I-Google, umdondoshiya wezobuchwepheshe okuthiwa uholwa yisiqubulo sawo esithi “ungabi mubi,” ubelokhu exhasa ngezimali uhlu olukhulayo lwamaqembu athuthukisa i-ajenda yezelamani zakwaKoch.
Izinhlangano ezithole uxhaso “olukhulu” oluvela ku-Google okokuqala ngqa onyakeni odlule zifaka i-Grover Norquist's Americans for Tax Reform, i-Federalist Society, i-American Conservative Union (eyaziwa kakhulu ngengqungquthela yayo ye-CPAC), kanye nophiko lwezepolitiki lwe-Heritage Foundation. lokho kwaholela ekubeni icala livale uhulumeni ngoMthetho Wokunakekelwa Okuthengekayo: Isenzo Samagugu.
Ngo-2013, i-Google iphinde yaxhasa ngezimali iqembu lezinkampani, i-American Legislative Exchange Council, nakuba lelo qembu lingekho ohlwini elithola uxhaso “olukhulu” ohlwini olushicilelwe i-Google.
Izinkampani zase-U.S. azidingekile ukuthi zidalule esidlangalaleni uxhaso lwazo lwamaqembu akhulumela ezepolitiki, futhi zimbalwa kakhulu akwenzayo lokho, kodwa kusukela okungenani ngo-2010 i-Google ikhethe ukukhulula ngokuzithandela eminye imininingwane elinganiselwe mayelana nezibonelelo ezenza kwabangenzi-nzuzo base-U.S. Uhlu olushicilelwe oluvela kwa-Google alunamininingwane, okuhlanganisa kuphela lawo maqembu “athola iminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu evela kuthimba le-Google le-U.S. Federal Public Policy kanye Nezindaba Zikahulumeni.”
Lokho u-Google akubheka “njengokukhulu” akuchazwa - awekho amanani edola anikezwayo - kodwa ulimi luphakamisa ukutshalwa kwezimali okubalulekile okuvela kwa-Google futhi, ngenani lesitoko elingamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-330, i-Google inamaphakethe ajule kakhulu.
I-Google inesithombe esithuthukayo ngendlela ehlukile, kodwa ngoMashi 2012 yaqasha owayeyilungu leRiphabhulikhi leNdlu yabaMeli, uSusan Molinari njengePhini Likamongameli Wenqubomgomo Yomphakathi kanye Nobudlelwano Bakahulumeni. Ngokusho kwe New York Times, uMolinari "ukhokhelwa kahle ukuze andise ukwesekwa kwalowo mdondoshiya wezobuchwepheshe ngale kwe-Silicon Valley Democrats kanye nokudambisa imali nokunaka amaRiphabhulikhi akhethiwe."
Izibonelelo Ezintsha Ze-Google "Ezibalulekile" Zophiko Lwesokudla onyakeni odlule
I-CMD ihlole i ulwazi olukhishwe yi-Google kusukela ngo-2010 kuya ku-2013. Ukudalulwa ngokuzithandela kukhombisa ukuthi la maqembu alandelayo angabaxhaso abasha be-Google kusukela ngoSepthemba 2012, noma afakwe ohlwini lwabathole isibonelelo "esikhulu" se-Google okokuqala ngqa:
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I-American Conservative Union
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AmaMelika for Tax Reform
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Isikhungo se-CATO
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I-Federalist Society
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George Mason University Law School Center Law and Economics Centre
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Isenzo Samagugu
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Isikhungo seMercatus
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I-National Taxpayers Union
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R Street Isikhungo
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I-Texas Public Policy Foundation
Ulwazi oluningiliziwe ngeqembu ngalinye lalawa lungatholakala kuma-CMD I-Sourcewatch Iwebhusayithi.
I-Google Funding Yamaqembu Aphikisana Nohulumeni
I-Heritage Action, uphiko lweqembu letiye lokumela ezombusazwe olunesitayela se-Heritage Foundation, mhlawumbe umamukeli omangalisa kakhulu we-Google.
Ngaphezu kwanoma yiliphi elinye iqembu elisebenzela ukuqeda uMthetho Wokunakekelwa Okuthengekayo, Isenzo Samagugu iphoqe ukuthi kumiswe uhulumeni isikhathi eside ekwindla ka-2013, okuyisa izwe onqenqemeni lokungakhokhi izikweletu okungaba yinhlekelele.
Ukubeka isisekelo salelosu, i-Heritage Action ebanjwe amadolobha ayisishiyagalolunye "I-Defund Obamacare Town Hall Tour" ngo-Agasti 2013, ehlinzeka inkundla yeSenator yase-Texas u-Ted Cruz yokukhuluma nezixuku zabalandeli bephathi yetiye abajabulayo.
Ku-Cruz, okukhulunywa ngaye ngokwanda njengomuntu ongenele ukhetho lukaMongameli wango-2016, ukuvala umlomo kukahulumeni kwamsiza ukukhulisa iphrofayili yakhe nokwakha umsekeli wakhe - kanye nesizinda somnikeli.
Ngokuphawulekayo, i-Heritage Action uthole u-$500,000 kusukela kwabaxhaswe ngezimali yi-Koch kanye ne-Koch-operative eyayinabasebenzi be-Freedom Partners ngo-2012. Akukaziwa okwamanje ukuthi ingakanani i-Heritage Action eyathola ngo-2013 emithonjeni ngaphandle kwe-Google.
Mhlawumbe ngokumangazayo, i-Google inomlando wokusekela u-Cruz. Ngekomidi layo Lesenzo Sezombangazwe - i-Google Inc. Net PAC - i-PAC inikeze umkhankaso othi "Ted Cruz for Senate" ngomnikelo ka-$10,000 ngo-2012. Ukwengeza, ngaphandle kweminyaka emihlanu okhethweni oluzayo lweSenatha, i-PAC ye-Google isivele yenze isinqumo. Umnikelo ka-$2,500 emkhankasweni wokuqokwa kabusha kwe-Cruz ka-2018, inani elikhulu i-PAC elinikezile kuze kube manje kunoma yiliphi ilungu leSigele elingenele lowo nyaka wokhetho ngokusho ukudalulwa okwenziwe i-Google.
I-Americans for Tax Reform (ATR), iqembu elimelene nohulumeni eliphethwe yi-Republican operative Grover Norquist, bekungomunye umamukeli omusha woxhaso oluvela ku-Google ngo-2013. waziwa kakhulu "Ngesifungo Sokuvikela Umkhokhi Wentela," kanye nokuhlasela kwayo okuyisisekelo kunoma iyiphi iRiphabhulikhi engase iqunge isibindi sokuvotela noma yikuphi ukukhushulwa kwezintela. Ngokusho kweCenter for Responsive Politics, i-ATR yamukelwe I-85% yemali yayo ngo-2012 (amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-26.4) evela ku-ultra-partisan Karl Rove-run Crossroads GPS, elinye iqembu lemali emnyama.
UMengameli we-ATR uGrover Norquist wakhuluma kabi ukuthi ufuna ukunciphisa uhulumeni "yehle kuze kufike lapho singaminza khona kubhavu." Isikhundla se-Google mayelana nosayizi ohlobene kahulumeni ngokumelene nobhavu wokugeza akwaziwa, kodwa ngokusho kwe- Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Bloomberg kwemibhalo yebhizinisi yase-U.S. ye-Google, igwema cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili emhlabeni jikelele ezinkokhelweni zentela unyaka ngamunye ngokusebenzisa izindawo zokukhosela zentela.
I-Bloomberg ibike ngoMeyi 2013 ukuthi eFrance kuphela i-Google iphakathi kwengxabano engaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingu-1 zamaRandi ezintela ezingakhokhiwe okusolwayo. Umbiko ka-August 2013 we-U.S. PIRG – “Imidlalo ye-Offshore Shell” — ithole ukuthi i-Google manje isibambe ngaphezu kwamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-33 ngasogwini, igwema intela yale miholo e-United States.
I-National Taxpayers Union, eholwa yilowo owayenguMqondisi Omkhulu we-American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) weminyaka eyishumi nanye uDuane Parde, ine-ajenda efanayo yokulwa nentela, emelene nohulumeni, futhi nayo uthole uxhaso oluvela kwa-Google e 2013.
I-Google Sponsor Event Honoring Justice Thomas
I-Google nayo muva nje uxhaswe i-gala fundraiser e-Washington DC ye-Federalist Society, inethiwekhi yamajaji aphiko lwesokudla nabameli abahlanganisa amaJaji eNkantolo Ephakeme uSamuel Alito, uJohn Roberts, u-Antonin Scalia noClarence Thomas. UJustice Thomas ubeyisimenywa esihlonishwayo kulowo mcimbi, lapho i-Google ifakwe ohlwini lwabaxhasi “begolide” bezinga eliphezulu. Google ubiza iFederalist Society ohlwini lwayo lwamaqembu athola izibonelelo zalo ezinkulu ngo-2013.
Le nkampani iphinde ixhase ngezimali imisebenzi yeqembu elinentshisekelo ekhethekile. I-Center for Media and Democracy, eshicilela i-PRWatch, isanda kuthumela a umbiko kazwelonke omkhulu ku-State Policy Network (SPN), inethiwekhi yabacabangi abaphiko lwesokudla, enenhlangano okungenani eyodwa kuzo zonke izifundazwe. Amaqembu e-SPN ngokuvamile akhuthaza i-ajenda yebhizinisi, ngokuvamile elahlekelwa izintshisekelo zabantu abavamile abasebenzayo.
I-Texas Public Policy Foundation (TPPF), eyingxenye ye-SPN, nayo yathola imali evela ku-Google ngo-2013. Njengoba i-Progress Now's state affiliate kanye ne-CMD baye ibhalwe phansi, i-ajenda yezomthetho ekhuthazwa yi-TPPF ihlanganisa amandla avuselelekayo aphikisayo, ukuvimbela ukufinyelela ekunakekelweni kwezempilo okuthengekayo, kanye nemithetho ephikisanayo yeholo elincane lezwe.
I-Google, engazange iphendule esicelweni sokuphawulwa, ingase iphikise ngokuthi ivele ixhase amaqembu kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zomkhakha wezepolitiki, inikeze ezinye izibonelelo ezinhlanganweni ezimelela amanani asondelene kakhulu nesithombe esiqhubekayo senhlangano. Njengoba i-Google ingakhiphi imininingwane yabo bonke abanikezeli bayo kanye namanani edola, kunzima ukwahlulela lokhu, nakuba bayadalula ukuhlinzeka ngezimali kwamanye amaqembu anenqubekela phambili ahlanganisa i-American Constitution Society, i-People for the American Way kanye ne-NAACP.
Nakuba i-Google ixhase ngezimali amaqembu "okulondolozayo" kanye "nenqubekela phambili", ayivezi isilinganiso esihlobene esinikezwe iqembu ngalinye, ngale kwe-symmetry ekha phezulu, kanye nezinga amaqembu atshekela ngalo kwesokudla noma kwesokunxele kuma-ajenda awo.
Kodwa-ke, njengoba kuphawulwe uMqondisi Omkhulu we-CMD, uLisa Graves, “azikho ngempela izinhlangothi ezimbili ezilinganayo emaqinisweni mayelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okuqhubekayo, mayelana nokuthi abantu abasebenzayo kufanele yini baholelwe imali yokuziphilisa, nokuthi izinkampani kufanele yini khokha izintela njengoba kwenza abantu abasebenzayo. Ngokuxhasa ngezimali amaqembu aqisayo angakwesokudla ngaphansi kwesibhaxu sokufana okungamanga, i-Google ivumela amaqembu afuna ukubukela phansi uhulumeni."
Ubulungu be-Google ku-ALEC, Uxhaso lwe-CEI
Kusukela kwethulwa i-CMD I-ALECexposed.org ngo-2011, edalula i-ajenda ephelele yalelo qembu langaphambili lebhizinisi elavotelwa ngasese ngabashisekeli bezinkampani kanye nezishayamthetho zombuso ngaphandle kweminyango evaliwe, izinkampani ziye zavunyelwa. egijima ebalekela ukuhlangana neqembu. Okungenani izinkampani ezingama-50 kwaziwa ukuthi zehlile uxhaso kusukela ngo-2011, okuhlanganisa iWalmart, Coca Cola kanye nePepsi. I-Google - kanye ne-Facebook kanye ne-Yelp - isekela lowo mkhuba ukuthi ujoyine buthule ngo-2013. I-Google ayifaki ohlwini i-ALEC njengomamukeli wesinye sezibonelelo zayo ezinkulu, esikhundleni salokho amagama ngokwehlukana I-ALEC njengenhlangano esibe yilungu layo.
Kunezizathu eziningi ezinhle zokuthi izinkampani eziqaphela umkhiqizo ziqhelelane ne-ALEC. Ngokwesibonelo, yayo ifa le-Stand Your Ground imithetho yezibhamu kanye nezikweletu okumele zenziwe kunzima kubantu baseMelika ukuvota, umsebenzi wayo susa imithetho yamandla avuselelekayo kanye nekhono le I-EPA yokulawula amagesi abamba ukushisa, kanye nemizamo yayo yokwenza okuyimfihlo cishe yonke into, ingezinye zezinyathelo zayo ezeqisayo.
I-ALEC iyiqembu lezinkampani ezixhasa ngezimali, futhi amabhizinisi axhasa i-ALEC akwenza lokho enethemba lokususa i-ajenda yomthetho. An Ukushicilelwa kwe-ALECn eyathunyelwa kumalungu ezinkampani ngo-1995, yagubha i-ajenda yayo yomthetho kumalungu ngokuthi “utshalomali oluhle”, isho ngokucacile “ayikho enye indawo ongathola kuyo imbuyiselo ephezulu kangako.” Njengoba uLisa Graves weCMD eshilo, "Kungumsebenzi okhokhelwayo wokudlala."
I-Google ijoyine i-ALEC kulo nyaka nje, futhi yengeza uxhaso kumaqembu afana ne-ATR, Federalist Society and Heritage Action ngo-2013, kodwa ngaphansi kwe-radar ibilokhu ixhasa idlanzana lamanye amaqembu angakwesokudla iminyaka eminingana. Ngo-2013 i-Google inikeze umbiko Isheke loxhaso lika-$50,000 kwiCompetitive Enterprise Institute (CEI), elinye iqembu elizama ukuvimba imizamo yokubhekana nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, kodwa belikade lixhasa ngemali “I-Google Policy Fellows” kwa-CEI iminyaka eminingana, futhi ubhale le nhlangano njengaleyo eseke ngayo ngokwezimali ku-“obala” amakhasi okungenani iminyaka emithathu.
-Google uthi abangani bakhe "Sebenzani eduze nezazi ze-CEI ukucwaninga nokukhuthaza izixazululo ezintsha, ezikhuthaza abathengi ezinseleleni zenqubomgomo yomphakathi yenkathi yolwazi." Noma imaphi amaphrojekthi ozakwethu be-Google abagcina besebenza kuwo e-CEI, uhlobo lwe-Google manje seluboshelwe enhlanganweni enedumela elixhumene ngokuqinile nokwenqatshwa kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
"Izindleko zezombusazwe ezinkampanini ziwumsebenzi kuphela. Konke kumayelana nokuthola izinqubomgomo ezikhulisa inzuzo," uBob McChesney etshela i-CMD. “Ngakho-ke ngisho nezinkampani eziqavile ezifana ne-Google zihlala zichitha imali eshisiwe ukuze zisekele amaqembu nosopolitiki abaphishekela imiphumela enqunyiwe yenqubomgomo emelene nentando yeningi. Kungakho imibuso yentando yeningi enengqondo ilawula ngokuqinile noma ikwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwemali okunjalo, ikubheka njengesifo somdlavuza ekubuseni ngentando yeningi.” USolwazi McChesney wasungula iqembu eliguqula abezindaba iFree Press ngo-2002, futhi kulo nyaka wagunyaza. I-Capitalism Ijikisa Kanjani I-inthanethi Imelene Nentando Yeningi.
Izinqubomgomo ezikhuthazwa abanye babanikezeli be-Google zihluke kakhulu nesithombe esiqhubekayo i-Google esisebenzele ukusithuthukisa. Ine ezibophezele esidlangalaleni ukutshala imali ngaphezu kwezigidigidi zamarandi zamaRandi ezinhlelweni zamandla avuselelekayo, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezimoto ngabasebenzi bayo, ukunika amandla amahhovisi ayo ngezinto ezivuselelekayo futhi uma kungenjalo izakhiwo zayo zibe luhlaza. Umehluko phakathi kwalezi zithembiso, kanye noxhaso lwe-Google lwamaqembu aphikayo noma aphikisayo ukuba ngokoqobo kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu - amaqembu agqugquzelwa uxhaso olutholwa ezinkampanini zikaphethiloli wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi - kuholele ekutheni izinhlangano eziningana ziqalise imikhankaso yokucela i-Google ukuthi iyeke ukuxhasa abaphika ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Isibikezelo samaqiniso sinesihloko esithi “Hey Google! Ungaxhasi Ububi Be-ALEC!” isicelo, futhi Isamba Sethu sinesicelo esibiza i-Google ukuthi "ingabe iphinde ixhase abaphika ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu."
I-ALEC ibambe ingqungquthela yayo elandelayo eWashington DC kusukela ngomhlaka-4 kuZibandlela kuze kube umhlaka-6. I-lobbyist yakwa-Google cishe izobe ikhona, igubha iminyaka engu-40 ye-ALEC kanye nezishayamthetho nabanye abagqugquzeli. I-CMD izobika ngezehlakalo zengqungquthela isonto lonke ngo PRWatch.org. Ukusayina isicelo se-CMD ku-CEO we-Google u-Larry Page, kumbiwe ukuthi ayiyeke esidlangalaleni i-ALEC, Chofoza lapha.
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