikhathi baqonde ukuhlela kwabesifazane kuphela. Iphuzu mayelana uqobo-ukukhululwa ukuthi amadoda akukho okuthile kwesokudla ukufakwa nganoma iyiphi indlela, nokuthi isizathu kuphela sokuthi abesifazane bafake amadoda ukuthi abesifazane abathintekayo ekuhleleni ukunyakaza (noma izenzo ezithile noma izinhlangano ngaphakathi kwenhlangano) banqume ukuthi ukubandakanya amadoda ngezindlela ezithile kuyasiza uqobo-ukukhululwa of abesifazane. Ukwamukela ifomula esetshenziswa abameli bokuqala of uqobo-ukukhululwa: kuhle ukuthi amadoda ajoyine inhlangano yabesifazane, inqobo nje uma kuyibo ngempela abajoyina inhlangano yabesifazane, hhayi inhlangano yabesifazane ehlanganyela nabo. Ngamanye amazwi, akumele kube nokungabaza ukuthi umnyakazo kabani, futhi umsebenzi kabani ukuhola nokulolonga umnyakazo.
Amanye amadoda, ngenxa yokuthi ahlangene ukuze abe nomuzwa of ilungelo, futhi ngenxa yokuthi bayehluleka ukucabanga kahle ezombusazwe of uqobo-ukukhululwa, angase acasuke, ngokomzwelo, ngokungabandakanywa. Kodwa lokhu kufana nokuthi umqashi ucasulwa wukuthi izisebenzi zakhe zifuna ukuvumela abasebenzi kuphela ukuthi baye emihlanganweni yezinyunyana. Akuyona into yomuntu siqu, kodwa isibopho of inyunyana, kanye nesizathu sepolitiki sokuhlela inhlangano yabasebenzi kuqala, kudingekile ukuthi inyunyana iholwe ngabasebenzi futhi ihlelwe egameni labo kuphela. of abasebenzi, ukuze baqhubekisele phambili izinhloso nezintshisekelo zabo, futhi lokhu ngokuvamile (futhi ngokufanele) kudinga ukungabandakanyi abaqashi emicimbini ehlelwe yinyunyana. Uma umqashi ethatha icala, lokhu kufanele kube ngenxa yenhlanganisela of ukudideka kwezombusazwe kanye nokungavuthwa kwemizwelo. Abasebenzi abathintekayo akufanele banake ngokukhethekile. Mhlawumbe umqashi udinga ukwelulekwa, kodwa akufanele kube nomcabango of ukwamukela isicelo sakhe sokwamukelwa emihlanganweni yezinyunyana neminye imicimbi ehlelwe yinyunyana.
Ngisebenzise isibonelo of feminism, njengoba inhlangano for the uqobo-ukukhululwa of abesifazane, ukukhombisa imiphumela of uqobo-ukukhululwa ezombusazwe okwezishoshovu namuhla. Kodwa kufanele kube lula ukubona ukuthi amaphuzu afanayo angadluliselwa kanjani kwezinye izinhlobo of uqobo-ukukhululwa ukuhlela: ukuhlela okumelene nokucwasa ngokwebala, ukuhlela ukulwa nobumpofu, kanye nokuhlela ezombangazwe zeZizwe ZokuQala, isibonelo. Eminye imibutho yezenhlalakahle, efana nokuzabalaza ukwenza izikhungo zombuso ngentando yeningi noma ukuphoqelela amaphoyisa ukuziphendulela noma ukukhawulela ukwanda kwedolobha, njll., ingase ingaphakamisi zonke izinkinga ezifanayo, kodwa umqondo osenhliziyweni. of isimiso of uqobo-ukukhululwa kusasebenza: ukuthi aphansi uqobo-umsebenzi of masses of abantu bayisihluthulelo sokushintsha umhlaba, kunokuthembela kunoma yiliphi "elite" of izishoshovu ezizinikele noma uhlobo oluhlukile of "elite" of osopolitiki abangongoti.
Isiphetho
Ukwamukela i- ezombusazwe of uqobo-ukukhululwa kusho ukwenqatshwa, hhayi nje of i-elitist radicalism engayenza esikhundleni a uqobo- kumenyezelwa abaphezulu of "ama-radicals weqiniso" we uqobo-umsebenzi of uquqaba. Kuphinde kusho ukwenqatshwa of iyiphi imizamo yamalungu of one iqembu of abantu - kungakhathaliseki of ukuthi bangaba nezinhloso ezinhle kangakanani - ukuzama ukuzitholela bona ilungelo lokuhola umzabalazo ukukhululwa of iyiphi nezinye iqembu elixhashaziwe nelicindezelwe of abantu. Ngakho-ke, kusho uhlobo oluthile of deference: ukuzimisela ukuvuma ilungelo of abantu abacindezelwe nabaxhashazwayo ukuze bahole kulolu hlelo of okwabo uqobo-inkululeko.
(Umbhali, uSteve DโArcy, uyilungu le-London Project for a Participatory Society, e-Ontario, e-Canada. Angafinyelelwa ku-"radicalism{at}gmail.com")
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