Kusukela ekusungulweni kwayo, isiphetho senhlangano yezabasebenzi yaseMelika besihambisana kakhulu nesiphetho sentando yeningi yezepolitiki. Lokho kuxhumana okungokomlando kubonakala kuyiqiniso kakhulu kunangaphambili ngalesi sikhathi. Ukusuka e-Starbucks kuya e-Amazon, kusukela ekunqobeni okusemthethweni kwabasebenzi bokudla okusheshayo e-California kuya ekudalweni kwe-AFLCIO kweSikhungo esisha Sokuhlela Ukuguqula, izimpawu eziningi zikhomba umnyakazo wabasebenzi ovuselela ukuphila ngemva kweminyaka yokuqalwa okungamanga, ukudilizwa kanye nokuhlehla. Nokho la mandla anethemba ayahlangana njengoba nje intando yeningi yezombusazwe kuleli zwe—njengasemhlabeni wonke—ibhekene nenkinga eqhubekayo. Ukuthi izisebenzi zingawakha kabusha amandla azo anciphile kuzoncika ekutheni intando yeningi yezepolitiki iyasinda yini enkingeni ekuyo manje. Futhi ukuthi intando yeningi iyasinda yini kuyoncika kakhulu ekutheni abasebenzi bayaqhubekela phambili yini ukuze bangaholeli nje kuphela umzamo wokuhlanganisa abasebenzi kodwa ukulwa nokuvikela nokwelula intando yeningi.
I-Labour's Evolution njengamandla okuthuthukisa intando yeningi
Ukuthatha inselele yokuhola umbutho wentando yeningi kulesi sikhathi esibi kuzohambisana nenguquko yezinyunyana zase-US. Phakathi nomlando wawo, njengoba ngizosikisela, umshikashika wavela ekuqaleni okungaphelele waba amandla amakhulu entando yeningi eMelika.[1] Ukuqonda lesi simo esingokomlando kubalulekile uma sifuna ukubamba izinselelo zamanje, lapho khona kanye ukusinda kwentando yeningi yethu kusengcupheni.
Okokuqala kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi intando yeningi nezinyunyana zazixhumene kusukela ekuqaleni. Ukwakhiwa kwezinyunyana zokuqala zase-US kwaqondana ncamashi nokusungulwa kweriphabhulikhi. Zisuka nje, lezi zinhlangano zazwakalisa izifiso zentando yeningi zamalungu azo (abesilisa abamhlophe). Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, imiphakathi yabahambi yahlanganisa amalungu ayo ngokumelene nalokho eyayikubona njenge-elite "Tory". Ngeminyaka yawo-1820, ukuvela “kwezindawo ezimaphakathi zedolobha,” imikhandlu yokuqala emaphakathi yezabasebenzi, kwasiza ukuthi kuqhamuke ama-Workingmen’s Parties emadolobheni amaningi, amaqembu alwela ukukhetha “omakhenikha” esikhundleni futhi akhankasela ukunwetshwa kwebhizinisi. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1840, omakhenikha baseRhode Island bahlinzeka ngomgogodla we-“Dorr Rebellion,” inhlangano eyayisongela uthuthuva lomphakathi ukuze kutholakale ukususwa kwezidingo zempahla ezagcina abasebenzi bangena okhethweni.
Ukuqiniseka, umbono wentando yeningi wale mizamo ye-antebellum wawumncane futhi uyinkimbinkimbi njengesiko lezepolitiki elalibuswe ngamadoda amhlophe lapho babecwile khona. Izinyunyana zakuqala zazingekho eSeneca Falls ngo-1848, zikhuthaza ukuvota kwabesifazane; futhi abazange balwele ukuqedwa nokugunyazwa kwabantu abaNsundu. Amadoda amnyama awina i-franchise e-Rhode Island ngo-1843, kodwa akwenza lokho naphezu kokuthi abasebenzi abamhlophe bacindezela ngempumelelo inhlangano ye-Dorr ukuba yehlise isidingo sayo sokuqala sokuthi bathole amalungelo okuvota afanayo nabelungu.
Kokubili ukuvikela intando yeningi kwenhlangano yabasebenzi kanye nelungelo layo labesilisa abamhlophe kulokho kuzivikela kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba senkathini yangemva kweMpi Yombango. Ngaleyo minyaka, i-National Labor Union (NLU), i-Knights of Labor (K of L), kanye ne-American Federation of Labor bonke bathatha ingubo yokuvikela intando yeningi esongelwa.
Bakugxeka ukukhula kokulawulwa koyedwa kuhulumeni, bahlasela “umthetho owenziwe ngamajaji” ngokubukela phansi iziteleka nezinguquko zabasebenzi, banxenxela amalungu abo okhethweni, futhi, esimweni se-NLU kanye ne-K of L, bazama amaqembu ezombusazwe azimele. Kodwa owabo kwakungeyona intando yeningi ebandakanya wonke umuntu. I-NLU kanye ne-AFL zazibekezelela izinyunyana ezihlukanisiwe, i-K of L yasungula ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi umzamo wayo wokuletha abaNsundu nabamhlophe enhlanganweni efanayo wawunempikiswano, futhi zontathu izinhlangano zasekela ukukhishwa kweShayina, zahlulela abokufika base-Asia njengabangafaneleki ukuba yisakhamuzi ezweni. intando yeningi. Njengoba ukuchithwa kwe-African-American kwakhukhula iNingizimu ngemuva kweNkantolo Ephakeme ka-1898. Williams v. Mississippi isinqumo, esiqinisekisa ukuba semthethweni kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezisetshenziselwa ukukhipha abaNsundu ohlwini lwabavoti abafanelekile, i-AFL ayizange iyinake inkinga futhi yagxila ekulweni nesitolo esivulekile.
Ngokwengxenye ngenxa yombono wayo omncane, ukuvikela intando yeningi kwabasebenzi kwaba nemiphumela emincane ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Ngakho-ke, lapho kuqala ikhulu lamashumi amabili, i-United States yazibiza ngentando yeningi, futhi i-AFL yathi ikhulumela abasebenzi baseMelika, kodwa eqinisweni zombili izimangalo zazibuthakathaka. Iningi labantu abadala e-United States lalingenakho ukufinyelela ekuvoteni, kuyilapho i-AFL imele ingxenye encane yesigaba sabasebenzi abahlukahlukene besizwe. Lawa maqiniso aqala ukushintsha kuphela lapho ukwanda kwentando yeningi kanye nokwandisa amazinga enhlangano yezabasebenzi kuba amaphrojekthi axhumene.
Ukwakha lokho kuxhumana kwakunzima. I-United States yayiwumbuso wentando yeningi ngengxenye kuphela yezakhamuzi zayo ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe I. Amadoda amnyama ayevinjelwa okhethweni yizigaba zomkhulu kanye nezisho. AbaNsundu abampofu nabamhlophe ngokufanayo babekhokhiswa intela yokuvota engakhokheki. Naphezu kwekhulunyaka lokuyaluza kwe-suffrage, abesifazane bawine ivoti kuphela e-Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, nase-Idaho. Emadolobheni efektri anjengeNew Bedford, Massachusetts, izisebenzi ezitelekile zalahlekelwa amalungelo azo okuvota uma zithola usizo lomphakathi. EBraddock, ePennsylvania, izinduna zase-US Steel zavele zakhipha amavoti zayalela abasebenzi okufanele babavotele. E-Huerfano County, Colorado, abasebenza ngamalahle basebenze nezikhulu zendawo ukuze zidwebe izindawo zokhetho ukuze izindawo zokuvota zibe sempahleni yenkampani futhi ngosuku lokhetho onogada abahlomile bavele bamise noma yiziphi izisebenzi ezingase zibe “ezingathembeki” ukuba zivote. Inhlangano yabasebenzi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibikhulumela ithimba elincane labasebenzi baseMelika. I-AFL ayizange ifakwe ezimbonini ezikhulayo ezifana nensimbi, izimoto, kanye nokukhiqiza ugesi, yafuna imali engaphansi kwengxenye eyodwa kweshumi yabaholayo njengamalungu, futhi iningi lezinyunyana ezingaphansi kwayo zazwakalisa ukungaboni ngaso linye uma kungewona ubutha obusobala bokukhula ukuze kufakwe abesifazane, ama-Afrika- Abantu baseMelika, abokufika bakamuva, kanye nabasebenzi basezimbonini abanamakhono amancane.
Nokho, kancane kancane inhlangano yabasebenzi yaqala ukuguquka, yandisa umbono wayo wentando yeningi kanye nobulungu bayo ngezindlela ezagcina ziqinisana. Amacebo okuqala alolo shintsho avele ngesikhathi senqubekelaphambili lapho izinyunyana kanye nabalingani bazo beqala ukuphinda baphikise izingcingo zabo zamalungelo ezinyunyana njengezimfuno "zentando yeningi yezimboni." Lawo mazwi asakazeka phakathi neminyaka ephakathi kweSibhicongo SaseLudlow sika-1914 nokuphela kweMpi Yezwe I eminyakeni emine kamuva, sibonga kakhulu ngomthelela wempi ngokwayo. UWoodrow Wilson waphonsela inselelo ukungena kwe-US empini njengempi yomzabalazo ethi "Yenza Umhlaba Uvikeleke Intando Yeningi." Lokho kumiswa kwanikeza amandla kubasebenzi abaqala ukufuna isilinganiso esithile sentando yeningi emsebenzini—intando yeningi yezimboni—njengelungelo labo. Ngokubhekisele esitheni sabo esiwumashiqela, izisebenzi zaqala ukufuna “ukukhishwa kwe-Kaiseng kwezimboni” futhi zabiza “ukuzibusa endaweni yokusebenzela” njengengxenye ebalulekile yentando yeningi amabutho ethu ayilwela eFrance. Ukuze adambise imizwa enjalo, uWilson wasungula i-National War Labour Board (NWLB) ngo-1918. Yaqhubeka yaqinisekisa izimfuno zentando yeningi yezimboni ngokuqondisa izimboni ezihlobene nempi ukuba zivumele ukukhethwa kwekomiti lezitolo abasebenzi ababengaxoxisana ngalo nabaqashi babo. Ngokuphawulekayo, lolu khetho beluvulekele abasebenzi abanamakhono amancane embonini yezempi—okuhlanganisa abokufika, abesifazane kanye nabaseMelika baseMelika ababengakwazi ukuvota okhethweni lwezepolitiki. Ngempela, ngesikhathi ibhodi lisakaza amavoti ekomidi lezitolo kwezinye izitolo, akubona abesifazane kuphela abakhuthazwa ukuba bavote, kodwa nabavoti bayalwa ukuba bavotele inani elithile labesifazane abazongenela ukhetho ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abesifazane bazoba nezwi emakomitini akhethiwe.[2]
Nakuba izinxushunxushu zezwe zathatha isikhathi esifushane, futhi izinyathelo eziphuthumayo ezifana ne-NWLB zanezelwa ukucindezelwa kwama-radicals, i-genie yentando yeningi yezimboni ayikwazanga ukuphinda ifakwe ngemuva kwempi. Izinzuzo zenyunyana zibuyiselwe emuva, kodwa abaqashi abakwazanga ukumane babuyisele isimo esasikhona. Ukubamba iqhaza kwabesifazane emzamweni wempi kwenza kwalula ukudlula kweSichibiyelo Seshumi Nesishiyagalolunye ngo-1920, kwabanikeza ivoti. Abantu base-Afrika-baseMelika ababethuthele enyakatho ngenxa yemisebenzi ehlobene nempi futhi babamba iqhaza emakomitini ezitolo baqhubeka becasulwa ukucwaswa kanye nokukhishwa kwabo ezinyunyaneni zezandla futhi baba ibutho lezombusazwe elisebenzayo emadolobheni asenyakatho. Abaqashi baqhubeka bezama izinyunyana zezinkampani ngomzamo wokushweleza izimfuno zabasebenzi zentando yeningi yezimboni. Umbutho wabasebenzi ngokwawo nawo washintshwa ngokuhlolwa kwawo kwangesikhathi sempi ngemikhankaso efana nenyunyana yezimboni ezimbonini ezifana nensimbi nokupakisha inyama, eyatshala imbewu yokuvuka kwayo ngeminyaka yawo-1930.
Ukuvumelana phakathi kokwakhiwa kwezinyunyana kanye nokwandiswa kwentando yeningi kwajula kakhulu ngeminyaka yawo-1930 kanye nawo-1940. Umthetho we-Wagner Act kanye nezinyunyana zezimboni zombili zakhulisa lokho kuzwakala. Echaza ngokubaluleka okukhulu komthetho wakhe obalulekile wango-1935, uSenator uRobert Wagner wathi “umzabalazo wezwi embonini ngezinqubo zokuxoxisana ngokuhlanganyela usemoyeni womzabalazo wokulondolozwa kwentando yeningi yezepolitiki kanye nezomnotho eMelika.” [3] UJohn L. Lewis, yena, wachaza ukuthi iCongress of Industrial Organizations yayimayelana “nokwenza izimiso zentando yeningi yezimboni zibe ngokoqobo.” [4] Njengoba i-CIO ihlela izisebenzi zokukhiqiza ngobuningi, abesifazane, abantu base-Afrika-baseMelika, kanye nabanye abayingcosana, futhi njengoba ihlangene namaqembu afana neNational Negro Congress (NNC), eyayikhankasela ukulingana ngokobuhlanga kanye nokubuyiselwa kwamalungelo okuvota kwabaMnyama, abasebenzi. yaba yinqola yokuthuthukisa intando yeningi yezepolitiki. Ukubamba iqhaza kwe-US eMpini Yezwe Yesibili nakho kwanikeza inkulumo-ze yokuthuthukisa inhlangano yezinyunyana kanye nentando yeningi yezombusazwe. Ngesikhathi sempi, i-CIO kanye nohulumeni wobumbano basebenzela ukulwa nokucwaswa ngokobuhlanga kanye nokubandlululwa njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US yashaya igalelo lokuqala elibalulekile ngokumelene nokuncishwa amalungelo kwabaNsundu eNingizimu ngo-1944. Smith v. Allwright isinqumo, esaqeda ama-primaries epolitiki yeDemocratic Alliance yabamhlophe kuphela.[5]
Naphezu kobunzima obathatha ezinkambisweni zezabasebenzi kanye nokuncishiswa kwenkulumo-mpikiswano yezombangazwe eyayikhuthaza, inkathi yeMpi Yomshoshaphansi yabeka umongo welinye igxathu eliya phambili embonweni oqinisana phakathi kwenhlangano yezinyunyana kanye nokukhula kwentando yeningi. Leso sinyathelo sahlanganiswa nokuvela ngesikhathi esisodwa kwezinyunyana zomkhakha womphakathi kanye nemizabalazo yamalungelo omphakathi, izinhlangano ezaqinisana futhi zaphusha izwe ekubeni umbuso wentando yeningi wezinhlanga eziningi ngempela. Ekhuluma ne-AFL-CIO ngo-1961, uDkt. Martin Luther King Jr. wacela izinhlangano zabasebenzi kanye namalungelo omphakathi ukuthi zihlangane ndawonye “njengabaqambi bentando yeningi” ukuze “belule imingcele yentando yeningi yesizwe sonke.”[6] The umbutho wezinyunyana uphendule ngokuphakama komzabalazo wamalungelo abantu ngokungalingani, kodwa izinyunyana zezinkampani zikahulumeni zivame ukuba phakathi kwezibambe iqhaza kakhulu. Nakuba i-AFL-CIO ngokwayo yehlulekile ukweseka iKing’s March eWashington for Jobs and Freedom ngo-1963, i-American Federation of Teachers (AFT) yayiphakathi kwezinyunyana ezeseka le mashi. Ngemva konyaka, umgqugquzeli oqinile womfelandawonye nenhlangano elwela amalungelo abantu, uJerry Wurf, wayeqokwe njengomongameli wenyunyana yemboni ekhula ngokushesha kakhulu, i-American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) kanye nabagqugquzeli bezinyunyana basize ngokuphepha ukudlula. Umthetho Wamalungelo Oluntu. Ngo-1965, abasebenzi badlala indima enkulu ekuqinisekiseni uMthetho Wamalungelo Okuvota. Isiteleka sango-1968 sokukhucululwa kwendle eMemphis, abahlanganyeli baso baphakamisa isimemezelo sokuthi “Ngiyindoda” futhi badonsela uMfundisi Martin Luther King Jr. nomongameli we-AFSCME, uJerry Wurf, ohlangothini lwabo, sikhombisa isiphetho somzabalazo wekhulunyaka wokwandisa. intando yeningi, kanye nezinyunyana zase zixhumene ngokujulile.
Ukuguqulwa kwe-Democratization/Unionization Dialectic
Ukukhumbula ukuthi ukukhuphuka kwabasebenzi abahleleke ngokujule kwaxhunyaniswa kanjani nomzabalazo obanzi wokubusa intando yeningi eMelika phakathi nengxenye yekhulu leminyaka phakathi kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe I kanye nokubulawa kukaDkt. King kusisiza ukuba siqonde kangcono isimo sokuhlehla okwaba nomfutho engxenyeni yesithathu yokugcina. ekhulwini lamashumi amabili. Akugcinanga ngokuthi ukuminyana kwezinyunyana kwehle, ukunwetshwa kokuqinisa inyunyana kanye nentando yeningi kwabhidlika kwase kushintshwa indlela yokuqinisana.
Ukuguqulwa kwaqala phakathi “neminyaka emide yo-1970,” iminyaka eyayibhukelwe isiteleka saseMemphis ngo-1968 kanye nesiteleka esiyinhlekelele sePATCO esaphulwa uRonald Reagan ngo-1981. Ibhizinisi liye laqina kakhulu ngokumelene nenyunyana futhi lahlelwa kangcono. I-“Powell Memo” yango-1971, i-ajenda yokufuna isikhundla eyabhalwa yiNhlangano Yenkantolo Ephakeme yesikhathi esizayo, u-Louis F. Powell, yasiza ekukhuthazeni ukuvukela umbuso ngokumelene nezombusazwe zenguquko; kulandela ukuhlelwa kweBusiness Roundtable ngemva konyaka, abaqashi baqinisa imizamo yabo yokulwa nenyunyana, futhi ekupheleni kweshumi leminyaka, babonisa ukuzimisela okwengeziwe ukugqashula iziteleka, ushintsho olwaluzongena egiyeni eliphezulu uma uReagan esusa izithiyo zezinkampani. mayelana nokuteleka ngokuxosha abagadli be-PATCO. ESenate yase-US, ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-filibuster ivimbe umzamo wango-1978 wokuphasisa umthethosivivinywa wokuguqulwa komthetho wezabasebenzi owawuzolula ukuhlelwa kwezinyunyana (njengoba nje usongo lwe-filibuster kamuva luzovimba imizamo yokuvimbela ukushintshwa kwabagadli, kuphasise uMthetho Wokukhetha Kwabasebenzi 2009, noma ulethe Umthetho Wanamuhla Wokuvikela Ilungelo Lokuhlela [PRO] ukuze uvote eSigele).
Kulesi sikhathi sakamuva, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US iqale kabusha indima eyayiyidlalile ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, isekela amabutho azohlehlisa amandla enyunyana kanye nentando yeningi. Kusuka Buckley v. Valeo (1976), eyalinganisa imali nenkulumo ngesinqumo esithi imikhawulo ekusetshenzisweni komkhankaso yaba ukwephulwa kwenkulumo yenkululeko; kuCitizens United (2010), eyavula amasango ezilwandle “zemali emnyama” emikhankasweni yezombangazwe; ku I-Shelby County v. Isibamba (2013), okwasusa uMthetho Wamalungelo Okuvota, inkantolo yasusa imingcele emachibini amakhulu emali eyimfihlo njengoba yakhulula izifundazwe ukwenza kube nzima ukuthi izakhamizi zivote. Besebenzisa leli thuba elidalwe nguShelby, izishayamthetho zethule imingcele emisha yokuvota engama-395 ezifundazweni ezingamashumi amane nesishiyagalolunye phakathi kuka-2011 no-2015. UJanus v. AFSCME (2018), ekhawulela ukufinyelela kwabahleli bezinyunyana kubasebenzi basemapulazini Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid (2021), futhi uhlu luyaqhubeka. Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970, umthelela wenkantolo ukhule ngokunqunywa. Njengoba osolwazi bezomthetho u-Lee Epstein noMitu Gulati besanda kukhombisa, iNkantolo Ephakeme kaJohn Roberts iyidlula kude noma iyiphi enye inkantolo yekhulunyaka elidlule ekuthambekeni kwayo kokuthatha izinqumo ezivuna amabhizinisi kanye nabasebenzi nezinyunyana, ezifana nezinkantolo zenkathi ye-Lochner kanye Ikhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye (sicela ubheke "Inkantolo Ephakeme KaTrump Ayiyona Into Entsha: Umlando Wobushiqela Wabakhulu” nguSteve Fraser kulo magazini).[7]
Izindleko zokuhlaselwa okuhlangene okulwa nabasebenzi/okuphikisana nentando yeningi mhlawumbe zibonakala ngokucace kakhulu e-Wisconsin, lapho ukuhlasela okuyimpumelelo kwamandla enyunyana nguHulumeni uScott Walker ngo-2009 kwavula umnyango wokuketulwa ngokugqamile kokubusa kweningi. Amaphesenti angu-15.2 abasebenzi basengxenyeni yomphakathi yaseWisconsin kanye namaphesenti angu-2011 abasebenzi baseWisconsin sebebonke bahlanganiswa ngoMashi 10 lapho u-Walker esayina uMthetho 2012 ophuca iningi labasebenzi bakahulumeni amalungelo okuxoxisana ngokuhlanganyela. Ekupheleni konyaka wezi-37, iphesenti labasebenzi bakahulumeni abanyunyana lehla lafinyelela kumaphesenti angama-11.2, kanti ukuminyana kwezinyunyana sehle kwafinyelela kumaphesenti ayi-2021, okuwukwehla okukhulu kunoma yisiphi isimo ngaleso sikhathi. Ukuguguleka kwaqhubeka. Ngo-7.9, ukuminyana kwezinyunyana kukonke e-Wisconsin kwase kwehle kwafika kumaphesenti angu-10, cishe ingxenye yesibalo sangaphambi koMthetho we-8.[10] Njengoba amandla ezinyunyana eqina, ama-anti-union Wisconsin Republicans athuthela ekwenzeni buthaka ukubusa kweningi. Njengoba uMthetho 2019 uqala ukusebenza, basebenza ngasese kumephu entsha yokhetho eyeqisayo kangangokuthi inkantolo yombuso yamemezela ukuthi lokhu kuphambene nomthethosisekelo ngezizathu ezihlangene, okuyisinyathelo esiyivelakancane esabekwa eceleni isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yaseMelika sango-XNUMX. URucho et al. v. Isizathu Esijwayelekile et al., enqume ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni azinawo ibhizinisi amamephu okhetho ayinselele enzelwe izinjongo zokuchema. Ngenkathi amaDemocrats ewina amahhovisi ombusi kanye nommeli-jikelele ngo-2018, isishayamthetho esibuswa yiRiphabhulikhi ngaso leso sikhathi sawaphuca womabili amahhovisi amandla awo amaningi. Ngenkathi izinqumo ezalandela ze-US kanye ne-Wisconsin Supreme Courts ziholela kumephu yokhetho yango-2022 yathandeka kakhulu kumaRiphabhulikhi kunemephu yango-2011, amaRiphabhlikhi afika phakathi nobubanzi obuningi bokuwina i-vetoproof enkulu esishayamthetho sezwe yize ethole amavoti ambalwa kunamaDemocrats esinetheni sesifunda esiqhudelanayo. imijaho, futhi noma umbusi ophethe weDemocratic Alliance, uTony Evers, ewine ukuqokwa kabusha ngemajini enethezekile. Izifundazwe eziningi manje sezilandela imodeli yaseWisconsin.[9]
Ukuvuselela Abasebenzi Njengenhlangano Yentando Yeningi
Kule minyaka emibili edlule, izingxoxo eziningi ezimayelana nesimo esiyingozi sentando yeningi yethu ngokwemvelo zigxile kuDonald Trump, iBig Lie yakhe, kanye nokuvunguza kweCapitol ngabasekeli bakhe ngoJanuwari 6, 2021, futhi kuyaqondakala ukuthi kunjalo. Ezinyangeni eziyishumi nambili zokuvukela okuhlulekile, izikweletu ezingama-440 ezivimbela ukufinyelela kokuvota zethulwa ezifundazweni ezingamashumi amane nesishiyagalolunye kanye nezifunda eziyishumi nesishiyagalolunye zaphumelela ukuphasisa imithetho enjalo engamashumi amathathu nane.10 Nokho, iqiniso liwukuthi usongo lwamanje lwentando yeningi aluzange luqale ngoTrump. , futhi ngeke ibuyiselwe emuva kalula nje ngokunqoba i-Trumpism okhethweni. Yize ukuhlaselwa kwentando yeningi kwakhubeka maphakathi nonyaka ka-2022, qiniseka ukuthi impi isekude ukuphela. Amandla aphikisana nentando yeningi kanye ne-antiunionism ahlangene futhi kufanele kubhekwane nawo kanyekanye.
Akuzona izinyunyana kuphela ezingakwazi ukuhola le mpi, kumele zihole uma zinethemba lokugwema ukwanda kokucwaswa eminyakeni ezayo, ngoba uma intando yeningi iqhubeka nokuwohloka amandla ezinyunyana azokwehla nayo. Ngaphandle uma izinyunyana zenza ukuvikela kanye nokwandiswa kwentando yeningi kube yinto esemqoka emizamweni yazo yokuhlanganisa abasebenzi emnothweni wekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili nanye, lowo mzamo uzochithwa izikhungo ezingenantando yeningi eseziphazamise ukubusa kweningi phakathi nengxenye yekhulunyaka edlule: abamelene nomnotho. -ijaji lenyunyana, i-US Senate filibuster, kanye nezifunda zomthetho ezihlonishwayo. Ngekhulu lamashumi amabili, izinyunyana zavela njengenhlangano yentando yeningi engaphelele kodwa ebaluleke kakhulu, eyathola amandla futhi yaba neqhaza ekwandiseni intando yeningi yezinhlanga ezahlukene. Uma ingaqhamuki izodlala indima efanayo eminyakeni ezayo, khona-ke akukho nhlangano yezinyunyana noma intando yeningi okungenzeka iphile nganoma iyiphi indlela ebonakalayo.
Umzamo wokudala inhlangano yentando yeningi eholwa yinyunyana yethulwa yi-Communications Workers of American (CWA) ngenkathi imemezela Uhlelo Lwentando Yeningi ngo-2013 ngokubambisana ne-NAACP, Sierra Club, kanye ne-Greenpeace. Leso sinyathelo sakha umfelandawonye okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wadonsa izinhlangano zamalungu angaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu ezimele abantu abayizigidi ezingu-20, futhi wafuna ukubahlanganisa ukuze bahlasele “izithiyo zentando yeningi,” i-filibuster yeSenate, imali kwezombusazwe, kanye nokuvinjelwa kwamalungelo okuvota. [11] Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokuthi uLarry Cohen, owethule lolu hlelo, ehle esikhundleni sokuba ngumongameli we-CWA, alahlekelwa amandla. Eminyakeni yakamuva, abanye abaholi bezinyunyana, okuhlanganisa uRandi Weingarten we-AFT, noMary Kay Henry we-SEIU, bakhulume ngokusongela intando yeningi. Kodwa izinyunyana eziningi nabaholi bazo basalokhu begxile ezinhlosweni zokhetho ezisheshayo futhi inhlangano yezabasebenzi iyonke ayinawo umzamo oqhubekayo wezinyunyana eziningi zokwenza intando yeningi yokuvikela/ukwelulwa kube yinto ebaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini wezabasebenzi njengoba siphuma phakathi nemigomo yowezi-2022.
Ingabukeka kanjani inhlangano yentando yeningi eholwa ngabasebenzi? Uma ulwazi lwezabasebenzi ekhulwini lamashumi amabili lunikeza noma yisiphi isifundo ukuthi ukunyakaza okunjalo, uma kuzophumelela, kufanele kube okungaphezu komkhankaso wokugqugquzela ukuqeda i-filibuster nokwandisa amalungelo okuvota, njengoba kubaluleke kakhulu lezo zinhloso. Kumele ibone isisekelo sabasebenzi izimpi zayo zentando yeningi emsebenzini obaluleke kakhulu wezinyunyana. Njengoba yenza ngesikhathi sokumela intando yeningi yezimboni maphakathi nekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili kanye nokweseka kwayo imizabalazo efana neyabasebenzi bezokukhucululwa kwendle eMemphis, abasebenzi kumele bahlanganyele ekuvikeleni intando yeningi kumathuluzi abo ayisisekelo okuxoxisana ngokuhlanganyela kanye nokusebenza ngokubambisana. Ngokujabulisayo, izinhlelo ezifana ne-Bargaining for the Common Good, inethiwekhi yezinyunyana nezinhlangano zomphakathi ezizinikele ekwandiseni ama-horizons wokuxoxisana nokuvuselela impi yabasebenzi, manje zizama ukwenza lokhu.[12]
Indawo enhle yokuthi amaqembu anjalo aqale kungaba wukufuna ikhefu elanele elikhokhelwayo lokuvota. Esizweni lapho izifundazwe eziningi (okubandakanya ezinye ezinenyunyana eqinile njengePennsylvania, Connecticut, neNew Jersey) zingadingi ukuthi abaqashi banikeze ngisho nekhefu elingakhokhelwa lokuvota, nalapho abanye, njenge-Alabama, bedinga abaqashi ukuthi banikeze imali encane. njengehora lekhefu elingakhokhelwa, ukuwina ikhefu elikhokhelwayo lokuvota kufanele kube yinto eza kuqala emsebenzini.[13] Lapho kubonakala kunzima khona ukushaya imithetho yokuwina isikhathi sokuphumula, izinyunyana namadlelandawonye azo kufanele zilwele ngqo kubaqashi, zifune ukuthi banikeze abasebenzi isikhathi abasidingayo ukuze babambe iqhaza embusweni wentando yeningi.
Futhi umzamo awukwazi ukuyeka ngokuwina isikhathi sokuvota; ukulwela intando yeningi kumele kugxilise umgomo wayo yonke inyunyana. Uma kungenjalo, khona kanye ukusinda kwakho kokubili intando yeningi kanye nenhlangano yezinyunyana kuzoba sengozini. Njengoba ukhetho lwango-2024 selusondele, isikhathi siyahamba.
amanothi
1. Ukuze uthole inguqulo ende yale mpikiswano, bheka uSarita Gupta, Lauren Jacobs, Stephen Lerner, noJoseph A. McCartin, “The Lever and the Fulcrum: Organising and Bargaining for Democracy and the Common Good,” encwadini I-Cambridge Handbook of Labor and Democracy, ed. UMark Barenberg no-Angela B. Cornell (eNew York: Cambridge University Press, 2022), 102-16.
2. UJoseph A. McCartin, Impi Enkulu Yabasebenzi: Umzabalazo Wentando Yeningi Yezimboni kanye Nomsuka Wobudlelwano Babasebenzi BaseMelika Banamuhla (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 111-14, 60.
3. USen. Robert F. Wagner, “I-Ideal Industrial State njengoba u-Wagner Eyibona,” New York Times Sunday Magazine, May 9, 1937, 23.
4. UJohn L. Lewis, Intando yeningi Yezimboni (Washington, DC: IKomidi Lenhlangano Yezimboni, 1937), 12.
5. Patricia Sullivan, Izinsuku Zethemba: Ubuhlanga Nentando Yeningi Enkathini Yesivumelwano Esisha (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996).
6. Umfundisi uMartin Luther King Jr.' inkulumo ku-AFLCIO, 1962, etholakala ku- http://umdlabor.weebly. com/uploads/2/9/3/9/29397087/speech_transcript. pdf, p. 288.
7. Lochner v. New York, 198 US 45 (1905), kwakuyisinqumo esiyingqopha-mlando seNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US eyayiphethe ukuthi imingcele esemthethweni yesikhathi sokusebenza yephula ilungelo lenkululeko yenkontileka
ngaphansi Kwesichibiyelo Seshumi Nane. Futhi bona u-Lee Epstein no-Mitu Gulati, "Ikhulu Leminyaka Lebhizinisi Enkantolo Ephakeme, 1920-2020," I-University of Virginia School of Law Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series 2022-55, Law and Economics Research Paper Series 2022-16 , Agasti 2022, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4178504.
8. UJoseph A. McCartin, “Inyunyana Yezimboni Zomphakathi Ngaphansi Kokuhlaselwa: Indlela Yokulwa Nokucwaswa Kwabasebenzi Abahleliwe,” Inkundla Entsha Yabasebenzi 22, no. 3 (2013): 54-62; I-Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Ubulungu Benyunyana eWisconsin 2012, butholakala ku: http://www.bls.gov/ro5/unionwi.htm.
9. UDan Kaufman, Ukuwa kweWisconsin: Ukunqotshwa kwe-Conservative ye-Progressive Bastion kanye nekusasa lezepolitiki zaseMelika (E-New York: WW Norton, 2018); kanye noDan Kaufman, "Ingabe amaRiphabhulikhi aseWisconsin Azokwenza Ukuvota Kungabi Nanjongo, Noma Kube Kunzima Nje?" The New Yorker, Julayi 25, 2022, itholakala ngo https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/08/01/will-wisconsins-republica…; Bridgit Bowden, "I-Wisconsin Republicans Yehluleka Ukuzuza I-Veto-proof Majority," I-Wisconsin Public Radio, Novemba 9, 2022, itholakala ngo https://www.wpr.org/wisconsin-republicans-fail-achieve-veto-proof-major….
10. “Umjikelezo Wemithetho Yokuvota: Disemba 2021,” Isikhungo saseBrennan, sitholakala e- https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/voting-laws-rou….
11. Abantu abangama-50M Bakha Umbutho Wobulungiswa Kwezomnotho kanye Nentando Yeningi (Washington, DC: Communications Workers of America, 2014), itholakala ku https://www.scribd.com/document/99007004/BUILDING-AMOVEMENT-FOR-ECONOMI….
12. Bheka iGupta, “The Lever and the Fulcrum,” 110-14; UJoseph A. McCartin, u-Marilyn Sneiderman, no-Maurice BP-Weeks, “Okukhulu Kunesamba Sezingxenye Zawo: Isakhiwo Sokusungula Se-BCG,” Okungenzi Inzuzo Ngekota, Septhemba 21, 2022, itholakala ngo- https://nonprofitquarterly.org/greater-than-the-sum-of-its-parts-bcgs-i….
13. Ukuze uthole imininingwane ngemithetho yezwe maqondana namalungelo okuvota abasebenzi, bheka https://www.workplacefairness.org/voting-rights-time-off-work.
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