I-State of the Union kaMongameli Bush iphawula ukuthi i-United States 'imlutha kawoyela' ingafundwa njengethuba elimsulwa lezepolitiki. Njengoba abantu baseMelika abaningi bezwakalisa ukukhathazeka mayelana namanani aphezulu kawoyela, izimo zezulu ezingajwayelekile, kanye nobudlelwano obuqinile baseMelika nabanamandla kawoyela angaphandle, akumangazi ukuthi uBush wafuna ukuziveza njengommeli wokuthuthukiswa kwezinye izinhlelo zamandla. Kepha kunenye, indlela embi kakhulu yokufunda ukuphawula kwakhe: ukuthi izikhulu eziphezulu sezibonile ukuthi i-United States kanye nomhlaba wonke ubhekene nengozi entsha nekhulayo - inkinga yamandla ehlala njalo ebeka impilo kanye nenhlalakahle yabantu engcupheni. wonke umphakathi emhlabeni.
Ngokuqinisekile, i-United States ike yabhekana nezinkinga ezinzima zamandla ngaphambili: 'i-oil shock' yango-1973-74 nemigqa yayo yegesi engamamayela ubude; inhlekelele ka-1979-80 ngemva kokuwa kweShah yase-Iran; ukucinywa kukagesi ngo-2000-01 eCalifornia, phakathi kokunye. Kepha isimo esibucayi esaqala ngo-2006 sinokubukeka okusha kuso. Okokuqala nje, kungenzeka kuqhubeke amashumi eminyaka, hhayi nje izinyanga noma iminyaka embalwa; okwesibili, izogubuzela yonke iplanethi, hhayi nje amazwe ambalwa; futhi ekugcineni, izokwenza okungaphezu nje kokukhubaza umnotho womhlaba - imiphumela yawo kwezombusazwe, ezempi, kanye nemvelo izoba mibi ngokulinganayo.
Ukube bekufanele ukhulume ngayo, ubungasho ukuthi inkinga yethu yaphakade yamandla yaqala, ngokufanelekile, ngoSuku LukaNcibijane, 2006, lapho i-Gazprom ephethwe nguhulumeni waseRussia, ivala ukulethwa kwegesi e-Ukraine njengesijeziso kuchwepheshe walelo zwe. -Izindlela zaseNtshonalanga. Nakuba i-Gazprom isiphinde yaqala kabusha ukudiliva okuthile, manje sekubonakala ukuthi iMoscow isikulungele ngokugcwele ukusebenzisa imithombo yayo eminingi yamandla njengesikhali sezombusazwe ngesikhathi sokushoda kwegesi yemvelo okuqhamuka emhlabeni wonke. Ngeke kube yizwe lokugcina ukwenza lokho eminyakeni ezayo. Emasontweni ambalwa nje kusukela lapho, umhlaba ube nochungechunge lokuphazamiseka okufanayo okuhlobene namandla:
* Ukucekelwa phansi kwamapayipi egesi yemvelo eya ezweni elaliyiriphabhulikhi yaseSoviet yaseGeorgia, okubangela ukungakhululeki okusakazekile emphakathini ngesikhathi esibanda ngendlela engavamile;
* Ukuqhuma kobudlova bezinhlanga obuhlobene nowoyela eNigeria, okwaphumela ekuncipheni okukhulu kokukhiqizwa kukawoyela kulelozwe;
* Izinsongo ze-Iran zokunqamula ukuthunyelwa kukawoyela negesi emazweni angaphandle ukuze iziphindiselele nganoma yikuphi unswinyo olubekwe uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN ngenxa yezenzo zayo ezisolakala zokucebisa ngezikhali zenuzi;
* Futhi ngenxa yentuthuko enjalo, uchungechunge lwama-mini-spikes amanani kawoyela ongahluziwe kanye nemibiko ephuma emaphephandabeni yebhizinisi yokuthi, uma le ndlela yokuntengantenga iqhubeka, amanani anjalo angakhuphuka kalula adlule amaRandi angu-80 umphongolo ukuze afinyelele i-$100 eyayingakaze icatshangwe. ngebanga ngalinye lomgqomo.
AmaVector of Crisis
Izehlakalo ezinjengalezi ngokuqinisekile zizosabalalisa ubuhlungu bezomnotho nobunzima emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi kulabo abangakwazi ukukhokhela izindleko zokuhamba eziphezulu nezokushisa. Nokho, njengoba kwenzeka, lezi akuzona izehlakalo ezingazodwa, ezingahlobene. Cabanga ngazo njengezinkulumo zenkinga ejulile. Njengokuzamazama kwangaphambi kokuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu, basikisela ukunqwabelana okuyingozi kwamandla anamandla azonyakazisa iplanethi iminyaka eminingi ezayo.
Nakuba singeke sithembe ukubona kusengaphambili zonke izindlela amandla anjalo azothinta ngayo umphakathi wesintu womhlaba wonke, izithwali eziyinhloko zenkinga yamandla engapheli zingakhonjwa futhi zifakwe kumashadi. Ama-vector amathathu anjalo, ikakhulukazi, adinga ukunakwa: ukwehla kokukhula kwempahla yamandla ngesikhathi sokusheshisa isidingo somhlaba wonke; ukuntengantenga kwezombusazwe okukhuphukayo okubangelwa ukuncintisana kwezombusazwe kulezo zimpahla; kanye nezinkinga ezikhulayo zemvelo ezikhiqizwa ukuqhubeka kwethu umlutha kawoyela, igesi yemvelo namalahle. Ngayinye yalezi izoba yimbangela eyanele yokukhathazeka, kodwa yimpambano-mgwaqo yazo okudingeka siyesabe ngaphezu kwakho konke.
Sekuyisikhathi eside ochwepheshe bezamandla bexwayisa ngokuthi uwoyela negesi okunikezwayo emhlabeni wonke kungenzeka ukuthi kunganwetshwa ngokwanele ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo esilindelwe. Kuze kube maphakathi nawo-1990s, amathiyori we-peak-oil athanda Kenneth Deffeyes wePrinceton University kanye noColin Campbell we I-Association for the Study of Peak Oil (ASPO) wagcizelela ukuthi umhlaba uphokophele enkathini kawoyela ophakeme futhi maduze uzobhekana nokwehla kokukhiqizwa kwe-petroleum. Ekuqaleni, ochwepheshe abaningi abavamile bazichithile lezi zimangalo njengezilula futhi ziyiphutha, kuyilapho izikhulu zikahulumeni nabamele izinkampani ezinkulu zikawoyela bezihleka usulu. Nokho, muva nje, kuye kwabonakala ushintsho olwandle embonweni wezikhulu. Okokuqala Matthew Simmons, the usihlalo weSimmons and Company International yaseHouston, ibhange lokutshala imali elihamba phambili laseMelika embonini yamandla, bese kuba nguDavid O'Reilly, Isikhulu esiphezulu seChevron, inkampani kawoyela engeyesibili ngobukhulu ezweni, yahlukana nezikhulu zikawoyela ezikanye nayo futhi yamukela inkolelo-mbono yamafutha amaningi. U-O'Reilly ukhulume kakhulu, ethatha izikhangiso ezigcwele ikhasi ku- New York Times namanye amaphepha okumemezela, 'Into eyodwa icacile: inkathi yamafutha alula isiphelile.'
Isikhathi esiqondile sokufika kukawoyela omningi asibalulekile njengeqiniso lokuthi uwoyela ophumayo emhlabeni cishe uzosilela esidingweni somhlaba wonke, uma kubhekwa ubuphekula bezinto ezimbiwa phansi zamazwe amadala anezimboni, ikakhulukazi i-United States, kanye nesidingo esikhulayo esivela e-China, I-India, namanye amazwe akhula ngokushesha. Umnyango Wezamandla wase-US (DoE) iphrojekthi yokufunwa kukawoyela emhlabeni wonke izokhula ngo-35% phakathi kuka-2004 no-2025 - isuka ezigidini ezingama-82 iye emiphongolweni eyizigidi eziyi-111 ngosuku. I-DoE ibikezela ukuthi ukuphuma kukawoyela kwansuku zonke kuzokhuphuka ngenani elilinganayo - ukusuka emiphongolweni eyizigidi ezingama-83 kuye kweziyi-111. Voila! - inkinga yokwanda kwamafutha iyanyamalala. Kodwa ngisho nokubheka kancane izibalo ezenziwe ngochwepheshe be-DoE kwanele ukuphakamisa izinsolo: Ngemuva kwezilinganiso ezinjalo kukhona ukucabanga ukuthi abakhiqizi abakhulu bakawoyela njenge-Iran, i-Iraq, iNigeria, neSaudi Arabia bangaphinda kabili noma kathathu ukukhiqizwa kwabo kukawoyela - ngokungenakwenzeka ngokwedlulele, ngokusho kwabahlaziyi abaningi abasangulukile. Phezu kwalokhu, i-DoE ibilokhu yehlisa izilinganiso zayo zokukhiqiza uwoyela: Ngo-2003, yabikezela ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela emhlabeni wonke kuzofinyelela emiphongolweni eyizigidi eziyi-123 ngosuku ngo-2025; ekupheleni kuka-2005, lelo nani lase lehle kakade ngemiphongolo eyizigidi ezingu-12, okubonisa ukungabi nathemba okwandayo ngisho naphakathi kwalabo abanethemba elikhulu likawoyela embulungeni yonke.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi uwoyela uzonyamalala eminyakeni ezayo: Kusazoba nempahla eyanele yabathengi abanezithende ezinhle abakwazi ukukhokhela izikweletu zikaphethiloli eziphakeme. Kodwa uphethiloli omningi otholakala kalula emhlabeni usukhishiwe kakade futhi izingxenye ezibalulekile zalokho okusele zingatholakala kuphela ezindaweni ezinezinselele ezinkulu zokumba njengeGulf of Mexico ehlaselwe yisiphepho noma amanzi agcwele iqhwa eNyakatho ye-Atlantic. - noma ezindaweni ezihlala izingxabano nezisengozini yokucekelwa phansi kwempahla e-Afrika, e-Asia Emaphakathi, naseMpumalanga Ephakathi.
Akukho Ukubalekela Indlala
Ukwenza isithombe samandla sibe mnyama, amandla 'ayisipele' noma 'okwandayo' abonakala eshabalala ezifundeni ezinkulu ezikhiqiza uwoyela. Ngesinye isikhathi, abakhiqizi ababalulekile abafana neSaudi Arabia bagcina umthamo wokukhiqiza owedlulele, okubavumela ukuthi bakhuphule umkhiqizo wabo ngokushesha ngezikhathi zenkinga yamandla engaba khona njengeMpi YeGulf ka-1990-91. Kepha iSaudi Arabia, njengabanye abahlinzeki abakhulu, manje isikhiqiza ngokutsheka ngokuphelele futhi inezinto Zero amandla okwandisa okukhiphayo. Ngamanye amazwi, noma yikuphi ukunqanyulwa okugqugquzelwe ngokwepolitiki (noma okuhlobene nokucekelwa phansi) ekuthengisweni kukawoyela emazweni anjengeRussia noma i-Iran kuzokhiqiza ukushaqeka kwamandla osheshayo emhlabeni wonke futhi kuthumele amanani kawoyela anyukele, noma adlule, kuleyo $100 umgoqo wombhobho.
Ukuntuleka okungapheli kukawoyela bekungaba nzima ngokwanele ukuba umphakathi womhlaba ukwazi ukubhekana nakho ngisho noma eminye imithombo yamandla ibikhona. Kodwa akunjalo. Igesi yemvelo - umthombo wesibili wamandla ohamba phambili emhlabeni - nayo isengcupheni yokushoda kwesikhathi esizayo. Nakuba kusekhona amadiphozithi amakhulu egesi e-Russia nase-Iran (okungaba abahlinzeki abahamba phambili emhlabeni kanye nababili) abasalinde ukuthentwa, izithiyo ekuxhashazweni kwabo zinkulu kakhulu. I-United States yenza konke engakwenza ukuvimbela i-Iran ekuthumeleni igesi yayo (ngokwesibonelo, ngokuqinisa izikhali i-India ukuba ilahle ipayipi legesi elihlongozwayo elivela e-Iran), kuyilapho iMoscow ikhuthalele ukuyekisa iYurophu ekukhuliseni ukuthembela kwayo kugesi waseRussia ngokusebenzisa kwayo kwakamuva. ukunqanyulwa kwempahla e-Ukraine nezinye izenzo ezikhathazayo.
ENyakatho Melika, ukutholakala kwegesi yemvelo kushabalala ngokushesha. Ngokubonisa isimo sethu sokuphelelwa yithemba (nokuwohloka kwengqondo), iCanada manje isiqala ukuphambukisa enye igesi yayo yemvelo esele ekwenzeni uwoyela wokwenziwa osuka esihlabathini setiyela, ukuze kwehliswe ingcindezi ekuhlinzekweni kwe-petroleum evamile. Uma kubhekwa izindleko ezinqamulelayo zokwakha amapayipi egesi asuka e-Asia nase-Afrika, okuwukuphela kwendlela engokoqobo yokuthola igesi eyengeziwe eNyakatho Melika kungaba ukusebenzisa amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa (noma ngaphezulu) ezikhungweni zokuguqula imithombo yangaphandle yegesi ibe igesi yemvelo ewuketshezi ( LNG), ithumela i-LNG ngemikhumbi emikhulu enamagobolondo aphindwe kabili ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic ne-Pacific, bese iyiguqula ibe igesi ezitshalweni 'zokubuyisela kabusha' emachwebeni aseMelika. Nakuba ethandwa abaphathi bakaBush, izinhlelo zokwakha izitshalo ezinjalo ziye zabangela ukuphikiswa emiphakathini eminingi yasogwini ngenxa yengozi yokuqhuma kwengozi kanye nethuba lokumema ukuhlasela kwamaphekula.
Ngokuqondene nezinto ezivuselelekayo - umoya, ilanga, kanye ne-biomass - lezi zisesigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthuka. Ngezigidigidi zamaRandi noma ngaphezulu zokutshalwa kwezimali okwengeziwe bangakwazi ngempela ukudambisa uhlobo oluthile lwezibaso ezimbiwa phansi emashumini eminyaka ezayo; nokho, emazingeni amanje okutshalwa kwezimali, lokhu akunakwenzeka. Kungashiwo okufanayo ngamandla enuzi 'aphephile' kanye namalahle 'ahlanzekile' - ngisho noma izinkinga ezinkulu ezihambisana nakho kokubili kwalezi zinketho zamandla zinganqotshwa, kuzothatha amashumi eminyaka ambalwa kanye namadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuthi kungene amandla akhona. izinhlelo. I kuphela umthombo wamandla ongavala ukushoda kukawoyela negesi ngalesi sikhathi ngamalahle avamile (angcolile), futhi ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwawo kungandisa ingozi yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okuyinhlekelele.
'Igeyimu Entsha'
Ngokushoda kwamandla okuzayo, ubungozi bokungqubuzana kokufinyelela kwamandla (kanye nengcebo yezinto ezimbiwa phansi ezikhiqizwayo) nakanjani izokhula. Kuwo wonke umlando, ukuncintisana ngokulawulwa kwezimpahla ezibalulekile zezinto zokusetshenziswa kuye kwaba umthombo wokungqubuzana phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu futhi kukhona zonke izizathu zokucabanga ukuthi lokhu kuzoqhubeka kunjalo. 'Njengoba kwenzeka nje lapho kudlalwa uMdlalo Omkhulu emashumini eminyaka aholela eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni eziqhubekayo kudala umbango wemithombo yemvelo,' kuphawula uJohn Gray weLondon School of Economics esihlokweni sakamuva se- New York Review of Books. 'Ikhulunyaka elizayo lingaphawulwa ngezimpi zezinsiza eziqhubekayo, njengoba imibuso emikhulu ilwela ukulawula ama-hydrocarbon omhlaba.'
NjengaseMdlalweni Omkhulu, izingxabano ezinjalo cishe bezingeke zivele ngenxa yokungqubuzana phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu, kodwa kunalokho ngenxa yokwanda kwezingxabano zendawo ezisekelwa ukubandakanyeka okukhulu kwamandla, njengoba kwakunjalo emazweni aseBalkan ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe I. Ekuphishekeleni kwabo ukuncintisana kokunikezwa kwamandla aqinisekisiwe, amandla amakhulu anamuhla - aholwa yi-United States neChina - athuthukisa noma aqinisa ubudlelwano nabahlinzeki abathandwayo eMpumalanga Ephakathi, e-Asia Ephakathi, nase-Afrika. Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu kuhlanganisa ukulethwa kwezikhali eziningi ezithuthukile, abeluleki, nobuchwepheshe bezempi - njengoba i-United States kade yenza neSaudi Arabia, Kuwait, kanye ne-United Arab Emirates, kanti iChina manje yenza ne-Iran neSudan. .
Akufanele futhi ukuthi kube khona ukungqubuzana okuqondile phezu kukawoyela negesi phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, e-East China Sea, i-China ne-Japan zombili ziye zafuna indawo yegesi yemvelo engaphansi kolwandle esendaweni engasogwini nayo efunwa yibo bobabili. Ezinyangeni zamuva nje, imikhumbi yokulwa yaseShayina neyaseJapane nezindiza ezitshalwe endaweni ziye zathatha izinyathelo ezisongelayo; kuze kube manje akukho kudubula osekudutshuliwe, kodwa iBeijing noma iTokyo ayikhombisi ukuzimisela ukuyekethisa odabeni futhi nengozi yokukhuphuka iyakhula ngokuhlangana okusha ngakunye.
Amathuba okungqubuzana kwangaphakathi emazweni akhiqiza uwoyela nawo kulindeleke ukuthi akhule ngokuhambisana nokukhuphuka kwezintengo zamandla. Uma intengo ye-petroleum iphezulu, iba makhulu amathuba okuthola inzuzo enkulu ekulawuleni ukuthunyelwa kukawoyela wesizwe ngaphandle - futhi ngaleyo ndlela iba nesikhuthazo esikhulu sokuthatha amandla kulezo zifundazwe noma, kulezo esezivele ziphethe, ukuvimbela ukulahleka kokulawula iqembu lezimbangi nganoma iyiphi indlela edingekayo. Ngakho-ke ukwanda kwemithetho kaphethiloli enegunya emazweni amaningi akhiqiza uwoyela kanye nokuqhubekela phambili kwezingxabano zezinhlanga phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene afuna ukulawula imali etholwayo kawoyela kahulumeni - into ephawulekayo namuhla e-Iraq (lapho amaShiites, amaSunnis, namaKurds elwa khona. ukwabiwa kwemali engenayo kawoyela yesikhathi esizayo) kanye naseNigeria (lapho izizwe eziqhudelanayo esifundeni saseDelta esinothe ngowoyela zilwela 'izibonelelo zentuthuko' ezinikezwa amafemu amakhulu kawoyela angaphandle).
'Kuze kube manje,' uSenator uRichard G. Lugar utshele iKomidi leSenate Foreign Relations ngoNovemba 16, 'izindaba eziyinhloko ezithinta uwoyela kube ukuthi yimalini okufanele siyikhokhele nokuthi sizobhekana yini nokuphazamiseka kokuhlinzekwa kwempahla. Kodwa emashumini eminyaka ezayo, inkinga ingase ibe ukuthi ingabe uwoyela emhlabeni wonke ugcwele futhi uyafinyeleleka ngokwanele yini ukusekela ukukhula komnotho okuqhubekayoโฆ. Lapho sifinyelela iqophelo lapho iminotho yomhlaba enxanela uwoyela iqhudelana ngokungabi namithombo yamandla anele, uwoyela uyoba isikhubekiso esiqine nakakhulu sezingxabano kunalokho oyikho kakade.'
Ukugwema Inhlekelele Yemvelo
Ngokungeziwe kule ngozi, sibhekene nalo lonke uhla lwezingozi zemvelo ezihlobene nokuqhubeka kwethu nokuthembela kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Cabanga ngalokhu: I-DoE yabikezela ngoJulayi 2005 ukuthi ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide emhlabeni wonke (umthombo oyinhloko 'wamagesi abamba ukushisa' okubangela ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke) kuzokhuphuka cishe ngama-60% phakathi kuka-2002 no-2025 - cishe konke lokhu kwanda, cishe ngo-15. izigidigidi zamathani e-CO2, avela ekusetshenzisweni kukawoyela, igesi, namalahle. Uma lokhu kuqagela kufakazela ukuthi kunembile, umhlaba cishe uzodlula umkhawulo lapho uzokwazi ukugwema ukushisa okubalulekile komhlaba wonke, ukukhuphuka okukhulu kwezinga lolwandle, nawo wonke umonakalo owumphumela wemvelo.
Indlela eqinisekile yokunciphisa ukwanda kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni emhlabeni wonke ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwethu kwezibaseli ezimbiwa phansi futhi kusheshiswe ukushintshela kwezinye izinhlobo zamandla. Kodwa ngenxa yokuthi lezi zindlela ezihlukile azikwazi okwamanje ukufaka esikhundleni sikawoyela, igesi, namalahle ngezinga eliphawulekayo (futhi ngeke, ngezinga lamanje lokutshalwa kwezimali, kwamanye amashumi ambalwa eminyaka), isilingo sokwandisa ukuthembela kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi singase hlala uqinile. Eqinisweni, sibambeke enkingeni: umhlaba udinga amandla engeziwe ukuze wenelise ukukhuphuka kwesidingo somhlaba wonke, futhi okuwukuphela kwendlela yokufeza lokhu okwamanje ukukhama kuphume uwoyela, igesi, namalahle engeziwe eMhlabeni, ngaleyo ndlela kusheshiswe ukuqala. yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okuyinhlekelele. Ngokulandelayo, okuwukuphela kwendlela yokugwema ushintsho olunjalo iwukusebenzisa uwoyela, igesi namalahle kancane, okungahilela izindleko ezinzima zezomnotho zohlobo abaholi abaningi bezizwe obuyoba manqikanqika ukuzicabangela. Ngakho-ke, sizovaleleka enkingeni ehlala njalo elethwa ukuqoqwa kwethu ndawonye kwamandla ashibhile.
Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuphuma kulolu gibe iwukuba silume inhlamvu futhi sithathe izinyathelo zobuqhawe ukuze sinqande ukusetshenziswa kwethu kukaphethiloli wezinto ezimbiwa phansi ngenkathi siqala uhlelo olukhulu lokuthuthukisa ezinye izinhlelo zamandla - umzamo ofana, futhi ngandlela thize nokuguqulwa kwamalahle. -kanye ne-oyili yenguquko yezimboni yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye namashumi amabili. E-United States, lokhu, okungenani, kungahlanganisa ukukhokhiswa intela enkulu ekusetshenzisweni kukaphethiloli, nenzuzo etholakalayo esetshenziselwa ukuxhasa ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwezinhlelo zamandla avuselelekayo. Zonke izimali ezihlelelwe ukwakhiwa komgwaqo omkhulu kufanele esikhundleni salokho zinikelwe emigwaqweni yezokuthutha umphakathi kanye nesivinini esikhulu sikaloliwe phakathi kwamadolobha futhi zonke izimoto ezintsha ezithengiswa eMelika ngemuva kuka-2010 kufanele zibe nesilinganiso esincane sokusebenza kukaphethiloli okungu-50 MPG noma ngaphezulu. Lokhu kuzobonakala kubiza kakhulu futhi kuphazamisa - kodwa yikuphi okunye ukukhetha esikhona uma sifuna ukuba nethemba lokuphuma enkingeni yamandla yomhlaba wonke unomphela ngaphambi kokuwa komnotho womhlaba noma iplanethi ingahlali muntu.
UMichael T. Klare unguSolwazi Wezifundo Zokuthula Nezokuphepha Komhlaba eHamphire College kanye nombhali, muva nje, we Igazi Nowoyela: Izingozi Nemiphumela Yokuncika Okukhulayo KwaseMelika Kuwoyela Ongenisiwe (Izincwadi Zezikhova) kanjalo I-Resource Wars, I-New Landscape ye-Global Conflict.
[Le ndatshana yaqala ukuvela ngo I-Tomdispatch.com, ibhulogi yewebhu ye-Nation Institute, enikeza ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, izindaba, kanye nemibono evela ku-Tom Engelhardt, umhleli wesikhathi eside ekushicilelweni, Umsunguli we- i-American Empire Project nombhali Ukuphela KweMasiko Okunqoba.]
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela