UDr. Dollar othandekayo:
Ingabe i-Federal Reserve, i-Fed, ibalulekile ekusebenzeni komnotho njengoba kubonakala? Isebenza kanjani? Uma kubaluleke kangaka, ubani angabathatha kanjani ngokungathi sína osopolitiki abanjengoRon Paul, obiza ukuqedwa kwe-Fed?
—UTom Prebis, Cleveland, Ohio
Yebo, iFederal Reserve, amabhange amakhulu ase-United States, iyisikhungo esinamandla, esibalulekile ekusebenzeni komnotho. Ngokulawula ukunikezwa kwemali kanye nomthelela (uma kunganqumi ngokugcwele) amanani enzalo, i-Fed inomthelela omkhulu kulo lonke izinga lokukhiqiza, ukuqashwa, kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali. Futhi, i-Fed inendima enkulu (kanye nezinye izinhlaka) ekulawuleni ukusebenza kwamabhange.
Nokho i-Fed ihlelwe ngendlela engenademokhrasi kakhulu. Nakuba ithola igunya layo kuKhongolose, izenzo zayo akumele zigunyazwe yiCongress, umongameli nanoma iyiphi enye ingxenye kahulumeni. Uxhaso lwayo alubekwa yiCongress, futhi amalungu eBhodi layo Labaphathi (iqembu elilawulayo), nakuba liqokwe umongameli futhi lagunyazwa yiCongress, linemigomo ehlanganisa imibandela eminingi kamongameli neyekhongolose. Futhi, ngenkathi i-Fed ilawula amabhange, amabhange anendima ekhethekile ekusebenzeni kwe-Fed. Ezinye izihlalo emabhodini abaqondisi bamagatsha esifunda ayishumi nambili zigcinelwe amabhange, okubanika amandla asemthethweni okuthonya izinqubomgomo ze-Fed, kuhlanganise nokulawulwa kwayo kwamabhange.
Akumangalisi ukuthi i-Fed isebenzise ukulawulwa kwayo kwamabhange "ngesandla esilula." Futhi ukulawulwa kwawo wonke umnotho—ngokuthinta ukunikezwa kwemali nezinga lenzalo—ngokuvamile kuye kwadela ukuqashwa ukuze kugcinwe inzuzo yebhizinisi lilonke kanye namabhange ikakhulukazi.
Indoda Yamabhange kwa-Fed
Ukuze uthole ukuqonda okuwusizo mayelana nokuchema okungenademokhrasi nokusekela ibhizinisi kwe-Fed, cabanga:
U-Jaimie Dimon, inhloko ye-JPMorgan Chase, uyilungu Lebhodi Labaqondisi le-Federal Reserve Bank yaseNew York. I-Cheek by jowl ne-Wall Street, i-NY Fed idlala indima enkulu ekusebenzelaneni phakathi kwe-Fed namabhange amakhulu azimele. Njengoba ukuwohloka kwezimali kwabonakala ngo-2008, i-NY Fed yayibambe iqhaza ngokugcwele ezenzweni i-Fed kanye noMnyango Wezezimali ezathatha emizamweni yabo yokulawula le nkinga.
Ibhange lika-Dimon lingelinye lamabhiliyoni amakhulu kunawo wonke ezweni, linenzuzo eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-19 zamaRandi enzuzweni yangemva kwentela ngo-2011. Ngo-2008, ibhange lathola u-$25 billion ekutakulweni kwebhange kukahulumeni. Mhlawumbe ibheyili yasindisa umnotho enkingeni yezomnotho enzima kakhulu, kodwa futhi yasindisa amabhange—uDimon nabanye—kanye namaholo abo angenangqondo. Ezinye izindlela zokulondoloza uhlelo—njengokufakwa ngaphansi kukahulumeni okwesikhashana kwamabhange amakhulu (ukungasho lutho ngokwenziwa kombuso unomphela)—azizange zibe ku-ajenda ye-Fed.
U-Dimon usephenduke omunye wabaphikisi abanolaka kakhulu nokulawulwa kwebhange. Ngo-2012, ubevame ukuba sematheni ngoba ibhange lakhe lilahlekelwe kakhulu-okungenani amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3 futhi mhlawumbe cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-9-emsebenzini oyinkimbinkimbi futhi oyingozi, uhlobo lomsebenzi wasebhange okufanele kuvinjwe umthethonqubo, kanye ncamashi uhlobo lomsebenzi ongadala enye inkinga yezezimali. U-Dimon akazange akwengamele ukuphikisa kwakhe umthetho.
Ingabe kukhona okubonayo okungalungile lapha? Ingabe isingathekiso esithi “impungushe egada izinkukhu” sibonakala sifaneleka?
Kulula nje ukusho ukuthi i-Fed iqhutshwa ngamabhange ezwe. Uma umuntu ekholelwa ukuthi izithakazelo zamabhange ziyefana nezethu sonke, akunankinga. Lona umugqa u-Dimon awuthengisayo, ethi amabhange adlala indima ebalulekile ekwabeni izimali emsebenzini okhiqiza kakhulu, osekela ukukhula komnotho kanye nemisebenzi. Uthi eminye imithetho ingavimbela amabhange ekwenzeni lo msebenzi omuhle. Ngemuva kwenkinga yezimali, kuyamangaza ukuthi noma ngubani angakhafula umbhedo onjalo ngobuso obuqondile.
Ukulawula Umnotho
I-Fed idlala indima yayo yokuthinta ukunikezwa kwemali nezinga lenzalo, ngokwengxenye, ukuboleka imali emabhange bese ilawula izinga amabhange angasebenzisa ngayo le mali ukuboleka amabhizinisi nasemphakathini. Izikweletu ezengeziwe zisho imali eyengeziwe ekusakazweni; imali ethe xaxa ekusatshalalisweni ivame ukunciphisa izilinganiso zenzalo (okungukuthi, intengo yemali), okuvame ukubangela ukwanda komnotho. Futhi, ekulawuleni imisebenzi yamabhange, i-Fed kufanele igcine ukuzinza kwezomnotho-ukuvimbela amabhange ekwenzeni imisebenzi eyingozi kakhulu, okuthi, ngokufaka engozini amabhange ngokwawo, angalimaza ukusebenza komnotho wonke.
Esikhathini esiholela enkingeni yezezimali eyavela ku-2007-2008, i-Fed ngokuqinisekile yasebenza "ngesandla esilula" ekulawuleni amabhange. Ngempela, uSihlalo we-Fed uBen Bernanke uthathe "yini, ngikhathazeke?" indlela, ukuphika ukuba khona kwebhamuza lezindlu nokuvala amehlo ezimpawu zenhlekelele ezayo.
Njengoba ihlulekile ukusebenzisa amandla ayo ukuvimbela inkinga yezezimali, i-Fed eminyakeni eyalandela yazama ukuqhubekisela phambili ukukhula komnotho ngokwenza ukukhulisa ukunikezwa kwemali kanye nokugcina amanani enzalo ephansi. Impumelelo yayo kule ndlela ilinganiselwe ngokwengxenye ngoba ayizange iphushe kanzima njengoba ibingenza. I-congressmen ye-right-wing kanye nabanye abafana nabo baye bamangalela i-Fed ngokukhuthaza ukwehla kwamandla emali, futhi mhlawumbe uBernanke nabanye eBhodini labaPhathi be-Fed babelana ngalokhu kwesaba kwe-inflation. Ezikhathini zangaphambili, i-Fed ivame ukunaka ukugcina ukwehla kwamandla emali okuphansi ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemisebenzi okuphezulu.
Ukuntuleka kwempumelelo kwe-Fed ekukhuthazeni ukukhula komnotho esikhathini samanje nakho kuphumela eqinisweni lokuthi amafemu azimele okungezona ezezimali abemanqikanqika ukwenza ukutshalwa kwezimali okusha, ngisho namazinga enzalo aphansi. Ngakho esikhundleni sokwenza izikweletu ezintsha zokutshala izimali ezikhiqizayo, ezidala imisebenzi, amabhange asebenzise imali eshibhile evela ku-Fed ukuze enze umsebenzi wawo wokuqagela—uhlobo lomsebenzi oluholele ekulahlekelweni kwezigidigidi zamadola ka-JPMorgan Chase, kodwa okungase futhi. wenzela amabhange imali eningi.
Isikhalazo sokuthi "Qeda I-Fed"
Uma kubhekwa umlando we-Fed wokudela ukuqashwa njalo egameni lokuvimbela ukwehla kwamandla emali, ukwesekwa kwayo amabhange kanye neqhaza labamabhange ekuthinteni ukusebenza kwayo, ukwehluleka kwayo ukuvimbela inkinga yezezimali yakamuva, indima yayo ekutakuleni amabhange nabamabhange, kanye ukwehluleka kwawo ukwenza ngendlela eqinile kulesi sikhathi samanje, kunenzondo enkulu ebhange elikhulu lezwe. U-Ron Paul nabanye bakwazile ukusebenzisa lobu butha obuthandwayo ukuze bakhuthaze uhlelo olubanzi lokunciphisa ukulawulwa kukahulumeni kwezomnotho. Isimemezelo sabo sokuthi "kuqedwe i-Fed" kuwumzamo owodwa wokugcizelela umbono wokuthi umnotho usebenza kangcono lapho uhulumeni esebenza kancane. Umuntu angacabanga ukuthi lokhu kuwumugqa onzima kakhulu ukuwugwinya uma kucatshangelwa ulwazi lwakamuva, lapho “isandla esilula” sokulawula kukahulumeni kwakuyisici esibalulekile ekudaleni ukuwohloka komnotho wethu njengamanje. Nokho kubonakala sengathi kunesikhalo.
Ekukhuthazeni ukuphela kwe-Fed, uPaul ucele ukubuyiselwa ezingeni legolide njengendlela yokulawula ukunikezwa kwemali ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka kukahulumeni. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi phakathi nendawo yokuhlasela kukaPawulu kwesokudla ku-Fed kube yisimangalo sokuthi yehlise imali yethu futhi idala ukwehla kwamandla emali; indinganiso yegolide kuthiwa izovimbela lokhu kwehla. Ingxabano iyaxaka ngoba iqiniso livame ukuba okuphambene nesimangalo sikaPawulu-ezikhathini eziningi emlandweni wayo Izinqubomgomo ze-Fed ziye zagcina ukwehla kwamandla emali zihlola kodwa zenze ukungasebenzi okuphezulu, okuvame ukugcina amaholo ephansi.
Kunoma yikuphi, inkinga nge-Fed akukhona ukuba khona kweziphathimandla zikahulumeni ezilawula imali yezwe. Ngaphambi kokuthi i-Fed iqale ukusebenza ngo-1914, izinkinga zezomnotho bezilokhu zivame kakhulu futhi zinzima njengaseminyakeni eyalandela. Izinga legolide (i-U.S. eyalishiya ngezinyathelo, ikakhulukazi ngawo-1930 futhi ekugcineni ngo-1971) alizange linikeze ukuzinza kanye nokuphila kahle kwezomnotho. Inkinga uhlobo lwesiphathimandla esilawulayo, esiqhutshwa njengoba sizuzisa amabhange nabamabhange, ikakhulukazi, kanye nezamabhizinisi, ngokujwayelekile. Umzamo welungelo “wokuqeda i-Fed,” nokho, ungasifaka enkathini yokuntengantenga okukhulu kwezomnotho, sigxume siphume epanini lokuthosa singene emlilweni.
Okufanele ngikwenze?
Ngakho-ke yini okufanele yenziwe nge-Fed? Ngeshwa, i-Fed iyingxenye yezinkinga ezivamile zezomnotho nezombusazwe zezwe, futhi akufanele silindele ukuba nebhange elikhulu elihlinzeka izidingo zangempela zabantu kuze kube yilapho sesinomphakathi wentando yeningi, umphakathi lapho imali ingabuswa yizombangazwe futhi. lapho inqubomgomo yezomnotho ingahlelwanga ngokuzungeza umbono wokuthi ukugcinwa kwenzuzo kuhlale kuyinto ehamba phambili.
Noma kunjalo, ukwenza okuthile nge-Fed kungaba isinyathelo esisodwa ekwenzeni okuthile ngalezo zinkinga ezijwayelekile. Ukuqala inqubo yoshintsho, u-Dimon kanye nabanye ababhange kufanele basuswe ezikhundleni zabo zokuphatha ngaphakathi kwe-Fed. Ukususwa kwabamabhange ezikhundleni zabo zethonya elikhethekile kuyodingeka kulandelwe izinguquko ezinkulu endleleni amalungu amabhodi abaqondisi bamabhange esifunda ase-Federal Reserve akhethwa ngayo, futhi ekugcineni nendlela amalungu eBhodi Lababusi be-Fed. akhethiwe. Futhi, i-Fed inganikezwa igunya elinamandla lokwenza ngezindlela ezizonciphisa ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi. Ngokuvamile, umgomo kufanele kube ukubeka i-Fed ekulawuleni intando yeningi.
Ekupheleni kosuku, ukushintsha i-Fed-ukushintsha indlela umnotho wase-US olawulwa ngayo-kuyingxenye yomzabalazo omkhulu wokuguqula amandla e-United States ukuze kube sezandleni zabantu abaningi esikhundleni sabambalwa kakhulu.
U-ARTHUR MACEWAN unguprofesa ophuma phambili kwezomnotho eNyuvesi yaseMassachusetts-Boston futhi Amadola & Sense Hlobanisa.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela