Ukukhishwa ngoLwesine kwamakhasi angama-5,544 umbhalo we-Trans-Pacific Partnership-isivumelwano sohwebo nokutshalwa kwezimali esibandakanya amazwe angu-12 esihlanganisa cishe amaphesenti angu-40 omkhiqizo womhlaba wonke-siqinisekisa lokho ngisho nabagxeki baso abakhulu kakhulu ababekwesaba.
โI-TPP, kanye ne-WTO [World Trade Organization] kanye ne-NAFTA [North American Free Trade Agreement], iwukuhlwithwa kwamandla ezinkampani ngendlela exakile emlandweni waseMelika,โ kusho uRalph Nader lapho ngimthola ngocingo eWashington, DC โ Ivumela izinkampani ukuthi zeqe amagatsha ethu amathathu kahulumeni ukuze zibeke unswinyo oluphoqelela yizinkantolo eziyimfihlo. Lezi zinkantolo zingamemezela ukuvikelwa kwethu kwezabasebenzi, abathengi kanye nemvelo [njengezithiyo] ezingekho emthethweni, ezingakhokhisi ezingaphansi kwezinhlawulo zokungathobeli imithetho. I-TPP isungula uhlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe, oluzimele lokubusa okuphoqelelayo ngokwephula imithetho yethu yasekhaya.โ
I-TPP iyingxenye yochungechunge lwezivumelwano zohwebo ezihlanganisa i-Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) kanye neSivumelwano Sokuhweba Ngezinsizakalo (TiSA). I-TiSA, ngokuhlaba ikhwelo lokuthi zonke izinsiza zikahulumeni zizimele, iyingozi enkulu ekusebenzeni kwe-US Postal Service, imfundo yomphakathi kanye namanye amabhizinisi nezinsiza eziphethwe nguhulumeni; ngokubambisana le misebenzi yenza amaphesenti angama-80 omnotho wase-US. I-TTIP kanye ne-TiSA basesesigabeni sokuxoxisana. Bazolandela ezithendeni ze-TPP futhi kungenzeka baye ngaphambi kweCongress ngo-2017.
Lezi zivumelwano ezintathu ziqinisa ukuketula umbuso kwezinkampani ezinwabuzelayo kanye nokuqedwa kokugcina kobukhosi bezwe. Izakhamizi zizophoqeleka ukuthi ziyeke ukulawula ikusasa lazo futhi zizophucwa amandla okuzivikela kubahlaseli bezinkampani, zivikele i-ecosystem futhi zithole ukulungiswa kanye nobulungiswa ezikhungweni zethu zentando yeningi manje ezingenawo amandla futhi ngokuvamile ezingasebenzi kahle. Izivumelwanoโezigcwele i-jargon, imigomo yezobuchwepheshe ehlanganisiwe, ezohwebo nezezimali, i-legalse, imibhalo egqamile kanye nemisho engacacileโzingafingqwa ngamagama amabili: ukugqilazwa kwezinkampani.
I-TPP isusa igunya lokushaya umthetho kuCongress kanye ne-White House ngezinkinga eziningi. Amandla okwahlulela avame ukunikezelwa ezinkantolo zohwebo zabantu abathathu lapho kuphela izinkampani zivunyelwe ukumangalela. Abasebenzi, izinhlangano zemvelo kanye nezokumela kanye nezinyunyana zabasebenzi bavinjiwe ekufuneni ukulungiswa ezinkantolo ezihlongozwayo. Amalungelo ezinkampani aba ngcwele. Amalungelo ezakhamizi ayachithwa.
I-Sierra Club ikhiphe isitatimende ngemuva kokukhishwa kombhalo we-TPP othi "isivumelwano sigcwele izipho zokungcolisa ezizocekela phansi amashumi eminyaka enqubekelaphambili yezemvelo, zisongele isimo sezulu sethu, futhi zehluleke ukuvikela izilwane zasendle ngokwanele ngoba abangcolisi abakhulu basize ukubhala isivumelwano."
Uma kungekho ukuvukelwa okuqhubekayo okuthandwayo okuvimbela ukudlula kwe-TPP kuCongress kule ntwasahlobo sizoboshwa ngamandla enkampani. Amaholo azokwehla. Izimo zokusebenza zizowohloka. Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kuzonyuka. Amalungelo ethu ambalwa asele azohoxiswa. Ukuhlaselwa kwe-ecosystem kuzosheshiswa. Amabhange kanye nokuqagela komhlaba wonke kuyoba ngaphezu kokubhekwa noma ukulawula. Amazinga nemithethonqubo yokuphepha kokudla izokwehliswa. Izinsizakalo zomphakathi kusukela ku-Medicare ne-Medicaid kuya eposini kanye nemfundo yomphakathi zizoqedwa noma zincishwe ngendlela emangalisayo futhi zithathwe yizinkampani ezenza inzuzo. Amanani ezinto eziyisisekelo, okuhlanganisa nemithi, azokwenyuka kakhulu. Izinhlelo zokusiza umphakathi zizokwehliswa kakhulu noma ziqedwe. Futhi amazwe anezinhlelo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo zomphakathi, njengeCanada ne-Australia, asesivumelwaneni cishe azobona izinhlelo zawo zezempilo ziwa ngaphansi kokuhlaselwa yizinkampani. Izinkampani zizonikwa amandla okuba zibe namalungelo obunikazi anhlobonhlobo, okuhlanganisa izitshalo nezilwane, ukushintsha izidingo eziyisisekelo kanye nemvelo ibe imikhiqizo edayiswayo. Futhi, ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi izinkampani zikhipha yonke iphawundi lenyama, noma yimuphi umthetho womphakathi ohunyushwa yizinkampani njengothiyayo. kuhlelwe inzuzo, ngisho nomthetho oklanyelwe ukuvikela indawo ezungezile noma abathengi, uzoba ngaphansi kwenselelo enkampanini ebizwa ngokuthi isigaba se-investor-state conflict settlement (ISDS). I-ISDS, eqiniswe futhi yanwetshwa ngaphansi kwe-TPP, izobona izinkampani zikhokha izizumbulu zemali njengesinxephezelo esivela kohulumeni abahlukumezayo ngokukhinyabeza "ilungelo" labo lokuqhubeka nokukhulisa ama-akhawunti abo asebhange. Inzuzo yebhizinisi ngempumelelo izothatha indawo yenzuzo evamile.
Uma kubhekwa ukuqothuka kwesigaba sethu sezombangazweโkuhlanganise nosopolitiki abanesimilo njengo-Hillary Clinton, ogxeka i-TPP ngesikhathi somkhankaso wobumongameli kodwa inkonzo yakhe engantengantengi ku-capitalism yezinkampani iqinisekisa ubuqotho bakhe kubasekeli bakhe bezinkampaniโisivumelwano sohwebo sinethuba elihle lokuba umthetho. . Futhi ngenxa yokuthi abaphathi baka-Obama bawine igunya elisheshayo, iqhinga elaklanywa abaphathi be-Nixon ukuze bachithe inkulumompikiswano yentando yeningi, uMongameli Obama uzokwazi ukusayina isivumelwano ngaphambi kokuthi siye kuCongress.
I-TPP, ngenxa yokusheshisa, yeqa inqubo evamile yomthetho yokuxoxisana nomphakathi nokucatshangelwa kwamakomiti ekhongolose. INdlu kanye neSigele, okumele bavotele umthethosivivinywa we-TPP phakathi kwezinsuku ezingu-90 kusukela lapho uthunyelwe kuCongress, banqatshelwe ilungiselelo elisheshayo ekungezeni izichibiyelo zaphansi noma ukubamba inkulumo-mpikiswano yamahora angaphezu kwangu-20. ICongress ayikwazi ukuphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nemiphumela ye-TPP emvelweni. Ingakwazi kuphela vota yebo noma cha. Akunamandla okuguqula noma ukushintsha igama elilodwa.
Kuzoba khona ukugqugquzela abantu abaningi Nov. 14 kuya ku-18 eWashington ukuqala ukusunduza ukuvimba i-TPP. Ukusukuma ukuze kumiswe i-TPP kuwutshalomali olungcono, olungcono kakhulu lwesikhathi sethu namandla kunokuzibandakanya ethiyetha yezepolitiki engenalutho ephumelelisa umkhankaso wobumongameli.
"I-TPP idala uxhaxha lwemithetho yebhizinisi ezobusa umnotho womhlaba," ummeli uKevin Zeese weqembu. Ukuphikiswa Okudumile, eye yafaka impi ende ngokumelene nesivumelwano sohwebo, ingitshele ngisuka e-Baltimore ngocingo. โKuwukuketulwa umbuso kwezinkampani emhlabeni wonke. Izinkampani zizoba namandla ukwedlula amazwe. Izinkampani zizophoqa izinhlelo zentando yeningi ukuthi zifeze izimfuno zazo. Izinkantolo zomphakathi emhlabeni wonke zizothathelwa indawo izinkantolo zezinkampani noma lokho okubizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zezohwebo. Lokhu ukwanda okukhulu okwakhela phezu kwe-NAFTA embi kakhulu kunaleyo eyathenjiswa uBarack Obama, obekuwukuqeda izici ezimbi kakhulu ze-NAFTA. "
Lesi sivumelwano siwumkhiqizo weminyaka eyisithupha yomsebenzi wonxiwankulu bomhlaba wonke abavela emabhange, izinkampani zomshwalense, iGoldman Sachs, iMonsanto nezinye izinkampani.
โKwabhalwa yibona [izinkampani], kungokwabo futhi kuzobasebenzela,โ kusho uZeese nge-TPP. โKuzolimaza osomabhizinisi basekhaya nosomabhizinisi abancane. Izinhlinzeko ze-buy-American zizonyamalala. Imiphakathi yasendaweni ngeke ivunyelwe ukuthi yakhe imikhankaso yendawo yokuthenga. Inhloso yesivumelwano wukwenza yonke into ibe ngasese kanye nokuthengiswa kwayo. Lesi sivumelwano sakhe ngaphakathi kuso ukungezwani okujulile kwezinkampani ezisekelwa uhulumeni noma ezingaphansi kukahulumeni. Inikeza okusele kwentando yeningi yethu I-World Trade Organization. "
Isazi sezomnotho uDavid Rosnick, embikweni we-TPP ngu Isikhungo Sokucwaninga Kwezomnotho Nenqubomgomo (CEPR), ilinganisela ukuthi ngaphansi kwesivumelwano sokuhwebelana ngamaphesenti ayi-10 kuphela abasebenzi base-US abazobona amaholo abo enyuka. U-Rosnick wabhala ukuthi inkokhelo yangempela yabasebenzi base-US abahola imali ephakathi (kusuka ku-35th percentile kuya ku-80th percentile) izokwehla ngaphansi kwe-TPP. I-NAFTA, enomthelela ekwehleni kwemisebenzi yokukhiqiza (manje engamaphesenti ayi-9 kuphela omnotho), iphoqe abasebenzi emisebenzini eholela kancane futhi okubangele ukwehla kwamaholo angempela aphakathi kwamaphesenti ayi-12 nayi-17. I-TPP izosheshisa le nqubo kuphela, kuphetha uRosnick.
"Lokhu ukuqhubeka komjaho womhlaba wonke kuze kube sekupheleni," uDkt. Margaret Flowers, naye ovela kwi-Popular Resistance kanye ozokhethwa eSenate yase-US, kusho eBaltimore engxoxweni yocingo nami. โIzinkampani zikhululekile ukuthuthela emazweni anezinga eliphansi labasebenzi. Lokhu kwehlisa izinga eliphezulu labasebenzi lapha. Kusho ukuwohloka kwezimboni nezinyunyana. Kusho umjaho osheshisiwe ubheke phansi, okumele sisukume siwumise.โ
"EMalaysia ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabasebenzi bezobuchwepheshe bayizigqila," kusho uZeese. โEVietnam iholo elincane lingamasenti angu-35 ngehora. Uma la mazwe eseyingxenye yesivumelwano sokuhwebelana abasebenzi baseMelika bafakwa esimeni esinzima kakhulu.โ
Amaphesenti angamashumi amahlanu nanye abantu baseMelika abasebenzayo manje benza imali engaphansi kuka-$30,000 ngonyaka, isifundo esisha kubikwe yiSocial Security Administration. Amaphesenti angu-20,000 enza imali engaphansi kuka-$24,250 ngonyaka. Uhulumeni wobumbano ubheka umndeni wabantu abane abaphila ngemali engaphansi kuka-$XNUMX njengompofu.
"Ingxenye yabasebenzi baseMelika ihola izinga lobumpofu," kusho uZeese. โLesi sivumelwano sisheshisa lo mkhuba. Angiboni ukuthi abasebenzi baseMelika bazobhekana kanjani nesimo.โ
Ukuhlaselwa kwabasebenzi baseMelika yi-NAFTA-eyasungulwa ngaphansi kokuphatha kukaClinton ngo-1994 futhi ngaleso sikhathi okwathembisa ukudalwa kwemisebenzi eyi-200,000 ngonyaka e-United States-kube yinhlekelele. I-NAFTA iholele ekushodeleni kwezohwebo nge- $ 181 billion neMexico neCanada kanye nokulahleka kwemisebenzi okungenani eyisigidi esisodwa e-US, ngokusho kombiko. umbiko we-Public Citizen. Izikhukhula zemakethe yaseMexico ezinombila oshibhile owenziwe ngamabhizinisi ezolimo ase-US kwehlisa intengo yommbila waseMexico futhi kwabona abalimi abampofu baseMexico abayizigidi ezingu-1 kuya kwezingu-3 beqothuka futhi balahlekelwa amapulazi abo amancane. Abaningi babo bawela umngcele bangena e-United States ngomzamo omkhulu wokufuna umsebenzi.
"U-Obama udukise umphakathi kulo lonke lolu hlelo," kusho uDkt. Flowers. โUthe izinhlangano zezemvelo ziyaseseka lesi sivumelwano ngoba sihlinzeka ngokuvikelwa kwemvelo, futhi lokhu sekubonakale kungamanga. Usitshele ukuthi kuzodala amathuba emisebenzi angu-650,000 21, kanti lokhu sekubonakale kungamanga. Ubiza lesi sivumelwano sohwebo sekhulunyaka lama-21, kodwa empeleni sibuyisela emuva inqubekelaphambili eyenziwe ezivumelwaneni zohwebo zesikhathi sikaBush. Imodeli yakamuva yesivumelwano sohwebo sekhulunyaka lama-140,000 yisivumelwano sohwebo samahhala sase-Korea. Lokho bekufanele kudale amathuba emisebenzi ayi-70,000 e-US. Kodwa esikubonile phakathi neminyaka embalwa kwaba ukulahlekelwa yimisebenzi engaba ngu-XNUMX kanye nokushoda okukhulu kwezohwebo neKorea. Lesi sivumelwano [i-TPP] sidayiselwa thina ngamaqili afanayo nalawo asetshenziselwa ukusidayisela i-NAFTA nezinye izivumelwano zohwebo.โ
Isivumelwano, empeleni, siba umthetho womhlaba. Noma yiziphi izivumelwano ngokukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngamazwe ezenziwe ngeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene zenziwa zibe yize futhi zingasebenzi yi-TPP.
"Izivumelwano zokuhweba ziyabophezela," kusho uFlowers. โBasusa noma yiziphi izivumelwano ezingabophi ezenziwa ngabakwa- Ingqungquthela Yezinguquko Zesimo Sezulu Yezizwe Ezihlangene lokho kungase kuphume eParis.โ
Kunobufakazi obuningi obanele obuvela ezivumelwaneni zokuhweba ezedlule ukukhombisa lapho i-TPP-evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "NAFTA on steroids" -izohola. Kuyingxenye yemashi engenakuvinjelwa yezinkampani zokusiphuca amandla okusebenzisa uhulumeni ukuvikela umphakathi kanye nokwakha izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle nezombusazwe ezikhuthaza okuhle kubo bonke. Izingcweti zethu zebhizinisi zifuna ukuguqula umhlaba wemvelo kanye nabantu zibe yizimpahla ezithambile ezizosetshenziswa futhi zixhashazwe kuze kuphele amandla noma kuwa. Izivumelwano zohwebo zingamathuluzi asetshenziswayo ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu kuthotshiswa. Okuwukuphela kwempendulo esele ukuvukela okudumile, okuqhubekayo nokudelelayo.
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