Umthombo: Imibiko evela ku-Economic Front
Uhlelo lwethu lomshwalense wokuntuleka kwemisebenzi lwehlulekile izwe ngesikhathi sesidingo esikhulu. Njengoba amashumi ezigidi zabasebenzi bezabalaza nje ukukhokha irenti nokuthenga ukudla, iCongress yaphoqeleka ukuthi idlulise izikweletu ezimbili zokusebenzisa imali ezimweni eziphuthumayo, ihlinzeka ngezinkokhelo zokuvuselela isikhathi esisodwa, izinkokhelo zomshwalense okhethekile wamasonto onke wokungasebenzi, kanye nezinzuzo zesikhashana zokungasebenzi kulabo abangafakwanga uhlelo. Futhi, ngenxa yesimo sabo esifushane esilinganiselwe, uMongameli Biden manje kufanele akhulumele okwesithathu.
Amaphutha alolu hlelo sekuyisikhathi eside abonakala, kodwa umzamo omncane owenziwe ukuwuthuthukisa. Eqinisweni, lawo maphutha afakwa ohlelweni ekuqaleni, njengoba uMongameli Roosevelt wayefuna, hhayi ngengozi. Nakuba kufanele siqhubeke nokuhlela ukuze siqinisekise ukuthi abantu abasebenzayo bayakwazi ukusinda kulolu bhubhane, kufanele futhi siqale inqubo ende yokwakha ukwesekwa okudumile ukuze kube noguquko oluqinile lohlelo lwethu lomshwalense wokungasebenzi. Umlando womzabalazo owakhiqiza uhlelo lwethu lwamanje unikeza izifundo eziwusizo.
Ukusebenza
Uhlelo lwethu lomshwalense wokungasebenzi lwaklanywa ngesikhathi soKuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho. Bekufanele ivikele abasebenzi nemindeni yabo ezindlekweni zokujezisa zokungasebenzi, ngaleyo ndlela isize nasekukhuthazeni ukuzinza kwezepolitiki nezomnotho. Ngeshwa, njengoba Eduardo Porter futhi UKarl Russell veza ku New York Times esihlokweni, leso simiso siye sahluleka kakhulu kubantu abasebenzayo.
Ishadi elingezansi libonisa ukuthambekela kokwehla kwesabelo sabasebenzi abangasebenzi abathola izinzuzo kanye nenani lokushintsha lalezo zinzuzo. Izinzuzo manje zithatha indawo engaphansi kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yamaholo angaphambili, amanye amaphuzu ayisishiyagalombili ngaphansi kwezinga lawo-1940s. Ngaphandle kwezinzuzo, kunzima ukugubha uhlelo oluhlanganisa amaphesenti angaphansi kwama-30 alabo abadonsa kanzima ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemisebenzi.
Uhlelo olunephutha
Nakuba wonke amazwe anohlelo lomshwalense wokungasebenzi, wonke asebenza ngokuzimela. Alukho uhlelo lukazwelonke. Isifunda ngasinye sikhiqiza izimali ezisidingayo ukuze sinikeze izinzuzo zokungasebenzi futhi ngokuvamile simahhala, kuncike ezindinganisweni ezithile eziyisisekelo zombuso, ukuze kubekwe izimo lapho isisebenzi esingasebenzi sifaneleka ngaphansi kwaso ukuthola izinzuzo, isikhathi sokulinda ngaphambi kokuba izinzuzo zikhokhwe, ubude besikhathi esinqunyiwe. yesikhathi izinzuzo zizokhokhwa, inani lenzuzo, kanye nezimfuneko zokuqhubeka nokuthola izinzuzo.
Izintela zemiholo ekhokhwa amafemu zikhiqiza izimali ezisetshenziselwa ukukhokha izinzuzo zomshwalense wokungasebenzi. Usayizi wezintela okufanele zikhokhwe uncike enanini lenzuzo yesisebenzi elenziwa ukuthi likhokhiswe intela (umholo oyisisekelo) kanye nenani lentela. Amazwe akhululekile ukusetha amaholo ayisisekelo ngendlela athanda ngayo, kuncike esitezini esigunyazwe uhulumeni sika-$7000 esasungulwa ngeminyaka yawo-1970. Amazwe nawo akhululekile ukusetha izinga lentela ngendlela athanda ngayo. Akumangazi ukuthi, ngokwentshisekelo yokuxhasa inzuzo yebhizinisi, izifundazwe ziye zafuna ukugcina iholo eliyisisekelo kanye nezinga lentela liphansi. Isibonelo, iFlorida, iTennessee kanye ne-Arizona bayaqhubeka nokusetha iholo labo eliyisisekelo kunani elincane lenhlangano. Futhi, njengoba isibalo esingezansi sibonisa, amanani entela yomshwalense abelokhu ehla isikhathi eside.
Yize inqubomgomo enjalo ingasiza ibhizinisi, ukwehlisa izinga lentela kusho ukuthi izifundazwe zinemali encane ezikhwameni zazo zokuthembela ukuze zikhokhe izinzuzo zokungasebenzi. Ngakho-ke, lapho izikhathi zinzima, nezimangalo zokuntuleka kwemisebenzi zikhuphuka, izifundazwe eziningi zizithola zicindezelekile ukuze zihlangabezane nezibopho zazo ezidingekayo. Eqinisweni, njengoba Porter futhi Russell chaza:
IWashington ibizwe kaningi ukuthi inikeze usizo olwengeziwe, okuhlanganisa nezimo eziphuthumayo kumshwalense wokuntuleka kwemisebenzi ngemva kokufika kwe-Great Recession ngo-2008. Ngempela, iye yangenela ekuphenduleni konke ukwehla komnotho kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1950s.
Lokhu akuwona umphumela ofiselekayo walezo zifundazwe eziphoqeleka ukuthi ziboleke, njengoba imali kufanele ibuyiselwe nenzalo ngokubeka izintela eziphakeme zokuhola zesikhathi esizayo kubaqashi. Ngakho-ke, izinombolo ezikhulayo zezifundazwe ziye zafuna ukunciphisa amathuba okuba lokhu kwenzeke, noma okungenani inani elizobolekwa, ngokukhuphula izindinganiso zokufaneleka, ukunciphisa izinzuzo, nokunciphisa isikhathi sokufakwa, konke abathemba ukuthi kuzonciphisa inani labantu. ukudweba izinzuzo zokungasebenzi kanye nenani nobude besikhathi abazozithola.
Porter futhi Russell gqamisa eminye yemiphumela yalelisu:
E-Arizona, cishe amaphesenti angama-70 ezicelo zomshwalense wokungasebenzi anqatshiwe. Bangamaphesenti angu-15 kuphela abantu abangasebenzi abathola noma yini kuhulumeni. Abaningi abafaki ngisho izicelo. I-Tennessee yenqaba cishe izicelo eziyisithupha kweziyi-10.
EFlorida, oyedwa kuphela kwabayishumi abasebenzi abangasebenzi othola noma yiziphi izinzuzo. Umbuso uyancishana kakhulu: akukho ngaphezu kuka-$10 ngesonto, cishe ingxenye yesithathu yenzuzo enkulu e-Washington State. Futhi izinzuzo ziphela ngokushesha, ngemva nje kwamasonto angu-275, kuye ngezinga lombuso lokungasebenzi.
Futhi, ukuntengantenga okukhulayo komnotho wase-US, okuholele ekungabizini okukhulu kokuqashwa, kwenza leli qhinga libe โelihlakaniphe kakhuluโ ngokwezimali. Isibonelo, njengoba isibalo esilandelayo sibonisa, amaphesenti akhulayo abantu abangasebenzi ahlala isikhathi eside engenamsebenzi. Ukuthambekela okunjalo, ukungabikho kwezenzo zombuso ukuze kukhawulwe ukufinyelela ezinzuzweni, kungasho inkinga yezezimali kuzikhulu zombuso.
Okwengeza ekushiyekeni kwesakhiwo sohlelo ukuthi isibalo esikhulayo sabasebenzi, isibonelo, inqwaba yabasebenzi asebehlelwe kabusha njenge osonkontileka abazimele, azihlanganiswa yikho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba ukufanelekela izinzuzo kudinga ukwanelisa ubuncane bemali etholwayo kanye namahora emfuneko yokusebenza phakathi nonyaka wesisekelo, ukukhula komsebenzi okhokhelwa kancane ongavamile kusho ukuthi abaningi balabo abadinga kakhulu ukusekelwa ngokwezimali kohlelo ngezikhathi zokungasebenzi bazithola bebhekwa njengabangafanelekile. ngezinzuzo.
Ngokuklama, hhayi ngephutha
Uhlelo lwethu lwamanje lomshwalense wokuntuleka kwemisebenzi kanye nesethi yalo yokuhlanganisa yamazinga nezinzuzo zisuka emuva esikhathini sokucindezeleka. Nakuba uMongameli Roosevelt ethola udumo ngokusungula uhlelo lwethu lomshwalense wokuntuleka kwemisebenzi njengengxenye yeSivumelwano Esisha, iqiniso liwukuthi walubeka eceleni ngamabomu uhlelo oluqine kakhulu okwakuthi, ukuba lwalugunyazwe, lwaluzobeka abantu abasebenzayo namuhla endaweni ephephe kakhulu.
IQembu LamaKhomanisi (CP) laqala ukuphoqa umthethosivivinywa wokungasebenzi kanye nomshwalense wezenhlalakahle ehlobo lika-1930 futhi, kanye nenqwaba. Imikhandlu engasebenzi eyayikhona emadolobheni ezweni lonke, yasebenza kanzima ukuyithuthukisa eminyakeni eyalandela. Ngo-March 4, 1933, usuku lokubekwa kukaRoosevelt, bahlela imibhikisho egcizelela isidingo sokuthatha isinyathelo ngomshuwalense wokungasebenzi.
Engaphazanyiswa ukuntuleka kokwenza kuka-Roosevelt, umthethosivivinywa obhalwe yi-CP othi โWorkers Unemployment and Social Insurance Billโ wethulwa kuKhongolose ngoFebhuwari 1934 nguMmeleli u-Ernest Lundeen weFarmer-Labor Party. Ngebhulashi elibanzi, Imalia okumele ikhokhwe yagunyaza ukukhokhwa komshwalense wokungasebenzi kubo bonke abasebenzi nabalimi abangasebenzi okulingana nesilinganiso samaholo esikhathi esigcwele endawo, nenani eliqinisekisiwe eliphansi lika-$10 ngeviki kanye no-$3 kumuntu ngamunye obondliwayo. Labo abaphoqelelwa ukuthi basebenze isikhathi esithile bazothola umehluko phakathi kweholo labo kanye nesilinganiso samaholo agcwele asendaweni. Lo mthethosivivinywa udale nohlelo lomshwalense wezenhlalakahle ozohlinzeka ngezinkokhelo kwabagulayo nabadala, kanye nezinzuzo zokubeletha ezizokhokhwa amasonto ayisishiyagalombili ngaphambi namasonto ayisishiyagalombili ngemva kokuzalwa. Zonke lezi zinzuzo bezizoxhaswa ngezimali ezingafanelekile kuMgcinimafa nezintela zamafa, izipho, nemali engenayo yomuntu ngamunye neyebhizinisi engaphezu kuka-$5,000 ngonyaka.
Umthethosivivinywa uthole ukwesekwa okuqinile phakathi kwabasebenziโabaqashiwe nabangasebenziโfuthi ngokushesha wagunyazwa izinyunyana zamazwe ngamazwe ezi-5, izinhlaka zabasebenzi ezingu-35, kanye nezinyunyana zasendaweni ezingaphezu kuka-3000. Amakomidi ezisebenzi zezikhundla namafayela nawo akhelwe ezweni lonke ukuze acindezele amalungu eCongress ukuthi aliphasise.
Lapho uKhongolose wenqaba ukuthatha isinyathelo ngalo mthethosivivinywa, uLundeen waphinde wawethula ngoJanuwari 1935. Ngenxa yengcindezi yomphakathi, lo mthethosivivinywa waba uhlelo lokuqala lomshwalense wezenhlalakahle olutuswa ikomiti likakhongolose, kulokhu iKomidi Lezabasebenzi LeNdlu. Kodwa-ke, ngokushesha kuvotelwe phansi eNdlu yabaMeli ephelele, 204 kuya ku-52.
Roosevelt wamelana kakhulu nomthethosivivinywa weLundeen futhi kwakuwukuhlinzeka ngekhawunta ayiphusha ukuze akhe enye indlela, eyayinikeza izinzuzo ezikude kakhulu kunalokho okwakunikezwa uMthethosivivinywa Wokungaqashwa Kwabasebenzi kanye Nomshuwalense Wezenhlalakahle, futhi waphikiswa kakhulu abasebenzi abaningi nazo zonke izinhlangano zenhlangano. abangasebenzi. Roosevelt waqoka iKomidi Lokuvikeleka Kwezomnotho ngoJulayi 1934 enecala lokuthuthukisa umthethosivivinywa wokuphepha wezenhlalakahle ayengawuletha kuCongress ngoJanuwari 1935 ozohlanganisa izinhlinzeko zomshuwalense wokungasebenzi kanye nokuphepha kwabadala. Umthethosivivinywa ogunyaziwe wokuphatha wethulwa ngesikhathi esifanele ngoJanuwari kanti uRoosevelt wacela ukuthi kuthathwe isinyathelo esisheshayo sengqungquthela.
Umthethosivivinywa kaRoosevelt wabuyekezwa ngo-Ephreli yikomiti leNdlu futhi wanikezwa igama elisha, โThe Social Security Act.โ Ngemva kwezibuyekezo ezengeziwe uMthetho Wokuvikeleka Komphakathi wasayinwa waba umthetho ngo-August 14, 1935. Umthetho Wokuvikeleka Komphakathi wawuyingxenye yomthetho eyinkimbinkimbi. Yayihlanganisa lokho manje esikubiza ngokuthi I-Social Security, uhlelo lwenhlangano yokuhlomula abantu abadala; uhlelo lomshwalense wokungasebenzi olawulwa yizifundazwe; kanye nohlelo lwezibonelelo zikahulumeni ezifundazweni ukuze kuxhaswe izinzuzo zabantu abadala abaswele kanye nosizo lwezingane ezibondliwayo.
Uhlelo lokungasebenzi olusungulwe uMthetho Wokuphepha Komphakathi lwakhiwe ngezindlela ezingathandeki kubasebenzi (njengoba kwakunjalo Uhlelo lwe-federal lwenzuzo yokuguga). Kunoxhaso oluqhubekayo, uhlelo lukazwelonke oluphelele lomshwalense wokungasebenzi olukhokha izinzuzo ezilingana namaholo ezisebenzi, lesi senzo sasungula isistimu yobumbano yesifundazwe enikeza izifundazwe ububanzi obubanzi ekunqumeni izindinganiso.
Ngokuqondile, lesi senzo sakhokhisa intela yentela kazwelonke efanayo yamaphesenti angu-1 ngo-1936, amaphesenti angu-2 ngo-1937, namaphesenti angu-3 ngo-1938, kubaqashi abakhavwe, abachazwa njengalabo baqashi abanabasebenzi abayisishiyagalombili noma ngaphezulu okungenani amasonto angamashumi amabili, hhayi. kubandakanya nabaqashi bakahulumeni nabaqashi kwezolimo. Abasebenzi abaqashwe umqashi onekhava kuphela abangathola izinzuzo.
Lesi senzo sikushiyele kuzifundazwe ukuthi zinqume ukuthi zenze ezazo yini izinhlelo, futhi uma kunjalo, zinqume izimo zokufaneleka, isikhathi sokulinda sokuthola izinzuzo, amanani enzuzo, amazinga enzuzo aphansi naphezulu, ubude besikhathi sezinzuzo, ukuhoxiswa, nokunye ukuphatha. izindaba. Kwaze kwaba ngo-1937 lapho kwamiswa khona izinhlelo kuzo zonke izifundazwe kanye nasezindaweni ezazingaleso sikhathi zase-Alaska naseHawaii. Futhi kwaze kwaba ngo-1938 lapho abaningi baqala khona ukukhokha izinzuzo.
Eminyakeni yokuqala, izifundazwe eziningi zazidinga abasebenzi abafanelekile ukuthi balinde amasonto amabili kuya kwamane ngaphambi kokuthola izinzuzo, ezazivame ukubekwa emalini etholwayo eyingxenye yakamuva (kuncike emalini eningi yamasonto onke) isikhathi esisuka kumaviki ayi-2 kuye kwayi-4. Imithetho yezwe eyishumi ibifuna iminikelo yabasebenzi kanye neminikelo yomqashi; ezintathu zisaqhubeka nanamuhla.
Kule minyaka elandelayo uhlelo lomshwalense wokungasebenzi luye lwenziwa ngcono ngezindlela eziningi ezinhle, okuhlanganisa nokwandisa ukuvikeleka kanye nokuthuthukisa izinzuzo. Kodwa-ke, isakhiwo saso esiyisisekelo sihlala sinjalo, isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi ngokweqile, enesethi ye-patchwork yezidingo zokufaneleka zombuso kanye nezinzuzo zobuqili. Futhi siyakhokha izindleko namuhla.
Lo mlando ukubeka kucace ukuthi akukho esizonikwa kona. Sidinga futhi sifanelwe uhlelo olungcono lomshwalense wokungasebenzi. Futhi ukuze sikuthole, kuzofanele sikulwele, futhi singaphazanyiswa yi-Congress yesikhashana, nakuba idingeka, i-band-aids izimisele ukuhlinzeka. Izimiso ezakha uMthethosivivinywa Wokungaqashwa Kwabasebenzi kanye Nomshuwalense Wezenhlalakahle zinganikeza isiqalo esiwusizo semizamo yamanje.
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Nikela