Umthombo: TomDispatch.com
Ngaphambi kokuba ngizithole โsengivikelekile,โ lesi sihloko besizokhuluma ngezenzo zabesifazane emhlabeni wonke ukugubha u-March 8, uSuku Lwabesifazane Lomhlaba Wonke. Kusuka Pakistan kuya Chile, abesifazane ngezigidi zabo bagcwala imigwaqo, befuna ukuba sikwazi ukulawula imizimba yethu nokuphila kwethu. Baphuma abafazi I-Iraq neKyrgyzstan, iTurkey nePeru, iPhilippines neMalaysia. Kwezinye izindawo, babezifaka engozini yokushaywa amadoda azifihle ubuso. Kwezinye, bafuna ukuphela ukubulawa kwabesifazane - iqiniso leminyaka eyinkulungwane lokuthi abesifazane kulo mhlaba babulawa nsuku zonke ngenxa yokuthi bangabesifazane.
Ngo-1975 Ikusasa Lalingowesifazane
Imigubho yalo nyaka ibinodlame ikakhulukazi. Sekuyiminyaka engama-45 iNhlangano Yezizwe yamemezela u-1975 njengoNyaka Wabesifazane Wamazwe Ngamazwe futhi yaxhasa ingqungquthela yayo yokuqala yamazwe ngamazwe ekhuluma ngabesifazane eDolobheni laseMexico. Izingqungquthela ezifanayo zazilandelwa ngezikhathi zeminyaka emihlanu, zifinyelele umvuthwandaba ngokuthi 1995 ingqungquthela yaseBeijing, ukukhiqiza inkundla eye yaqondisa ngezindlela eziningi ubufazi bamazwe ngamazwe kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
I-Beijing yayiyingxenye yesine yekhulu leminyaka edlule, kodwa kulo nyaka, abesifazane emhlabeni wonke babonakala benelisekile. NgoMashi 9, abesifazane baseMexico babamba isiteleka samahora angama-24, un dรญa sin nosotras (usuku ngaphandle kwethu besifazane), ukukhombisa ukuthi umhlaba uncike kangakanani emsebenzini - okhokhelwayo futhi ongakhokhelwa - weโฆ yebo, abesifazane. Lolo suku olungenabesifazane, ngandlela-thile, lwaba yimpumelelo. I Wall Street Journal ukuphawula - mhlawumbe ngokuthinta ukumangala - ukuthi "iMexico iyama. Amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabesifazane akhubazeke iMexico esitelekeni esingakaze sibe khona ezweni lonke ukuze abhikishele igagasi elikhulayo lobudlova obubhekiswe kwabesifazane, okuwukunqoba okukhulu kwesizathu sabo.โ
Ngaphandle kokugcwala emigwaqweni nokuthulula amafekthri namahhovisi, abanye besifazane baphinde bagqekeza amafasitela ezitolo balwa namaphoyisa. Udlame? Kwabesifazane? Yini eyayingabaqhubela ekubeni bafinyelele eqophelweni elinjalo?
Mhlawumbe ukubulawa kuka-Ingrid Escamilla, 25, isakhamuzi saseMexico City, owathi, ngokusho kuya New York Times, โwagwazwa, wakhishwa isikhumba futhi wakhishwa amathumbuโ kulo Februwari. Mhlawumbe kwakuwukuthi ukudutshulwa komdwebi kanye nesishoshovu u-Isabel Cabanillas de la Torre eCiudad Juarez, isikhumbuzo esingaziwa ezweni elingenasithakazelo sokuthi abesifazane sekungamashumi eminyaka benyamalala emngceleni we-US-Mexico. Noma mhlawumbe bekuyiqiniso nje ukuthi izibalo ezisemthethweni zango-2019 zembule ukubulawa kwabesifazane abangaphezu kwenkulungwane eMexico, okuwukunyuka ngo-1,000% kunonyaka owedlule, kanti ukubulawa okuningi okunjalo akurekhodwa.
Ingabe iPandemic Patriarchal?
Ukube bekungengenxa yobhubhane, mhlawumbe Wall Street Journal ngabe ulungile. Mhlawumbe uSuku Olungenabo Abesifazane bekungaba okokuqala kokunqoba okuningi okukhulu. Mhlawumbe i iculo lamazwe ngamazwe labesifazane, "El violador eres tรบโ (Wena [inzalamizi, amaphoyisa, umongameli] ungumdlwenguli), ngabe uqhubekile izixuku zomdanso ezikhuthazayo, becula abesifazane yonke indawo. Mhlawumbe ukunaka komhlaba kungenzeka ukuthi akuzange kuphambukiswe ngokushesha kangaka embukwaneni wokuvukela umbuso kwabesifazane emhlabeni jikelele. Manje, nokho, e-United States nasemhlabeni wonke, kuwubhubhane-sonke isikhathi, futhi ngesizathu. I-coronavirus yenze lokho i-A Day Without Women ebingakwazi: ilethe umnotho womhlaba ema ngendlela ethusayo. Kunjalo abangenwe amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu futhi abulala amashumi ezinkulungwane. Futhi iyaqhubeka nokusabalala njengomlilo wequbula wembulunga yonke.
Njengayo yonke imicimbi emikhulu nezikhungo, lolu bhubhane luthinta abesifazane nabesilisa ngendlela ehlukile. Nakuba amadoda agulayo abonakala esemathubeni amaningi kunabesifazane ukufa, kwezinye izici, ubhubhane kanye nemiphumela yalo ebikezelwayo kuzoba nzima kakhulu kwabesifazane. Kungenzeka kanjani lokho? Umbhali uHelen Lewis inikeza izimpendulo ku Atlantic.
Okokuqala, leli gciwane, lihlanganiswe nezinyathelo zokuvalelwa kwabantu abaningi, liqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abaningi bazodinga ukunakekelwa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa abantu abadala abasengcupheni yokufa ikakhulukazi nezingane ezingasafundi noma zokunakekela izingane. Emazweni athuthukile njenge-United States, abantu ababa nenhlanhla yokukwazi ukugcina imisebenzi yabo ngokusebenza emakhaya bathola ukuthi ukuba khona kwezingane ezibhorekile akwenzi lokhu kube lula.
Ngempela, izolo ebusuku, umndeni wami omncane uthokozelwe ukucula nokudansa amantombazanyana amabili ahlala ezindlini ezimbalwa ezansi nomgwaqo. Abazali babo babechithe usuku bebasiza ukuyihlela base besimema ukuba sizoyibuka ngemuva kwendlu yethu. Bazokwenzani kusasa, usuku lokusebenza, angazi. Umngane ongenazo izingane unikele ngezifundo ze-Zoom zemizuzu engu-15 kunoma yini angayenza ku-Google, njengendlela yokuphumula kubangani bakhe abangomama.
Muva nje evikini eledlule, bekubukeka sengathi izikole ezivalekile zingase zivulwe futhi ngaphambi kokuthi kuphele unyaka wezifundo, kuvunyelwe eyodwa. New York Times umhlaziyi ku bhala isihloko esithi โNgenqaba Ukugijima Isikole Sasekhaya SeCoronavirus.โ Usolwazi osebenzisana naye wobuholi bezemfundo, umbhali uthi uvumela izingane zakhe ezimbili ukuthi zibukele i-TV futhi zidle amakhekhe, azi ukuthi akukho sifundo esisheshayo esizomenza uthisha wesikole samabanga aphansi. Ngisishayela ihlombe isimo sakhe, kodwa futhi ngisola ukuthi izingane zochwepheshe cishe zizobekwa kangcono kunezabasebenzi abahola kancane ukuze ziqale kabusha umzabalazo wokufa nokuphila kuleli hlathi eliqhudelanayo eliyinkulisa kuya kweleshumi nambili. kuleli zwe.
Emikhayeni evalelekile enobulili obuhlukile, uHelen Lewis uyabhala, umthwalo omkhulu wokunakekelwa kwezingane uzowela kwabesifazane. Ucasulwe ngochwepheshe abaveza ukuthi abantu abafana no-Isaac Newton noShakespeare benze umsebenzi wabo omuhle kakhulu ngesikhathi sobhadane lwekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa eNgilandi. โAkekho kubo, " uyakhomba, "babenemithwalo yemfanelo yokunakekela izingane.โ Zama ukubhala King Lear kuyilapho okwakho okuncane I-Cordelias, i-Regans, ne-Gonerils badonsa ihembe lakho futhi bakhononda kakhulu ngokuthi banjalo booored.
Ezindaweni ezinjenge-United Kingdom ne-United States, lapho iningi lomama lisebenza khona, abesifazane bayobhekana nezingcindezi ezintsha zokuyeka umsebenzi wabo okhokhelwayo. Emindenini eminingi enabantu ababili abathandana nobulili obuhlukile enezingane, ukungalingani kwamaholo omlando kusho ukuthi umsebenzi wowesifazane uvamise ukukhokha kancane. Ngakho-ke uma othile kufanele anikele usuku ekunakekelweni kwezingane ngokugcwele, kuzokwenza umqondo wezomnotho ukuthi uyena. E-US, i-11% yabesifazane isivele ngokuzibophezela ukusebenza isikhathi esithile kuphela, abaningi emisebenzini enezinhlelo ezingajwayelekile. Ngisho nabesifazane abaye bakhetha ukulinganisa umsebenzi wabo wasekhaya netoho bangase bazithole benengcindezi yokuyeka leyo misebenzi.
Njengoba u-Lewis esho, konke lokhu kwenza "umqondo ophelele wezomnotho":
โEzingeni lomuntu ngamunye, ukukhetha kwezithandani eziningi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezizayo kuzokwenza umqondo ophelele wezomnotho. Zidingani iziguli ezinobhubhane? Ukubheka. Badingani abantu abadala abazihlukanisa bodwa? Ukubheka. Zidingani izingane ezigcinwe ekhaya zingayi esikoleni? Ukubheka. Konke lokhu kunakekela - lo msebenzi onakekelayo ongakhokhelwa - uzowela kakhulu kwabesifazane, ngenxa yesakhiwo esikhona sabasebenzi. "
Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba abesifazane abakhetha ukushiya abasebenzi iminyaka embalwa ukuze banakekele izingane ezincane kakhulu bazi, cishe akunakwenzeka ukubuyela emsebenzini okhokhelwayo esikhundleni esiholelayo nesimo esifanayo naleso osiyekile. Futhi ukuhoxa okuphoqiwe ngeke kwenze lokho kube lula.
Ukukhiqizwa Komphakathi? Yini leyo? Futhi Kungani Kubalulekile?
Le semester ngifundisa izifundo eziyinhloko zezifundo zasemadolobheni ekolishi lami, iNyuvesi yaseSan Francisco. Besigxilisa ukunaka kwethu kokuthile okulolonga zonke izimpilo zethu: umsebenzi - ukuthi uyini, ubani onakho nongenakho, ubani okhokhelwe futhi ongakhokhi, kanye neminye imibuzo eminingi mayelana nomsebenzi othatha kakhulu. isikhathi sethu kule planethi. Siboleke umqondo owusizo kubalandeli besifazane be-Marxist: "ukuzalaniswa komphakathi." Kubhekiselwa kuwo wonke umsebenzi, okhokhelwayo futhi ongakhokhelwa, okufanele umuntu awenze ukuze nje abasebenzi bakwazi ukuvela emisebenzini yabo futhi benze imisebenzi eholelayo, kuyilapho benza inzuzo kubaqashi babo.
Kubizwa ukukhiqiza kabusha, ngoba ikhiqiza kabusha izisebenzi, ngokomqondo webhayoloji nangokomzamo wansuku zonke wokuzenza ziphelele ngokwanele ukuze ziphinde zikwenze futhi kusasa. Kunjalo social ukukhiqiza kabusha, ngoba akekho ongakwenza yedwa futhi imiphakathi eyahlukene ithola izindlela ezahlukene zokwenza.
Yini efakiwe ekukhiqizeni kabusha komphakathi? Kunezinto ezisobala ezidingwa yinoma yisiphi isisebenzi: ukudla, okokugqoka, indawo yokulala (nendawo ephephile yokulala), ingasaphathwa eyezinga elithile lenhlanzeko. Kodwa kukhona okwengeziwe. Ukuzijabulisa kuyingxenye yakho, ngoba โkudala kabushaโ umuntu okwazi ukusebenza ngempumelelo. Imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, ukunakekelwa kwezingane, ukupheka, ukuhlanza, ukuthenga noma ukwenza ukudla nezingubo - konke lokhu kubalulekile ekusekeleni abasebenzi kanye nomsebenzi wabo. Uma ungathanda ukwazi okwengeziwe ngayo, eka-Tithi Bhattacharya I-Social Reproduction Theory: Ikilasi Lokuhlela Kabusha, Ingcindezelo Ephakathi indawo enhle yokuqala.
Yini enye yalokhu ehlobene nesikhathi sethu sobhubhane? Ukuthi ukukhiqizwa komphakathi kuhlelwe kanjani e-United States kushiya abanye abantu besengozini kakhulu kunabanye ngesikhathi sobunzima bezomnotho. Ukuthatha isibonelo esisodwa, emashumini amaningi eminyaka, izindawo zokudlela ziye zathatha futhi zaqoqa (ngenzuzo) izingxenye ezibalulekile zomsebenzi wokulungisa ukudla, isevisi, nokuhlanza, izenzo ezake zenziwa ikakhulukazi ezindlini zomuntu ngamunye. Kwabesifazane abasebenzayo, ukutholakala kwe-takeout eshibhile, kwezinye izimo, kuthathe indawo yesidingo sokuhlela, ukuthenga, nokulungisa ukudla izinsuku eziyisikhombisa ngesonto. Inkonzo yokudla iwumkhakha ohlukene, kusukela ezindaweni ezisezingeni eliphezulu kuya ezindaweni ezidayisa ukudla okusheshayo, kodwa ihlanganisa izisebenzi eziningi ezihola kancane asebephelelwe yimisebenzi, kuyilapho labo abasasebenza ezindaweni ezihlinzeka nge-takeout noma ukudla okudlayo babeka impilo yabo engcupheni. ukuze abanye badle.
Enye indlela imibhangqwana ehola kabili ekilasi eliqeqeshiwe e-United States eye yabhekana ngayo nemisebenzi yokuzalanisa umphakathi iwukunikeza izingxenye ezibalulekile zomsebenzi wayo kwabesifazane abampofu. Ukulwa ngokuthi ubani oshanela futhi awashe ekhaya? Ungamenzi owesifazane enze konke. Qasha owesifazane ohlukile ukuthi akwenzele. Ingabe ufuna ukuba nezingane kanye nomsebenzi? Qasha umzanyana.
Kunjalo, amathuba ukuthi umcoci wendlu yakho kanye nomzanyana kusazodingeka benze owabo umsebenzi wokuzalanisa umphakathi lapho befika ekhaya. Futhi njengoba izingane zabo zingayi esikoleni, ngandlela-thile kuyodingeka bazinakekele. Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu kuzokwenzeka, nokho, ngoba umsebenzi wabo awuthathwa โnjengenkonzo ebalulekileโ ngaphansi kwemiyalelo yokukhosela kwezinye izifundazwe. Ngakho bazolahlekelwa umholo wabo.
Okungenani lapha eCalifornia, abesifazane abaningi abenza le misebenzi bayizifiki ezingenazo izincwadi. Lapho abaphathi bakaTrump kanye neCongress bekwazi ukuphasisa a umthethosivivinywa wokusiza, bona, njengezisebenzi eziningi zokudlela ezingenazo izincwadi, ngeke bathole noma yiziphi izimali ezidingeka kakhulu ukuze zibasize bakhokhe irenti noma bathenge ukudla. Izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abokufika ukungena ukuzama ukwenza okunye ukushoda, kodwa abakwaziyo ukufakazela nje amaconsi ambalwa ebhakedeni elikhulu kakhulu. Ngenhlanhla, abasebenzi bokufika baphakathi kwabantu abahlakaniphile kakhulu kuleli zwe noma bebengeke baphumelele kuze kube manje.
Kunolunye uhlobo lomsebenzi wokuzalanisa umphakathi owenziwa kakhulu ngabesifazane, futhi, ngokwemvelo yawo, okuphambene kakhulu โnokuqhelelana nomphakathiโ: umsebenzi wocansi. Ungaqiniseka ukuthi akukho mthethosivivinywa wokutakulwa ozobandakanya abesifazane abampofu kakhulu esizweni, labo abasebenza njengabaqwayizi.
Abesifazane Ekhaya Nabasengcupheni
Kumane kuyiziqondane ezibuhlungu ukuthi abesifazane bavalelwe ezindlini zabo njengoba nje inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe emelene nokubulawa kwabesifazane iqala. Omunye umphumela wokukhosela ukwenza kube nzima kakhulu kwabesifazane ukuthola indawo yokukhosela odlameni lwasekhaya. Ingabe uphephe kakhudlwana ngaphandle kokufaka i-coronavirus engozini noma ngaphakathi nomlingani wesilisa onesithukuthezi, othukuthele? Ngibhala lokhu nginolwazi olugcwele ukuthi umkhakha owodwa wezomnotho ongakabi nalolu bhubhane ibhizinisi lezibhamu. I-Ammo.com, isibonelo, ethengisa izinhlamvu ku-inthanethi kuzo zonke izifundazwe ngaphandle kwezine, useke wabhekana nakho ngaphezu kokukhuphuka okuphindwe kathathu kwenzuzo enyangeni edlule. Mhlawumbe yonke leyo ammo ithengwa ukulwa namaZombi (noma ukuhlasela kwabokufika umongameli ulokhu esikhumbuza mayelana), kodwa ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ubunikazi bezibhamu buhlobene kakhulu nokuthi udlame lwasekhaya luphenduka ukubulala noma cha.
Isonto ngalinye, Washington Post umlobi wephephandaba uCarolyn Hax uphethe ulayini wengxoxo onikeza iziphakamiso zosizo lwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene. Emasontweni amabili edlule, abafundi bakhe (ngihlanganise nami) bebethukile imilayezo evela kumhlanganyeli oyedwa uvaleleke yedwa efulethini elincane nozakwethu oyingozi osanda kuthenga isibhamu. Izeluleko ezijwayelekile kwabesifazane abasesikhundleni sakhe akukona nje ukugijima, kodwa ukwenza uhlelo lokuphuma, qoqa buthule izimpahla nemali ozoyidinga futhi uvikele indawo ongaya kuyo. Imiyalo eyisibopho yendawo yokuhlala, nokho iyadingeka ukuze kuncishiswe ijika lalolu bhubhane, ingase ibangele ukwanda kokubulawa kwabesifazane ekhaya.
Njengokungathi abantu besifazane bebengakathinteki ngokulinganayo wubhubhane lwe-coronavirus, amaSenate Republicans abelokhu ezama ukweqa i-misogyny eyengeziwe enguqulweni yawo yomthethosivivinywa wokusiza. Ngayo leyo nyanga abesifazane basePakistan ababeka ngayo izimpilo zabo engozini emibhikishweni ngaphansi kwesiqubulo "Mera jism, meri marziโ (โUmzimba wami, ukukhetha kwamiโ), amaRiphabhulikhi afuna ukusebenzisa lolu bhubhane komunye umzamo wokuvala imitholampilo ye-Planned Parenthood.
The Washington Post's Greg Sargent muva nje embule ukuthi amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-350 ahlongozwayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe amabhizinisi amancane angadilizi abasebenzi kuzokhipha izinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo ezithola izimali ezivela ku-Medicaid. I-Planned Parenthood, ehlinzeka ngokunakekelwa kwezempilo ezigidini zabesifazane abangaqinisekisiwe nabangenawo umshwalense omncane, yilolo hlobo ncamashi lokungenzi-nzuzo. Abasizi bekhongolose bentando yeningi abazise u-Sargent ngalokhu baphakamisa ukuthi i-Planned Parenthood ngeke kube yiyo yodwa inhlangano ethintekayo. Nabo bayakukholelwa lokho
โโฆlolu limi luzokhipha ekufanelekeleni lolu sizo lwezezimali uhla olukhulu nezinye izinhlangano ezingenzi-nzuzo ezithola uxhaso lwe-Medicaid, njengabahlinzeki bokukhubazeka ekhaya nabasekelwe emphakathini; amakhaya asebekhulile asekelwe emphakathini, abahlinzeki bezempilo yengqondo, nezikhungo zezempilo; izindlu zamaqembu zabakhubazekile; ngisho nezikhungo zezinkinga zokudlwengulwa.โ
Ngaleso sikhathi, iMississippi, Ohio, kanye neTexas bazama ukusebenzisa i-coronavirus njengezaba zokuvimbela ukufinyelela kwabesifazane ekuhushuleni izisu. Ngezizathu zokuthi izinqubo ezinjalo azidingeki ngokwezempilo, Ummeli Jikelele waseTexas uKen Paxton unakho odwe ngaphambilini abahlinzeki bezisu ukuthi bayeke ukuqeda ukukhulelwa. Phambilini, Ummeli Jikelele wase-Ohio uDave Yost uthumele izincwadi kubahlinzeki bokuhushula izisu kuleso sifundazwe ezenqabela konke ukuhushula izisu โokungabalulekileโ.
Ukubuyela Kwejwayelekile?
Ngenkathi uWarren Harding (owayengamele odume ngokukhohlakala administrative) wangenela isikhundla sokuba ngumongameli ngo-1920, isiqubulo sakhe somkhankaso โsasiwukubuyela esimeniโ - indlela izinto ezaziyiyo, okungukuthi, ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe I. Ayekuqonde kwakuwukubuyela ekuvuthweni kwezomnotho. Njengoba sazi, โIminyaka Yamashumi Amabili Egqumayoโ inikeze ngespades - kwaze kwaba yilapho kuphahlazeka okuncane okwaziwa ngokuthi Ukuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho. Namuhla, njengoHarding, omunye umongameli onenkohlakalo uthembisa ukubuyela esimeni esijwayelekile ngokushesha. Usevele wacasuka ngesikhathi sezinsuku eziyi-15 sokuhlukaniswa nomphakathi asimemezele maphakathi noMashi. Engqungqutheleni yakhe yabezindaba yangoMashi 23, waveza ukuthi i-United States โizovulelwa ibhizinisiโ maduze nje. Ngakusasa, yena ukuphakanyiswa ukuthi izwe livule kabusha ibhizinisi ngePhasika (โusuku olukhetheke kakhulu kimiโ), ethi ufuna ukubona โamasonto agcwele phama ezweni lakithi.โ Akakwazi ukulinda kuze kube yilapho yonke into, okuhlanganisa nezinhlelo zethu zezempilo ezingalingani ngokujulile kanye nezomnotho, zibuyela kwesijwayelekile - ngendlela ezaziyiyo ngaphambi kokusabalala kwe-coronavirus; kuze kube yilapho, okungukuthi, singabuyela emuva ekubeni singayilungele inhlekelele elandelayo, engenakugwemeka.
Ngokungafani nomengameli, ngiyethemba ukuthi angeke sibuyele kwesejwayelekile. Ngithemba ukuthi abantu baseVenice bazokwazisa kwabo imisele ekhazimulayo namahlengethwa awo abuyayo. Ngethemba ukuthi sonke sizonamathela kukho umoya omncane ongcolile kanye nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni ephansi. Ngiyethemba ukuthi sifunda ukwazisa impilo yabantu besifazane.
Ngiyethemba, esikhundleni sokubuyela esimweni esivamile, siyaqaphela ukuthi ukusinda kwethu njengezilwane kuncike ekuguquleni cishe yonke into, okuhlanganisa nendlela esikhiqiza ngayo esikudingayo nendlela esizikhiqiza ngayo njengabantu ngokugcwele. Ngiyethemba ukuthi, lapho sesisindile kulolu bhubhane, abantu bomhlaba bathatha lokho esikufundile mayelana nesenzo somhlaba wonke phakathi nale nkinga futhi bakusebenzise kuleyo nhlekelele engabikezelwa, leyo esongela yonke impilo yabantu emhlabeni. iplanethi efudumeza ngokusobala.
Rebecca Gordon, a TomDispatch Njalo, ufundisa eNyuvesi yaseSan Francisco. Ungumbhali we I-Nuremberg yaseMelika: Amaphoyisa ase-United States Okufanele Amelele Ukulingana Nge-Post-9 / 11 Impi Yempi futhi manje usebenzela incwadi entsha yomlando wokuhlushwa e-United States.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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