Ingxoxo eqalwe yisishoshovu, umbhali kanye nomenzi wefilimu uNaomi Klein iphakamise imibuzo ebalulekile yokunyakaza kwezemvelo, kusukela kumlingisi wamaqembu ajwayelekile kuya kumasu angakwesokunxele. UChris Williams, Umbhali we I-Ecology kanye neSocialism: Izixazululo Zenhlekelele Yemvelo Ye-Capitalist kanye nombambiqhaza kumfelandawonye we-ecosocialist Ukushintsha Kwesistimu Akukona Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu, iphendula inkulumo-mpikiswano kulesi sitolimende sokuqala se isihloko esinezingxenye ezintathu.
amaqhinga: isayensi nobuciko bokusebenzisa ibutho lempi ngendlela ezuzisa kakhulu uma kubhekwa isimo esisheshayo sokulwa.
Isu: isayensi nobuciko bokuqhuba umkhankaso wezempi ezicini zawo ezinkulu nezesikhathi eside.
โ The New Webster's Comprehensive Dictionary of the English Language
NAOMI KLEIN, engxoxweni yakamuva ye-Salon.com enesihloko esithi "Amaqembu aluhlaza angahle abe yingozi kakhulu kunabaphika ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu," kuqubule inkulumompikiswano evuthayo phakathi kwezishoshovu kwesokudla nakwesokunxele senhlangano yezemvelo yaseNyakatho Melika.
Ngenxa ye-athikili ka-Klein, amalangabi engxabano abhebhethekile futhi aveza inkulumo evuthayo mayelana nengxabano elokhu ishubile selokhu kwavela amandla kwesokunxele aphikisanayo futhi ahlukile ngaphakathi komnyakazo-omanje ohambisana nomqondo wobulungiswa besimo sezulu, futhi enye eye yanda kusukela i-Occupy yangena kwezombusazwe ekwindla ka-2011.
Umlobi wesimo sezulu ovelele uJoseph Romm, ngesiqephu esibuhlungu kakhulu, ibhale imibono ka-Klein ngokuthi "igcwele izitatimende 'zokuyenga abezindaba' eziphikisayo ezingenamsebenzi" futhi yatusa ukuba kungabikho muntu obukeza noma amthengele incwadi nefilimu ezayo ekhuluma ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Kuphendula uKlein ukuthi njengoba incwadi yakhe noma ifilimu yakhe ingakakhululwa okwamanje, ukunikeza ukugxeka kwabo "kwakuyinguquko entsha yokuzikhukhumeza kwesikole esidala" -nokuthi uma kukhona owayenecala "lokuthatha isando se-sledge kumngane wakhe," uRomm kufanele ahlole. "yini esandleni sakho (esinegazi)."
Noma kunjalo, ukuvulwa kwesikhala sezingxoxo zezepolitiki ezibanzi nezijulile kufanele kwamukelwe embuthweni, ekulimazeni kwawo, okuvame ukugxila kakhulu ezimpini ezithile zezemvelo kanye nobushoshovu obudingekayo ukuzinqoba, kunokuhlola ingxoxo yepolitiki eyisisekelo sanoma iyiphi inkambo ethile.
Uma kubhekwa inkinga yezemvelo, isidingo esiphuthumayo sokuthatha isinyathelo kanye nokulondolozwa kwemvelo kwenhlangano, ephethwe ama-NGOs amakhulu, phezulu phansi, axhaswe kahle ngezimali ezifana ne-Environmental Defence Fund (EDF), National Resources Defence Council (NRDC) kanye abanye, akuwona nje kuphela umbuzo wesu ovame ukunikezwa kancane kancane, kodwa ngisho nengxoxo egcwele yamaqhinga afanelekile ayizange inakwe.
Ngalรฉ kwabalingiswa ngabanye, inkulumo-mpikiswano ebanzi ifika embuzweni owodwa nobaluleke kakhulu: Iyiphi indawo esebenza kahle kakhulu, futhi iyiphi inhlanganisela yamasosha namadlelandawonye, โโkufanele inhlangano yezemvelo ihlanganyele namabutho aphikisayo ukuze iphumelele?
Omunye usola ukuthi, uma kubhekwa umzamo wezinye izinhlangano zezemvelo ezigxile kakhulu emakethe ukuqeda izingxabano zika-Klein, abaphikisana nakho kakhulu akukhona, empeleni, ukuthi babi kakhulu kunabaphika isimo sezulu. Kunalokho, kubo, isono esikhulu sika-Klein sikwenye indawo, ekuvezeni obala ingxoxo ama-NGO amakhulu aluhlaza angathanda ukuyigcina ingcwatshwe.
Besaba ukuphikisa imithombo yabo yoxhaso kanye nokulahlekelwa izigidi zamaRandi, uma kungenzeka bahlotshaniswe nemibono eqinile-egxile ekuxoxeni ngobunxiwankulu uqobo kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwesistimu yethu yezomnotho nezenhlalakahle kanye nenkinga yemvelo nesimo sezulu. Leli themba elesabekayo alisongeli nje kuphela amaqhinga athile, kodwa wonke ama-raison d'รชtre awo.
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UKUBIZA izwi ubulungiswa, njengoba kwenza izishoshovu zemibala lapho zenza izinhlangano ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 nasekuqaleni kwawo-80 ukuze kuliwe nokucwasa kwemvelo okunonya nokwandile, le mpikiswano ibuyela emuva, njengoba uNaomi Klein esho, ezingxabanweni ezaqala ukuvela ngokuphakama kokuvelela ukunyakaza kwemvelo kwesimanje kwase-U.S. ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960.
Ukunyakaza kwahlukana ngokuphumelelayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kwakunenhlangano emhlophe, evame kakhulu eyayichitha noma ibukela phansi imibuzo yobuhlanga, isigaba noma ubulili futhi yayigxile kakhulu ezindabeni zasehlane, ukongiwa nokongiwa kwemvelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kwakuyinhlangano eyakhiwe endaweni, futhi ezikhathini eziningi umbutho wobulungiswa bezemvelo oholwa yi-Afrika yaseMelika wawugxile endaweni yabantu ethintwa ukucwasa ngokwemvelo, ubumpofu nokungalingani ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nezasemaphandleni.
Kunokuba ukwazi ukusebenza ngokubambisana nesakhiwo samandla, umqondo wobulungisa usho amandla ubuhlobo kanye nezinhlangothi eziphikisanayo ezinezintshisekelo ezihlukene.
Ukucaphuna uVan Jones ku-a Washington Post isihloko ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, "Eqinisweni sinenhlangano yezemvelo ehlukaniswe ngokwezinhlanga...Sinesizotha kakhulu ukusho lokho. Kunalokho, sithi sinenhlangano yobulungiswa bezemvelo kanye nenhlangano evamile."
Ngaphandle kokucacisa ukuthi yimaphi amaqembu abegxekwa, umbiko we-NAACP mayelana nemithelela engalingani yobuhlanga nezigaba zezitshalo zamalahle e-U.S. kuphawulwe:
Le nkinga [yokwehlukana phakathi kwezinhlangano zezobulungiswa bezemvelo emazingeni aphansi kanye nama-NGO amakhulu aGreen] ikhombisa ukushoda kwabaningi abagqugquzeli bezemvelo abajwayelekile: ngenkathi igxeka iqiniso lokuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuzoba nomthelela ongemuhle kubantu abampofu kanye nabantu bemibala eGlobal South, abameli abaningi besimo sezulu imvamisa yehluleka ukugqamisa umthelela oqhubekayo, ongalingani wezimboni ezidla i-carbon kubantu abampofu kanye nabantu bebala e-United States. Amandla omkhankaso ajwayele ukugxila ezitshalweni zamalahle ezisondelene nendawo (ikakhulukazi abamhlophe, abasezingeni eliphakathi) nabakhankaseli besimo sezulu-njengezitshalo zamalahle ezikhungweni zamakolishi-kunokuba ziqondise lezo zikhungo zikagesi ezibaswa ngamalahle ezithinta kakhulu abantu abampofu kanye nabantu. yombala.
Ngenkathi uJacqui Patterson, umqondisi wezobulungiswa besimo sezulu ku-NAACP, ecelwa ukuthi aphawule inhlolokhono yesayithi yezemvelo yakwaYale e360 ngokuntuleka kobuholi nokumelwa kwabantu bemibala ezinhlanganweni ezinkulu zezemvelo, uphendule wathi, "Kube khona ukwehluleka okungokomlando ukuveza imithelela yalezi zinkinga emiphakathini yemibala kanye nemiphakathi ehola kancane e-United States."
Ngenkathi izinhlangano zezemvelo ezifana neSierra Club neGreenpeace bafuna ukushintsha futhi uqaphele kakhulu imithelela engafani yobuhlanga yokungcoliswa kwemvelo eNyakatho, kanye bamele kakhulu, babandakanyeke futhi babambe iqhaza, inqobo nje uma kugxilwe esu lebhizinisi lokunxenxa, ukuqoqwa kwezimali kanye nezigigaba eziphakeme zokukhangisa ezingenasici esiqinile sobulungiswa bezenhlalo, intando yeningi yamalungu noma ukuzibandakanya komphakathi, ushintsho luzokhula futhi luhambe kancane kabuhlungu.
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UKUKHULISA lobu bunzima kanye nemibono ehlukene yezombangazwe enhlanganweni yezemvelo akuwona โuqhekekoโ noma โukwenza buthakaโ inhlangano, njengoba kuvame ukukhokhiswa labo abazama ukuvala ingxoxo yezepolitiki. Kunalokho, kubaluleke kakhulu uma sifuna ukuqhubekela phambili kulezi zikhathi ezinzima.
Ngakho-ke, kunezinga elibalulekile engxoxweni okufanele ikhuthaze wonke umuntu othintekayo ngekusasa leplanethi yethu ukuba acabangele, ahlaziye futhi axoxe, ngoba ihlobene ngqo nekusasa lenhlangano. Futhi njengokwakha umbutho ophumelelayo, omkhulu, ozimele kanye nentando yeningi, inhlangano elwela ubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle kanye nemvelo kuwukuphela kwento ezovimbela ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu esibalekayo kanye nokushabalala okukhulu okungabaza ikusasa lempucuko yabantu, kubalulekile ukuthi izishoshovu zihlanganyele impikiswano eqhakazayo, edingeka kakhulu futhi enempilo kakhulu ngamasu namaqhinga.
Inkulumo-mpikiswano iphinde yaqubuka kuwo wonke amabhulogi endawo kanye namawebhusayithi ngoba, njengoba nje inhlangano yobulungiswa bezemvelo yavela ezishoshovu nasemiphakathini enombala eminyakeni engama-30 edlule, uphiko oluqinile lwenhlangano luyakhula, luqina kakhulu, lubuza imibuzo emisha futhi lufuna ukunqoba ubuthakathaka bepolitiki yangaphambili kanye nokungenzi lutho. Imibuzo emisha akukhona nje mayelana nokuthi singamasha kanjani amabutho ethu ukuze siwine izimpi ngazinye, kodwa ukuthi singahlanganisa kanjani lokho kunqoba sibe umkhankaso onomgomo obonakalayo nombono omuhle.
Uma sikhuluma ngobuchule, esikhathini esiningi nangesikhathi eside, hlobo luni lomphakathi esiwulwelayo? Ngabe sifuna nje ukuqeda ezinye zezindawo ezilokhu zikhula, ezimangelengele zonxiwankulu, sibe sigcina uhlelo luqukethwe kancane kanye nezindawo ezincane ezimbalwa zingcwele ngenxa yenhloso yenzuzo?
Noma ingabe silwela uhlobo lomhlaba oluhluke ngokuphelele? Okungenazo izimpahla, ukudla okusheshayo, amabhizinisi ezolimo, izimakethe zekhabhoni, izimpi eziphathelene nezinsiza ezibalulekile, ubumpofu, ukucwasa ngokwebala nokucwasa ngobuliliโkanye nesayensi nobuchwepheshe obunenjongo ngempela obungasasontiwe futhi buphazanyiswa izinto eziza kuqala zokuqongelela izimali.
Sobabili singalwela kanjani ushintsho oluzwakalayo njengamanje (amaqhinga) asiza kanyekanye ukwakha umnyakazo futhi asisondeze emigomweni yethu emikhulu, yesikhathi eside (isu)? Sihlukanisa kanjani phakathi kwamaqhinga asebenzayo anezela isu lethu lonke, ngokumelene nalawo asiholela ezindleleni eziyimpumputhe?
Ukuthi umuntu uyiphendula kanjani le mibuzo yezepolitiki inquma ukuthi uhlela kanjani futhi nobani. Eqinisweni, lena yinkulumo-mpikiswano endala kakhulu futhi ivela noma nini lapho inhlangano yezenhlalo ifinyelela isiphithiphithi. Umbuzo wesu namaqhinga ukhula uphuma esimweni esibambekayo esibhekene nezishoshovu ezintsha ezidonswe emzabalazweni.
Kaningi, kuholela ekusungulweni kwezinhlangano ezintsha ezisabela kakhulu ezidingweni ezikhulayo kanye nemibono ebanzi yomhlaba yalabo ababambiqhaza abasanda kubandlululwa, njengalokhu esiqala ukubona ngokwakhiwa kwamaqembu ezizwe afana 350.org, I-Rising Tide, umfelandawonye wophiko lwesokunxele Ukushintsha kwesistimu hhayi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, inhlangano yomdabu esanda kuvela Awusenalutho.
Kwaba njalo enhlanganweni yamalungelo omphakathi, njengoba izishoshovu ezintsha, ezisencane, ezifisa uguquko olusheshayo nolucophelelayo, zadumala ngokuhamba kancane kanye nomzila osemthethweni owawulandelwa izinhlangano ezihlonishwayo ezilwela amalungelo abantu njenge-NAACP (naphezu kwezimpande zayo eziqinile) . Banyakazisa futhi benza izinhlangano ezazizimele futhi ezivulekele amaqhinga amasha anemigomo emikhulu.
Esikhundleni sokugcizelelwa kochwepheshe, ukunxenxa, ukunxenxa isimilo kanye namacala ezinkantolo, amaqhinga aqondiswe kabusha ekugqugquzeleni abantu abaNsundu njengeqembu eliphelele, elingenalo udlame, isenzo esiqondile, esibekwe ngaphakathi kwesu lokukhuphula ubushoshovu nokuzibandakanya kusuka ngokubanzi nangokubanzi. izingqimba zomphakathi.
I-Southern Christian Leadership Conference yasungulwa ngo-1957 ngu-Martin Luther King Jr. ngemva kwempumelelo ye-Montgomery Bus Boycott. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, njengoba umhlangano wokuhlala endaweni yokudla kwasemini wawuqala, abafundi bakha iKomiti Yokuxhumanisa Abangenalo Udlame Lwabafundi. Ngemva kokuwina amalungelo ezombusazwe ngo-1964 no-1965, inhlangano yaqhubekela phambili, futhi iNkosi yashintsha ukugxila kumalungelo ezomnotho. ENyakatho, enye inhlangano entsha eyasungulwa ngo-1966: I-Black Panther Party.
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EMVUTHWENI wesimanje wezemvelo, kunezinhlangano ezizimele ezinkulu, ezixhaswa ngezimali kahle ezibheka ubudlelwano nezinkampani kanye nesu elisekelwe ekunxenxeni osopolitiki kanye nezinkantolo njengendlela ephumelela kakhulu yokulinganisa ukuziphatha kwezinkampani kanye nokubeka imingcele ekungcoliseni kwabo kanye nokumelene nabo. imisebenzi yezemvelo.
Njengoba u-Klein aphawula, esikhathini se-neoliberalism, le nqubo iye yadlulela phambili, nama-NGO amakhulu, abizwa ngokuthi Aluhlaza, ama-NGOs ezemvelo (ENGOs) asebenza ngaphansi kwepharadigm hhayi ethi "Sue the bastards," kodwa "yokusebenza ngokubambisana kwezinkampani nama-bastards. ."
Ngokuphambene, njengobufakazi bokuthi indlela yabo yokusebenza iyasebenza, izinhlangano ezifana ne-EDF zicaphuna ekuzivikeleni kwazo amacala amaningi anqotshiwe, ukuziphatha okushintshile kwenkampani nokwamukelwa kwamakhodi okusimama kwebhizinisi. Ephendula uKlein, iphini likamongameli omkhulu we-EDF wezamasu nezokuxhumana u-Eric Pooley uthe lapho "sibhekene nokukhetha ukwenza inqubekelaphambili yangempela ekulweni nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu noma ukulwa impi yemibono, siyohlala sikhetha okwakuqala"โnjengokungathi kusobala. ukuthi lezi zinto zombili azifani. Ekhuluma ngophondo lwemboni, u-Pooley wabhala:
Ngo-1991, sisize uMcDonald's ukukhipha iziqukathi zesemishi "clamshell" zegwebu. Ngo-2004, i-EDF ne-FedEx yethula amaloli ayingxube "alungele umgwaqo" okuqala ake akhiwa. Namuhla, ama-hybrid asemakhulukhulu ezinkampani zezindiza, kusukela e-UPS kuya e-Coca-Cola kuya e-U.S. Postal Service. Futhi kusukela ngo-2008, uhlelo lwe-EDF Climate Corps lubeke amakhulukhulu ama-MBA kwezinye zezinkampani ezinkulu emhlabeni ukuze zombili zikhulise ukusebenza kahle kwamandla namuhla futhi zibaqeqeshe njengabaholi bebhizinisi bakusasa. Kuze kube manje, ozakwethu be-Climate Corps bahlonze u-$1.2 wezigidigidi ekongeni amandla okungenzeka, ngokuncipha kwesisi esibamba ukushisa okulingana nokukhipha izimoto ezingu-200,000 emgwaqeni.
Ngamanye amazwi, ukuyekethisa nokusebenza ngamandla njengoba ekhona kuyindlela yokwenza inqubekelaphambili elinganiselwe ekufinyeleleni ezinhlosweni zonke izazi zemvelo ezingavumelana ngazo.
Ngokuphikisana nalokhu, umuntu angaphikisa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ukwenza i-Coca Cola, i-McDonald's, i-FedEx ne-UPS isebenze kahle kakhulu ekwenzeni imali, kuyilapho ibanika i-patina yekhredithi yasemgwaqweni eluhlaza ngemikhuba yabo yebhizinisi eshintshiwe, kugeja iphuzu.
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EMPHAKATHINI ohluzekile owazilinganisa ngokumelene nekhono lawo lokunakekela zonke izakhamuzi zawoโokuyinto, ngokwengeza, ehlanganisa umhlaba ophilayo nongaphili owawusekelwe phezu kwawoโayikho neyodwa yalezo zinhlangano eyayizoba khona kwasekuqaleni. Bakhiqiza imikhiqizo namasevisi angenamsebenzi wangempela emphakathini futhi, endabeni ye-Coke ne-McDonalds, eyingozi kakhulu empilweni yabantu neyezilwane.
Kodwa i-EDF, kanye ne-NRDC kanye ne-Nature Conservancy, ngezinye zezinhlangano ezilondoloza kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlangano zezemvelo. Yize benamandla amakhulu ngezigidi zamarandi abangazisebenzisa emkhankasweni othile, kanye nemibiko emihle abayithola emithonjeni yezindaba yezinkampani, izazi zemvelo eziningi ezisemazingeni aphansi ziyaqaphela ukuthi umbono wazo wezepolitiki ulolongwa ukuxhumana kwazo kwezezimali nezepolitiki. . Ngakho-ke, benza ithagethi elula yokuchitha ukusebenza kwezixazululo abazicabangayo.
Phela, i-NRDC, i-Nature Conservancy kanye ne-EDF abagcini nje ngokutusa igesi yemvelo "njengamafutha ebhuloho," kanye "nomthwalo wemfanelo" wokuqhekeka ukuze bayithole-zonke ziyingxenye ye I-USCAP, i-United States Climate Action Partnership. Leli yiqembu elihlanganisa izingwazi zemvelo ezifana no-Shell, i-Rio Tinto, i-Dow, i-Exelon kanye ne-PepsiCo phakathi kweqoqo layo lamandla amakhulu, imithi kanye nezimoto zamazwe ngamazwe. Uma lokho kungafanelekile njenge"i-greenwashing," Angazi ukuthi kwenzenjani.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba uKlein eke washo ngaphambilini, ama-NGO amaningi amakhulu aluhlaza awanawo nje kuphela amashumi ezigidi zamaRandiโfuthi kwezinye izimo, amakhulu ezigidiโatshalwe kukhasino yebhizinisi ngenye indlela eyaziwa ngokuthi imakethe yamasheya, amaningi awahloli ngisho nokubheka abakhiqizi bezikhali noma izitokwe zikaphethiloli. , phakathi komkhankaso owandayo wokukhipha imali oholwa ngabafundi.
Nakuba i-Sierra Club selokhu yanqaba iminikelo evela ku-Clorox kanye amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-26 eyawathola ku-Chesapeake Energy Corp.โokuyiziqephu zegesi yemvelo futhi ngokusobala yanikela ngethemba lokubona izimbangi zayo embonini yamalahleโabaholi beqembu babengenankinga yokushintsha abaxhasi futhi. ukwamukela kabili lelo nani evela kummeli wezigidigidi zama-stop-and-frisk u-Michael Bloomberg, umeya ozishaya isifuba ngokuphendula iNew York City ibe yimpahla engeziwe kanye "nomkhiqizo osezingeni eliphezulu."
Kepha emklomelweni wokugqwesa okuluhlaza okotshani, kunomjaho oqinile wendawo ephezulu phakathi kwePentagon, ngomqondo wayo oqanjiwe wokuhamba ngomkhumbi. "I-Great Green Fleet"-noma i-Ejensi Yokuvikela Imvelo, leyo unikeze i-Climate Leadership Award kulo nyaka kuRaytheon, inkampani ekhethekile ngokuba "umenzi wezikhali ezicitshwayo ophambili emhlabeni, ehlinzeka ngezikhali zokuzivikela nezihlaselayo zomoya, umhlaba, ulwandle nendawo."
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela