Umthombo: The Intercept
I-FBI inakho ukugxekwa kakhulu ngemva a 2017 ukuvuza iveze ukuthi uphiko lwayo lokulwa nobushokobezi lusungule isigaba esisha, esingenasisekelo sobuphekula basekhaya esisibiza ngokuthi “black identity extremism.” Kusukela lapho, izishayamthetho ziye zacindezela ubuholi be-bureau ukuthi buphumele obala mayelana nophenyo lwayo lwezishoshovu ezimnyama, futhi idlanzana lamaqembu alwela amalungelo abantu afake izicelo zamarekhodi omphakathi ukuze azame ukuqonda kangcono ukuthi ngubani ngempela i-FBI ephenya ngaphansi kwalelo gama. Nakuba i-bureau ikhiphe amakhulukhulu wamakhasi wamadokhumenti, iyaqhubeka nokuvikela iningi lalawa marekhodi ekuhlolweni komphakathi.
Umthamo omkhulu wamadokhumenti leyo mizamo yokugada ewakhiqizile uyahlupha, kusho abameli. I inqwaba yakamuva of Amadokhumenti e-FBI - etholwe yi-American Civil Liberties Union kanye neqembu lezobulungiswa bezinhlanga iMediaJustice futhi kwabelwane ngayo ne-The Intercept - iveza ukuthi phakathi kuka-2015 no-2018, i-FBI yanikela isikhathi esiningi nezinsiza ekuvuleni uchungechunge "lokuhlola" emisebenzini yabantu ngabanye namaqembu. ikakhulukazi abhalwe “black separatist extremists.” Lokhu kuqokwa kwaba ekugcineni ihlungwe esigabeni "se-black identity extremism." Ngasekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, kulandela ukugxekwa kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe, abameli benkululeko yomphakathi, ngisho namaqembu athile omthetho, i-FBI. wathi isilahlile ilebula ethi "black identity extremism", ifaka esikhundleni sokuthi "i-extremism enodlame egqugquzelwa ubuhlanga. ” Abagxeki bathi leli gama lisitha kalula iqiniso lokuthi udlame lokubonisa abantu abamnyama, ngokungafani nobudlova bokuthi abamhlophe, alukho ngempela.
Nakuba i-FBI ivame ukushintsha amalebula namagama ayo, ukugadwa kwabantu abamnyama baseMelika kuqhubekile.
Nakuba i-FBI ivame ukushintsha amalebula namagama ayo, ukugadwa kwabantu abamnyama baseMelika kuqhubekile. Njengoba i-Intercept ibike, kulandela ukubulawa kukaMichael Brown yiphoyisa eFerguson, eMissouri, i-FBI yaqala ukuhlola izishoshovu zeFerguson kanye ukulandelela ukunyakaza kwabo kuzo zonke izifundazwe, ixwayisa ozakwethu bokugcinwa komthetho ukuthi Abasekeli beqembu le-Islamic State “babegqugquzela” ababhikishi ukuthi bajoyine amaqembu abo. I-FBI iphinde yabhala okungaqondakali "iphepha lomjaho,” okuqukethwe kwakho okuhlala kuyimfihlo nakuba ihhovisi likuphikile. Futhi njengoba Kubike iYoung Turks, i-bureau isungule uhlelo olubizwa ngokuthi “I-Iron Fist” oluqondise labo ababizwa ngama-black identity extremists ngama-agent ayimfihlo.
Imibhalo yakamuva idluliselwe ku-ACLU kanye neMediaJustice ngemuva kokuthi la maqembu emangalele i-FBI ngoMashi odlule ngokwehluleka kwayo ukuthobela isicelo samarekhodi omphakathi. Yize kulindeleke ukuthi i-bureau ikhiphe eminye imibhalo ezinyangeni ezizayo, lokho esekushintshile kuze kube manje kuhlelwe kabusha kangangokuthi akuqondakali. Ngokungeziwe ekususeni zonke izigaba nazo zonke izihlonzi zendawo nezinye kumadokhumenti, i-FBI ivele igodle amakhulukhulu amakhasi ngokugcwele.
"Le mibhalo iphakamisa ukuthi kusukela okungenani ngo-2016, i-FBI ibibambe iqhaza emzamweni kazwelonke wokuqoqa ubuhlakani bokwenza lokho okubizwa nge-'Black Identity Extremist'," uNusrat Choudhury, isekela lomqondisi we-ACLU Racial Justice Programme, etshela i-Intercept. "Basebenzisa amandla amaningi kulokhu futhi bayafinyelela nakwabanye abomthetho."
“Sikhathazekile ngokuthi ulwazi olungaka alwenziwa lutholakale emphakathini,” wengeza. "Siyazi nje ukuthi uhulumeni kungenzeka ahlele kabusha imininingwane okufanele idalulwe emphakathini - uyenza njalo."
Umkhulumeli we-bureau ubhalele i-The Intercept esitatimendeni ukuthi “yonke imisebenzi eyenziwa yi-FBI kumele ihloniphe uMthethosisekelo futhi wenziwe ngokuvumelana nemithetho yenhlangano.”
"Umsebenzi wophenyo ungase ungasekelwe kuphela ekusetshenzisweni kwamalungelo aqinisekiswe iSichibiyelo Sokuqala," kusho umkhulumeli. "Izindlela zophenyo ze-FBI zingaphansi kwezigaba eziningi zokwengamela, futhi siyaqinisekisa ukuthi abasebenzi bethu baqeqeshelwa ubumfihlo, amalungelo omphakathi kanye nenkululeko yomphakathi."
Ukuhlola Okungenasisekelo
Iningi lemibhalo esanda kukhishwa ingamafayela ophenyo akhombisa ukuthi i-FBI ivule inqwaba yalokho imihlahlandlela yehhovisi ebiza ngayo “njengokuhlola,” ikakhulukazi emisebenzini yabantu ebabiza ngokuthi “abashisekeli bokwehlukana kwabantu abamnyama.” Ukuhlola kuyahluka ophenyweni olugcwele - noma "uphenyo olubikezelwe," ngolimi lwe-bureau - ngoba akudingekile ukuba lubikezelwe kusisekelo samaqiniso. Lokho kusho ukuthi i-bureau ayidingi bufakazi bobugebengu noma usongo lwezokuphepha kazwelonke ukuze ivule ukuhlola. Ukuhlola kudinga ukugunyazwa kuphela ngenjongo ethile, njengokuqasha abantu abasha.
Njenge umbiko omusha yiqembu lenkululeko yomphakathi amanothi e-Defending Rights & Dissent, lapho kukhethwa okuhlosiwe kokuhlolwa, ama-ejenti avunyelwe ukusebenzisa ubuhlanga, inkolo, noma inkulumo evikelwe Isichibiyelo Sokuqala njengento ethile, “inqobo nje uma kungesona sodwa.” Njengoba umbiko uphawula, "Yize amazinga okuvula ukuhlolwa ephansi ngokumangalisayo, i-FBI ivunyelwe ukusebenzisa amasu okuphenya angenelele kakhulu ekuwenzeni, okuhlanganisa ukugada ngokomzimba, ukusetshenziswa kwabanolwazi, kanye nezingxoxo ezingenangqondo."
Phakathi nezingxoxiswano zangaphambi kombhalo, ama-ejenti e-FBI akudingekile ukuthi adalule isimo sawo njengezikhulu zikahulumeni futhi angaqamba amanga ngenjongo yenhlolokhono ukuze athole izitatimende ezibeka icala. Ama-ejenti angavula ukuhlola ngaphandle kwemvume yomphathi isikhathi esiyizinsuku ezingu-30, ngemva kwalokho umphathi kufanele asayine esandisweni. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-90, ukuhlolwa kufanele kugunyazwe kabusha. Ukuhlola kungagunyazwa kabusha izikhathi ezingenamkhawulo, okusho ukuthi i-FBI ingagada izakhamuzi ezithobela umthetho zingabeki usongo lwezokuphepha kuzwelonke iminyaka.
Imibhalo eminingi emisha etholwe yi-ACLU kanye ne-MediaJustice iphakamisa ukuthi i-FBI igunyaze ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuhlola ngaphezu kwesikhathi sayo sokuqala. Ngenxa yokuhlehliswa kabusha okunzima, nokho, akucaci ukuthi ngabe i-bureau ivule ukuhlola okuningi okuhlukene noma ukuthi inani elifanayo lokuhlola liye landiswa izikhathi eziningi. Nakuba okunye ukuhlola kubhekisela “endaweni ethile yomthwalo wemfanelo,” okunye akufaki igama elinjalo, okuphakamisa ukuthi kungase kubhekisele ekuhloleni izwe lonke kwamaqembu noma izinhlangano ezithile.
Izicelo zokugunyazwa kabusha ezikhishwe yi-FBI zifaka uchungechunge lwemibuzo mayelana nenjongo yokuhlola, ukuthi ingabe ifezekile, nanoma imaphi amasu ophenyo asetshenzisiwe. Ngenxa yokuthi izimpendulo zenziwe kabusha ngokugcwele, nokho, akunakwenzeka ukusho ukuthi ukuhlaziya bekunezizathu ezizwakalayo yini. Akukacaci noma noma yikuphi ukubuyekezwa okuqinile okuholele ekugunyazweni kabusha ngakunye noma ukuthi abaphathi bamane bafaka izicelo zokunweba ezinesitembu senjoloba, kusho uChoudhury. "Ngebhadi bavele bahlele kabusha izingxenye zalokhu ezingasinikeza isheke eliqondile lokuthi zithatha kanjani izinqumo."
Ukusebenzisana Namaphoyisa
Ngaphezu kwamaphepha ahlobene nokuhlola kwayo okuningi, imibhalo emisha ihlanganisa imibiko “yokuxhumana” nezinhlangano ezingaphandle kwe-FBI kanye nezokuxhumana ngogesi eziphakamisa ukusebenzisana okusebenzayo kwe-FBI nezinye izinhlaka zomthetho. Imemo yaleli hhovisi ibhekisela “emihlanganweni yamasu” eminingana ebandakanya abomthetho wendawo, okuhlanganisa nezinsuku ezandulela unyaka wokuqala wokubulawa kukaBrown eFerguson, eyabusa imibhikisho. Kokunye ukushintshanisa, ozakwethu bokugcinwa komthetho bacelwe ukuthi bafake isandla “ekuqoqeni ubuhlakani obungcono ngama-Extremists Abamnyama abangaba khona.”
Le mibhalo iphinde ibhekisele emsebenzini we-FBI “naMabutho Obuphekula Ahlangene,” ahlanganisa ama-ejenti nezikhulu ezivela emakhulwini ezikhungo zomthetho zezifundazwe, zendawo kanye nezenhlangano. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-JTTF aphethwe yi-FBI, asebenza ngaphansi kwemihlahlandlela ye-FBI, ehlinzeka ngokuvikela okumbalwa kwenkulumo, ubumfihlo, kanye nenkululeko yomphakathi kunemithetho elawula amaphoyisa endawo nokunye ukuphoqelelwa komthetho.
Kepha yize ukubambisana kombuso kanye nokunye ukubambisana kwezomthetho kuyinjwayelo, okubandakanya amaphoyisa endawo emizamweni engacacile futhi egcwele yokubhekwa kwezepolitiki kuyinkinga enkulu, kusho abagxeki. Eqinisweni, imibiko yokuhlola izinsongo njengalowo othi "i-black identity extremism" ibeka inselele ethile kwabomthetho bendawo, kusho uMike German, owayengumenzeli we-FBI kanye nomgxeki omkhulu wehhovisi.
"Yini etshela abomthetho ukuthi benzeni?" UJalimane utshele iThe Intercept. “Iningi [lalokhu kuhlola] lithi, 'Yesaba kakhulu lolu songo olusha,' futhi alunikezi noma yisiphi iseluleko esisebenzayo sokuthi ungalubona kanjani lolu songo, noma ukuthi luhlukaniswa kanjani lolo songo nombhikisho osemthethweni, noma ukungalaleli komphakathi okungenabudlova. , noma omunye umsebenzi ovikelwe Isichibiyelo Sokuqala ongakhuthaza imibono efanayo, kodwa engewona udlame. Ngakho-ke ikhambi lale minyango yamaphoyisa eyitholayo wukubaphatha bonke sengathi bangase babe izinsongo.”
Kuzishoshovu esezivele zikhathazekile ngodlame lwamaphoyisa kanye nokuntuleka kokuziphendulela, ukusebenzisana kwamaphoyisa nemizamo yokuqapha ye-FBI kuyakhathaza kakhulu.
Kuzishoshovu esezivele zikhathazekile ngodlame lwamaphoyisa kanye nokuntuleka kokuziphendulela, ukusebenzisana kwamaphoyisa nemizamo yokuqapha ye-FBI kuyakhathaza kakhulu.
"Lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho iziphathimandla ezweni lonke, iminyango yethu yamaphoyisa, ithola amathuluzi okuqapha ngezindlela eziyimfihlo ngempela, ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokugada kanye nokulawulwa," kusho uMyaisha Hayes, umhleli weMediaJustice, engxoxweni. "Futhi kungenza ngikhathazeke ngokuthi lawo mathuluzi angasetshenziswa ngokumelene nezishoshovu uma kubhekwa uhlobo lwendawo i-FBI eyakhayo mayelana nokwenza kube yicala ukuphikisa."
Kuwo wonke amadokhumenti, i-FBI iphinda izexwayiso ze-boilerplate zokuthi ezinye "izinkomba" zobushokobezi basekhaya "zingase zihlanganise ukusetshenziswa kwamalungelo aqinisekiswe iSichibiyelo Sokuqala" futhi ikhumbuza ama-ejenti ukuthi "i-FBI inqatshelwe ukuzibandakanya emsebenzini wophenyo ngenjongo eyodwa yokuqapha. ukusetshenziswa kwamalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala.”
Noma kunjalo, imibhalo iphakamisa ukuthi i-bureau empeleni yayiqondise enkulumweni evikelekile njengengxenye yemisebenzi yayo yokugada, ngesikhathi esithile iqapha i-“Million Man March” ka-Okthoba 2015 eWashington, D.C. Ngenkathi iningi lememo mayelana nemashi senziwa kabusha, idokhumenti isho "inkulumo enodlame kanye nemvelo" yomcimbi - noma imashi empeleni ibiwumbhikisho ongenalo udlame ohehe. amashumi ezinkulungwane siye enhlokodolobha ukuyokhumbula umcimbi wokuqala wango-1995 kanye nokubhikisha uchungechunge lokubulawa kwamaphoyisa asezingeni eliphezulu kwabesilisa abamnyama.
Yize i-FBI inomlando omude wokukhomba abantu abamnyama baseMelika - ikakhulukazi lapho ingena futhi ifuna ukuphazamisa inhlangano yamalungelo abantu njengengxenye yomkhankaso wayo we-COINTELRPO wamaphoyisa ezepolitiki - lesi sikhungo eminyakeni yamuva nje sisuse umgomo waso kuleyo mibono "yokuhlukanisa" eqenjini elikhulu kakhulu lalabo ababhikisha udlame lwamaphoyisa. Njengoba The Intercept kubikiwe, engxoxweni yangaphakathi ye-imeyili etholwe yiqembu likahulumeni elibonisa izinto obala i-Property of the People, uMichael F. Paul, isikhulu se-FBI's Counterterrorism Division, ubhalele ozakwabo ukuthi i-bureau ibuyekeze incazelo yayo "ye-black separatist extremism" ukuze " linwebe ngaphezu kwalabo abafuna ‘ukwehlukana.’” UPawulu wanezela: “Usongo noma ukunyakaza kumane kwavela, futhi abaningi bafuna okungaphezu/ngaphandle kokuhlukana.”
Lokhu abakufunayo labo “abakwinhlangano” okuhloswe ngayo ukuthi kumane kuqedwe udlame lwamaphoyisa, kanye nobulungiswa obukhulu kanye nokuziphendulela kukahulumeni.
Eqinisweni, lokho labo “abasemhlanganweni” ohlosiwe abathi bakufunayo kuwukuphela kodlame lwamaphoyisa, kanye nobulungiswa obukhulu kanye nokuziphendulela kukahulumeni.
"Inhlangano iBlack Lives Matter, izinhlangano eziholwa ngabantu abamnyama ezigxile ezenzweni zamaphoyisa kanye nesihluku samaphoyisa azikaze zibe nesigameko esisodwa sodlame esihambisana nomsebenzi wazo wezishoshovu," kusho uHayes etshela i-Intercept. "Lokho kungitshela ukuthi okufunwa yi-FBI ngamathuba okuphazamisa ngokuyisisekelo ukuhlela lezo zinselelo futhi kusongela isimo esikhona."
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