IGreece kube yizwe eliphangwe kakhulu e-Europe lokhu Kuwohloka Kwengqondo, phakathi kwezinye izizathu, ngoba akekho kunoma yisiphi isikhundla sobuholi obonakala efunde izifundo kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1930. Futhi, amabhange anamandla amaningi manje kunangaleso sikhathi abenawo ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngaphandle kwezimpawu zokuthi ibheyili yokuqala iyasebenza - ngokuqinisekile hhayi ekukhuliseni umnotho waseGreece noma ekusizeni abantu bakhona - kodwa hhayi ngisho nangokwenele ukumboza ukulahlekelwa okucatshangelwayo, abaphezulu be-Euro baphothule enye i-Euro eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-130, (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-170) namuhla. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukugwema ulaka lwabadlali abashintsha amabhange kanye nezikweletu ngenxa yokuthi iGreece ingakhokhi amabhondi angu-14.5 billion wama-Euro.
Abagqugquzeli be-bailout babonakala bekholelwa (noma benza sengathi) ukuthi: isikweletu sebheyili sasebhange + isikweletu sebheyili esengeziwe sasebhange + ukuthengisa izimpahla zikazwelonke ngamanani esaphulelo + ukungasebenzi okucindezelayo = impilo yezomnotho. Bayehluleka ukuqonda ukuthi ukuqina okunzima akuzange kuguqule iGreece (noma yiliphi izwe). Amabhange, vele, afuna ukuvikela ukubheja kwawo futhi angalindi ukuze iGreece izinze ngempela ukuze ikhokhwe.
Ngaphambi Kokuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho, umnotho waseGreece wabhekana neminyaka yokukhula, umnotho wezohwebo onempilo, futhi njenganamuhla, ukwanda okukhulu kwezimali mboleko zamabhange (ezingenamali engakanani) ukuze uxhase ngezimali. Lapho kuqala Ukucindezeleka, amabhange namabhizinisi endawo abhekana nezikweletu ezingakhokhwa kanye nokwehla kwamanani ezimpahla. (Ngiyeke uma lokhu kuzwakala njengokujwayelekile).
Isikweletu sincishwe ngokushesha, siminyanisa umsebenzi wezomnotho wangaphakathi. Ngo-1928, iDrakhima yesiGreek yayiboshelwe ezingeni legolide, kodwa yaxhunywa kuphawundi waseBrithani. Lapho iBrithani yehlisa inani lephawundi layo ngo-1931, uhulumeni waseGreece waphendula ngokukhulisa ukutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi nokugxilisa iDrakhima edoleni laseMelika.
Kodwa ekuqaleni kuka-1932, izimali ezigciniwe zebhange eliphakathi zase zehle kakhulu kangangokuthi zasekela kuphela I-40% yezibopho zamaGreki. Ngisho nangaphandle kokuconsa kancane kokwehla kwezinga le-ejensi yokulinganisa ukuze kugqanyiswe lesi simo sesikweletu esinamandla (okungelutho uma kuqhathaniswa nokusho ukuthi, izimali ezigciniwe zase-US zanamuhla uma kuqhathaniswa nokwenyuka kwezikweletu), ukuntuleka kwezimali ezigciniwe kubangele ukuba abaqageli bangaphandle basebenzise izinga lokushintshaniswa kwe-Drachma/dollar. Ukuvunwa kwebhondi kuqhume. Izindleko zokuboleka zenyuka.
Ngakho-ke ngoMashi 1932, i-League of Nation's (inkampani eyandulela ibheyili yebhange ku-ECB/IMF) wavuma ukuhlinzeka ngemalimboleko yokusiza isikweletu saseGreece ngokubuyisela - yilinde - izinyathelo zokuqiniswa. Ngokungafani nanamuhla, uhulumeni uthe 'isihogo cha.' Kunalokho, ngo-April, 1932, yantanta iDrakhima - eyawohloka ngokushesha. Iphinde yamemezela ukumiswa kwezikweletu zomphakathi, kanye nokukhuphula ukusetshenziswa kwengqalasizinda ukuqinisa umnotho wayo. Ixoxisane ngemibandela yokukhokha nabakweletwayo ukuze bathole inzalo ephelelwe yisikhathi. Ngo-1934, ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo nezimboni kwakhuphuka, imali yayizinzile, ukuqashwa kwanda, futhi isabelomali sasilingana.
Isimo sesihlukile manje. Nakuba amabhange kazwelonke aseGreece abhalisa ukulahlekelwa okumbalwa kwemali mboleko yasekhaya ngo-2009 (iqiniso elingaziwa abalandeli be-bailout), aqale ukulahlekelwa ezincwadini zawo zokuhweba ngenxa yokubheja okuhlukahlukene kwamanye amazwe. Izindleko zabo zokuboleka kanye ne-margin zenyuka kakhulu futhi ngokushesha ngokwehla kwesilinganiso ngakunye okwandisa ukulahlekelwa kwabo kwezohwebo, futhi kwabavimbela ekunwebeni noma ekuxoxisaneni kabusha ngezikweletu zendawo, okubangele ubuhlungu obukhulu bomnotho kubantu.
IGreece ngabe isesimweni esingcono, ukube ayizange ibhekane nochungechunge olusheshayo lokwehliswa kwezinga eliphezulu futhi yachithwa ukundiza kwemali eshisiwe nokucindezela okwalandela. Naphezu kwesexwayiso esicacile esivela eBhange Elikhulu LaseGreece ngasekupheleni kuka-2009 (lapho iGreece yayibucayi, kodwa iphefumula) ukuthi ingakwazi ukusekela izindleko zayo uma zingakhuphuki ngendlela exakile, i-Moody's (kanye nabanye kamuva) yehlisa izinga lezikweletu zaseGreece lisuka ku-A1 laya ku-A2. A2009 ngoZibandlela, XNUMX. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, umphakathi wamabhange wamazwe ngamazwe wangena esimweni sokubhidliza, ngokushesha.
I-Moody's isinqamule isikweletu saseGreece futhi, saba ku-A3 ngo-Ephreli, 2010, saya ku-Ba1 (udoti) ngoJuni, 2010, saya ku-B1 ngoMashi, 2011. Ezinyangeni ezintathu kamuva, isilinganiso saseGreece sanqanyulwa saba ku-Caa1. NgoSepthemba, 2011 amabhange amakhulu ayisithupha e-Greece ehliselwe ku-Caa2, okuyisilinganiso esingaphezu kwamazinga amisiwe, okuchoboza ukugeleza kwezikweletu kuzwelonke kubantu.
Uma noma yiliphi izwe lehliswa lisuka ku-A elilodwa liye ekubeni yimfucumfucu phakathi nezinyanga eziyi-18, kufanele likhiphe isikweletu esibiza kakhulu ukuze lihlale lilingana, lokho ngokwencazelo, okwenza ukufaneleka kwesikweletu kwamabhondi alo kwehle. Njengakunoma yiliphi izwe, amabhange aseGreece angabathengi abakhulu bamabhondi kahulumeni. Baphinde basebenzise lawo mabhondi njengesibambiso sokunye ukuboleka nokuhweba - bodwa - kanye namabhange omhlaba.
Njengoba amabhange aseGreece entengantenga futhi nezindleko zokuboleka zanda, amandla awo okuthenga amabhondi aseGreece kuhulumeni wawo ancipha, okwenza buthaka inani lesikweletu sikahulumeni. Ngokuzungeza, amabhange aseGreece athatha amanye amahithi ngokubamba amabhondi e-Greece ancishisiwe futhi ngaleyo ndlela abe buthakathaka - okuqhubeka nokunciphisa amandla awo okusekela izidingo zendawo.
Kungakho uhulumeni waseGreece ufuna ukuqinisa amabhange akhe asenezinga eliphansi (ngaphezu kwemali amabhange ayithola ngokuqondile emalini ebolekiwe ye-bailout-for-austerity) kanye nakwamanye amazwe, ngezindleko zokulimaza abantu. Kodwa njengoba umnotho (ngisho sezingeni eliphezulu kunawo wonke) awukwazi ukusimama izindleko zokuboleka ibheyili (ngokuphambene nezindleko zayo zokusebenza ebezizokhokhwa ngaphandle kwamazinga anyusiwe kanye nesimiso sebheyili exutshwe phakathi), lokhu ukwehla okungenakuvinjelwa.
I-GDP yaseGreece ithole inkontileka ngo-13% (ngo-7% engxenyeni yokugcina ka-2011) isuka ekupheleni kwerekhodi lika-2008. (Uma kuqhathaniswa, i-GDP yase-United Kingdom yehle ngo-20% ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi nakuba izinga layo lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi linyukile, izindleko zayo zokuboleka zihlala ziphansi ngendlela efanele, okwenza kube kushibhile ukusekela amabhange ayo.) Izinga lokonga laseGreece ku-7.5% liku-XNUMX% iminyaka eyishumi ephansi (kodwa isephezulu kunaleyo yase-US).
Khonamanjalo, isikweletu saseGreece ku-GDP isilinganiso singu-160%. (Linyuke cishe ngamaphesenti ayi-100 kusukela ngo-1994 kuya ku-2008.) Izinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi ku-20.9%, kanye nezinga lentsha engasebenzi kuma-48%, seliphindeke kabili kusukela ngoJanuwari 2008. Akukho okukhombisa ukuthi ngeke liqhubeke likhuphuka.
Imali iyaqhubeka ibalekela amabhange aseGreece, amabhondi, namasheya, njengoba izakhamuzi zizama ukulondoloza lokho ezingakwenza, futhi abaqageli bakwamanye amazwe badlala umdlalo wenkukhu nabahlinzeki bezimali. Imakethe yamasheya yaseGreece imi engxenyeni eyodwa kwezinhlanu zezinga layo likaJanuwari 2008. Isivuno seminyaka eyishumi yebhondi kahulumeni simi ku-33%, uma kuqhathaniswa no-5% eminyakeni emibili nje edlule.
Isivinini nokuqina kokwehla kwe-Greece akubonisi lutho olufushane kunengoma yamazwe ngamazwe yesitayela se-mafia.
Iningi labasebenzi baseGreece alizange liwuphule umhlane kahulumeni, noma ngabe ingxenye encane kakhulu iwuhlukumezile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho kuphoqeleka ukuba kube nezinyathelo ezengeziwe zokuhlenga i-Greece, umnotho wayo uzocekelwa phansi ukuze iwabuyisele. Ngemuva kwemizuliswano emine yokungabi namali, imibhikisho ezweni lonke, ama-Euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-110 ekukhishweni kwe-IMF kanye ne-ECB, ukukhuphuka kwezinga lenzalo ukushayela ukuboleka kubiza phezulu kanye nesikweletu esiminyanisayo, ukwehla kube yimfucumfucu, esikhundleni sikaNdunankulu, futhi manje enye ibheyili enkulu, inhlekelele yaseGreece isanda kuqala. .
Nokho izifundo ezivela ekuwohlokeni okukhulu komnotho zikhona. Ngokuntanta i-Drachma (okulingana nokushiya i-Euro), ukuxoxisana ngabanye nabakweletwayo (ukutshela amabhange ukuthi ahlehle), nokwandisa ukugxila komphakathi kwangaphakathi (okuphambene nalokho okwenzekayo manje) iGreece yakwazi ukuzinza ngokushesha kunamazwe amakhulu aseYurophu. . Akukephuzi kakhulu ukuthi uzame futhi: kodwa kudinga okungacatshangwa njengamanje: intando yezepolitiki okuyisibalo sabantu - hhayi ebhange - egxile.
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