NgoLwesithathu izishoshovu ezingamakhulu ambalwa zigcwele enkantolo yeSecond Circuit, igumbi eligcwele umsindo elinephutha elilalelwayo kanye nokushoda kwezihlalo, kanye neFoley Square ngaphandle kwaseThurgood Marshall US Courthouse eManhattan lapho abaningi bebuthene khona emakhazeni. Isiphetho sesizwe, besiqonda, singanqunywa amajaji amathathu azokhipha isinqumo ecaleni lethu elibhekene noMongameli u-Barack Obama lokusayina iSigaba 1021(b)(2) soMthetho Wokugunyazwa Kwezokuvikela Kazwelonke (NDAA).
Lesi sigaba sivumela amasosha ukuthi abophe noma ngubani, okuhlanganisa izakhamizi zase-US, "ezisekela kakhulu" - igama elisemthethweni elingachazwanga - i-al-Qaida, i-Taliban noma "amabutho ahlobene," futhi igama elingachazwanga ngokomthetho. Ababoshiwe bangaboshwa unomphela amasosha futhi banqatshelwe inqubo efanele kuze kube โsekupheleni kobutha. Esikhathini sempi yaphakade lokhu cishe impilo yonke. Noma ubani ovalelwe ngaphansi kwe-NDAA angathunyelwa, ngokweSigaba (c)(4), kunoma yiliphi โizwe langaphandle noma inhlangano.โ Lokhu, empeleni, ukuhumusha okungajwayelekile yezakhamizi zase-US. Inika uhulumeni amandla okuthumela iziboshwa emajele eminye yemibuso yengcindezelo emhlabeni.
Isigaba 1021(b)(2) kwathiwa asivumelekile ngo-September ngemva kwecala lethu lokuqala, eNkantolo Yesifunda YaseNew York. Abaphathi baka-Obama badlulisele isinqumo seNkantolo Yesifunda YaseNingizimu. Isikhalazo silalelwe ngoLwesithathu eNkantolo Yesifunda Yesibili kukhona amajaji uRaymond J. Lohier, Lewis A. Kaplan kanye no-Amalya L. Kearse. Amajaji angase angenzi isinqumo kuze kube intwasahlobo lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ikhipha isinqumo ecaleni lika-Clapper v. Amnesty International USA, elinye icala engingummangali kulo. Icala laseNkantolo Ephakeme liphonsela inselelo ukusetshenziswa kukahulumeni kokuqapha ngogesi. Uma siphumelela ecaleni likaClapper, kuzoqinisa ukuma kwabamangali ku-Hedges v. Obama. INkantolo Ephakeme, uma ikhipha isinqumo ngokumelene nohulumeni, izoqinisekisa ukuthi thina njengabamangali sinokwesaba okunengqondo kokuvalelwa.
Uma sihlulwa ecaleni lika-Hedges v. Obamaโfuthi kubonakala kuqinisekile ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umphumela wesikhalazo ungaba yini leli cala liyofinyelela eNkantolo Ephakemeโipolitiki yokhetho namalungelo ethu njengezakhamuzi ayoba yize njengalawo eRoma kaNero. Uma silahlekelwa, amandla amasosha okubopha izakhamizi, aziphuce inqubo efanele futhi azibophe unomphela emajele ezempi azoba yiqiniso elesabekayo. IDemocrat noma iRepublican. Thatha isishoshovu noma i-libertarian. Isazi se-socialist noma setiye. Akunandaba. Lena akuyona impi yeqembu. Uma umbuso usuthatha la mandla angahloliwe, nakanjani uzodala umhlaba oyimfihlo, ongenamthetho wodlame olungakhethi, ukwesaba kanye nama-gulags. Ngaphila ngaphansi kobushiqela bezempi abaningi phakathi namashumi amabili eminyaka ngiyintatheli yakwamanye amazwe. Ngiyasazi isilo.
"Izingqinamba ziphezulu kakhulu," kusho ummeli uCarl Mayer, nommeli uBruce Afran bafaka icala lethu enkantolo, lapho ekhuluma nommeli. Iphrojekthi Yezamasiko izethameli eManhattan ngoLwesithathu ngemuva kokulalelwa. "Icala lethu lehlela kukho ukuthi: Ngabe sizoba nohlelo lwezobulungiswa bomphakathi e-United States noma uhlelo lwezobulungiswa bezempi? Uhlelo lwezobulungiswa bomphakathi luyinto egxile kuMthethosisekelo. Bekuhlale kumqoka kakhulu ekulweni nobudlwangudlwangu nokwakha umphakathi wentando yeningi. I-NDAA izama ukukuphoqelela yinhlelo zokulunga kwebutho elivumela ibutho ukuthi lipholise ezitaladeni zeMelika ukuze livalele izakhamizi zeMelika, lokuvalela izakhamizi zeMelika emajele amasosha. Mhlawumbe isici esabisa kakhulu se-NDAA ukuthi ivumela ukuboshwa kuze kube 'sekupheleni kobutha.' โ [Ukubona amavidiyo kaMayer, Afran, Hedges nabanye ababambe iqhaza engxoxweni yephaneli yeCulture Project, Chofoza lapha.]
Iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu yempucuko yabantu ishiye ngemuva amanxiwa angenakubalwa ukusikhumbuza ukuthi izakhiwo ezinhle nemiphakathi eyinkimbinkimbi esiyakhayo, nesiyihlonipha ngobuwula njengokungafi, idilika ibe uthuli. Ukwehla okubalulekile manje. Uma izwe lebhizinisi linikezwa amathuluzi, njengangaphansi kweSigaba 1021(b)(2) se-NDAA, ukusebenzisa amandla abulalayo namandla ezempi ukwenza kube yicala ukuphikisa, khona-ke ukwehla kwethu kuzoba ukucindezelwa, igazi nokuhlupheka. Akekho noyedwa, ngisho nezinduna ezinkulu zezinkampani zethu, okholelwa ukuthi izimo zethu ezibonakalayo zizoba ngcono ngokuwohloka okuzayo kokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ukuwohloka okuqhubekayo komnotho womhlaba, ukwehla kwemithombo yemvelo kanye nezinhlekelele ezizayo zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Kodwa osozimboni bomhlaba wonkeโabadale uhlobo olusha lobushiqelaโbafuna, phakathi nokubola kwethu, amandla aphelele okukhipha insalela yokugcina yenzuzo esimisweni semvelo esonakele kanye nezakhamuzi ezingenamandla. I-dystopia ezayo ibonakala esibhakabhakeni samadolobha asemuva kwezimboni ashaqekile njenge-Flint, Mich., lapho ama-drones ayindilinga njengamanqe ayimishini. Futhi esikhathini lapho igatsha eliphezulu lingadweba uhlu lokubulala oluyimfihlo olubandakanya izakhamizi zase-US, kungaba ubuwula ukukholelwa ukuthi lawa ma-drones asekhaya azohlala engahlomile.
URobert M. Loeb, ummeli oholayo kahulumeni ezinqubweni zangoLwesithathu, wathatha isinyathelo esihluke kakhulu kuneso sikahulumeni eNkantolo Yesifunda YaseNingizimu yaseNew York phambi kweJaji uKatherine B. Forrest. UForrest wabuza kaningi abameli bakahulumeni ukuthi bangaqinisekisa yini ukuthi mina nabanye abamangali ngeke sivalelwe ngaphansi kweSigaba 1021(b)(2). Abameli bakahulumeni ecaleni lokuqala abazange bakunikeze ukugonywa okunjalo. Uhulumeni uphinde wathi ecaleni lokuqala ukuthi ngaphansi koMthetho Wokugunyazwa Kokusebenzisa Amasosha Amasosha ngo-2001 (i-AUMF), wawuvele unamandla okubopha izakhamizi zaseMelika. Isigaba 1021(b)(2), sathi abameli, asisho ushintsho olukhulu emandleni kahulumeni. IJaji Forrest ngoSepthemba lazichitha izimpikiswano zikahulumeni futhi lanquma ukuthi Isigaba 1021(b)(2) asivumelekile.
Uhulumeni, nokho, uphikise ngoLwesithathu ukuthi โnjengezintatheli ezizimeleโ sasikhululekile emthethweni futhi sasingenasizathu sokukhathazeka. U-Loeb uthe uma izintatheli zisebenzisa ubuntatheli njengesembozo sokusiza isitha, zizobanjwa futhi ziphathwe njengezimpi zezitha. Kodwa waqinisekisa inkantolo ukuthi ngangingeke ngithintwe umthetho omusha inqobo nje uma โuMnu. UHedges akaqalanga ukushayela amaveni amnyama kubantu esingabathandi.โ
U-Loeb akazange ayichazele inkantolo ukuthi ubani ochaza โintatheli ezimele.โ Ngixoxisane namalungu e-al-Qaida kanye nabanye abantu abangu-16 noma amalungu amaqembu ohlwini lwamaphekula loMnyango Wezwe. Lapho ngidlulisela le mibono, inzondo ejulile nge-United States, ingabe uhulumeni ungibheka โnjengozimeleโ? Ngingabonwa yini isimo sokuphepha nokugadwa, ngoba ngiphonsela inselelo ukulandisa okusemthethweni, njengomhlanganyeli nesitha? Futhi nakuba ngingawashayeli amaveni amnyama kubantu uLoeb angabathandi, ngichithe izinsuku, ingxenye yesikhathi ezimotweni, namayunithi ahlomile amelene ne-United States. Lezi zihlanganisa i-Hamas eGaza kanye ne-Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) eningizimu-mpumalanga yeTurkey.
Ngangihamba njalo namalungu ahlomile e-Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front e-El Salvador kanye nebutho lamaSandinista eNicaragua phakathi neminyaka emihlanu engayichitha eMelika Ephakathi. Izikhulu eziphezulu ekuphathweni kukaReagan zazihlale zigxeka abaningi bethu emaphephandabeni njengababhali bengosi besihlanu nabahlanganyeli namaphekula. Lezi zikhulu azizange zisibheke โnjengezizimele.โ Babesibheka njengabasakaza inkulumo-ze yesitha. Isigaba 1021(b)(2) siguqula lokhu kugwetshwa kolimi kube ukulahlwa komthetho.
U-Alexa O'Brien, omunye ummangali kanye nomsunguli we- US Day of Rage, ithole ngemuva kokuthi i-WikiLeaks ikhiphe ama-imeyili ayizigidi ezi-5 avela ku-Stratfor, inkampani yezokuphepha ezimele esebenzela uMnyango Wezokuphepha Kwasekhaya wase-US, i-Marine Corps kanye ne-Defence Intelligence Agency, ukuthi izisebenzi ze-Stratfor zazizama ukumxhumanisa yena nenhlangano yakhe nama-radicals amaSulumane, kufaka phakathi i-al-Qaida, namawebhusayithi anozwela kanye nemibono yama-jihadist. Uma lokho kuxhumana bekwenziwa, yena nalabo abasenhlanganweni yakhe bebengeke bagonywe ekuboshweni.
U-Afran uthe engxoxweni yeCulture Project wake wanikela ngesidlo sakusihlwa sokuqongelela imali ku-Ancient Order of Hibernians, inhlangano yamaKhatholika ase-Ireland. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, wamangala lapho ethola incwadi yokubonga evela kuye USinn Fรฉin. "Bengingalindele ukuthi nginikeze imali eqenjini eligcina inhlangano yamaphekula, njengoba abanye abantu besho," kusho u-Afran. โIngozi lena. Ungazithola usesimeni uhulumeni asibona sifanele ukuboshwa. Yingakho abantu beyeka ukukhuluma.โ
Uhulumeni uzame enkantolo ngesonto eledlule ukugcoba Sami Al-Hajj, intatheli yenethiwekhi yezindaba i-Al-Jazeera eyathathwa amasosha ase-US futhi yaboshwa iminyaka ecishe ibe yisikhombisa eGuantanamo. Lesi, kimina, bekungesinye sezikhathi ezibuhlungu kakhulu ekuqulweni kwecala.
"Ukuzibiza nje ngentatheli akukwenzi intatheli, njengo-Al-Hajj," kusho uLoeb etshela inkantolo. โWasebenzisa ubuntatheli njengekhava. Ubeyilungu le-al-Qaida futhi wahlinzeka ngemicibisholo ye-Stinger ku-al-Qaida. "
U-Al-Hajj, naphezu kokugomela kukaLoeb, akazange abekwe icala nganoma yimaphi amacala. Futhi ukunyundela kukaLoeb kugqamise kuphela amathuba okusetshenziswa kabi kwalesi silungiselelo se-NDAA uma singashaywa.
Impikiswano yesibili eyinhloko kahulumeni yayibaluleke nakakhulu. U-Loeb uthe Isigatshana 1021(e) se-NDAA sikhulula izakhamizi ekuboshweni. Isigaba 1021(e) sithi: โAkukho kulesi sigaba okumele kuthathwe njengokuthinta umthetho noma iziphathimandla ezikhona eziphathelene nokuboshwa kwezakhamizi zase-United States, izifiki ezisemthethweni zase-United States, nanoma ibaphi abanye abantu abathunjwa noma ababoshwa e-United States. States.โ
U-Afran uphendule u-Loeb ngokuthi Isigatshana 1021(e) sibonisa ukuthi i-NDAA yathatha izakhamizi zase-US zizoboshwa amasosha, yachitha iminyaka engamakhulu amabili yomthetho wasekhaya owenqabela amasosha ukuthi enze umsebenzi wamaphoyisa asekhaya. Futhi ukuboshwa kwezakhamuzi ngamasosha, u-Afran waphawula, akuvunyelwe ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo.
U-Afran ucaphune umxhasi oyinhloko womthethosivivinywa we-NDAA, uSeni. Lindsey Graham, RS.C., owathi phansi kweSenethi: โEsimeni lapho othile ekhathazekile ngokuthathwa yigatsha lesigungu esikhohlakele ngoba wenze iphutha. akudingekile ukuba bakhathazeke isikhathi eside, ngoba izinkantolo zethu zombuso zinelungelo nesibopho sokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ufakazela icala labo lokuthi uyilungu le-al-Qaida futhi awuzange nje uye umhlangano wepolitiki.โ
U-Afran utshele inkantolo ukuthi isitatimende sikaGraham sivuma ngokungananazi ukuthi izakhamizi zase-US zingaboshwa amasosha ngaphansi kuka-1021(b)(2). "Asikho isizathu sokuthi umxhasi enze lesi sitatimende uma engaboni ukuthi umthetho udala lokho kwesaba," kusho u-Afran etshela amajaji.
Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala u-Afran wachaza: โUma isigele esaxhasa futhi saphatha umthethosivivinywa sikholelwa ukuthi abantu bazowesaba umthetho, khona-ke abamangali ngokusobala banesisekelo esinengqondo sokwesaba umthetho.โ
Ekhuluma nenkantolo u-Afran uthe ngo-1021(e): โIthi isetshenziswa kubantu base-United States. Icabanga ukuthi bazoboshwa ngaphansi komthetho othile. Umthetho kuphela esiwaziyo yilo mthetho. Yimiphi eminye imithetho, ngaphambi kwalo, eyavumela amasosha ukuthi abophe abantu kuleli zwe?โ
Lona bekuwumbuzo iJaji uLohier, ngokunxuswa kuka-Afran, awubuza uLoeb ngesikhathi kuqhubeka ingxabano. U-Loeb uvumile ukuthi i-NDAA ukuphela komthetho awaziyo owawuvumela amasosha ukuthi abophe futhi abambe izakhamizi zase-US.
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