Eminye yemisho evame ukubhalwa emibuthanweni yezomnotho e-United States (futhi ngezinga elincane eYurophu) ithi “i-Euro izowa.” Labo abaphindaphinda lelo binzana ngokuphindaphindiwe kubonakala bengazi ukuthi i-Euro yasungulwa, ngubani, futhi ukuze kuzuze bani. Ukube bebewazi umlando we-Euro, bebezoqaphela ukuthi amabutho amakhulu ngemuva kwe-Euro enze kahle kakhulu futhi ayaqhubeka nokwenza kanjalo. Uma nje beqhubeka bezuza ngokuba khona kwe-Euro, i-Euro izoqhubeka nokuba khona.
Ake siqale ngomlando we-Euro kanye nesizathu esikhulu sokuthi yasungulwa. Ngemva kokubhidlika koDonga LwaseBerlin, kwabukeka sengathi iMpumalanga neNtshonalanga Jalimane ingaphinde ihlangane futhi—njengoba isikhungo saseJalimane esiseNtshonalanga sasifuna—iphinde ibe, futhi, iJalimane ebumbene. Lokho kungenzeka akuzange kuyijabulise iYurophu yentando yeningi. Kabili ngo-20th ekhulwini leminyaka, iningi lamazwe aseYurophu kwadingeka liye empini ukuze kumiswe izinhloso zokunwetshwa kweJalimane ebumbene. Ohulumeni baseYurophu abajabulanga ukubona iJalimane yangemva kobuNazi iphinde yahlangana. UMongameli uFrançois Mitterrand waseFrance waze washo ngokuxakayo ukuthi, “Ngiyithanda kakhulu iJalimane kangangokuthi ngincamela ukubona amaJalimane amabili kunoyedwa.”
Okuwukuphela kwendlela ohulumeni abayibona ngayo kwakuwukuqinisekisa ukuthi iJalimane elihlangene ngeke libe izwe elingabodwa phambi kwawo wonke umuntu. IJalimane kwadingeka ihlanganiswe neYurophu. Kwadingeka ukuthi ibe yiYurophu. UMitterrand wacabanga ukuthi enye indlela yokwenza lokhu ukuthi imali yaseJalimane, uphawu, ithathelwe indawo yimali entsha yaseYurophu, i-Euro. Lokhu kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kuyindlela yokugxilisa iJalimane yangemva kobuNazi eYurophu yentando yeningi.
Inhlangano yaseJalimane, nokho, yabeka imibandela. Enye kwakuwukusungula iziphathimandla zezezimali, i-European Central Bank (ECB), ezophatha i-Euro futhi ibe nomgomo wayo kuphela wokugcina ukwehla kwamandla emali. I-ECB izoba ngaphansi kwethonya elinzima (okungukuthi, elilawulwa) yiBhange Elikhulu LaseJalimane, iBundenbank. Omunye umbandela kwakuwukusungula iSivumelwano Sokuzinza, esasizobeka ukuqondisa kwezezimali emazweni angamalungu e-Eurozone. Ukushoda kwabo emphakathini kuzofanele kuhlale kungaphansi kuka-3% we-GDP yabo, ngisho nangezikhathi zokwehla komnotho.
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani amanye amazwe amukela lezi zimo, umuntu kufanele aqonde ukuthi i-neoliberalism (eyaqala ngoMongameli uRonald Reagan e-United States kanye noNdunankulu uMargaret Thatcher e-United Kingdom) yayiyinkolelo-mbono ehamba phambili kulawo mazwe. Isikhundla esikhulu kuleyo mfundiso ye-neoliberal kwakuwukunciphisa indima yezifundazwe ngangokunokwenzeka, ukukhuthaza ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwangasese kanye nokungagcizeleli isidingo sasekhaya njengendlela yokuvuselela umnotho. Ngalo mbono, umfutho omkhulu womnotho kufanele kube ukukhula kwempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle. Lena izimpande zenkinga-hhayi eye-Euro, enempilo enhle-kodwa yenhlalakahle kanye nenhlalakahle yabantu kulawo mazwe.
I-European Central Bank ayilona iBhange Elikhulu
Okwenziwa yibhange elikhulu ukuphrinta imali futhi, ngaleyo mali, lithenge amabhondi omphakathi kahulumeni, liqinisekise ukuthi izintshisekelo zalawo mabhondi zinengqondo futhi azibi ngokweqile. Ibhange eliphakathi livikela izifundazwe ngokumelene nokuqagela kwemakethe yezezimali. I-ECB, nokho, ayikwenzi lokhu. Inzalo yezikweletu zomphakathi zezifundazwe kwamanye amazwe inyuke kakhulu ngoba i-ECB ibingakasithengi isikweletu sayo isikhathi eside. ISpain ne-Italy zikwazi ngokugcwele lokhu.
Okwenziwa yi-ECB, nokho, ukuboleka imali eningi kumabhange azimele ngenani lenzalo ephansi kakhulu (engaphansi kuka-1%), lapho bethenga khona amabhondi omphakathi anenzalo enkulu kakhulu (6% kuya ku-7% e-Italy naseSpain. ). Kuyisivumelwano esihle kulawa mabhange! Kusukela ngoDisemba odlule, i-ECB iboleke ama-Euro angaphezu kwesigidintathu (1 million Euros) emabhange azimele, ingxenye yawo (ama-Euro ayizigidi ezingu-1,000,000) emabhange aseSpain nase-Italy. Lokhu kudluliselwa kwezimali zikahulumeni (i-ECB iyisikhungo sikahulumeni) embonini yezezimali ezimele kuyafaneleka ngokubonisa ukuthi lolu sizo lwaludingeka ukuze kugcinwe amabhange futhi, ngaleyo ndlela, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isikweletu sinikezwa amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi. kanye nemindeni enezikweletu. Nokho, isikweletu asikaveli. Kokubili abantu ngabanye namabhizinisi bayaqhubeka nokuba nobunzima bokuyithola.
Kwesinye isikhathi, i-ECB ithenga amabhondi omphakathi ezimakethe zesibili ezifundazweni ezisenkingeni, kodwa iwathenga ngendlela ecishe ibe umshoshaphansi, ngemithamo emincane kakhulu nangesikhathi esifushane kakhulu. Izimakethe zezimali ziyasiqaphela lesi simo. Kungakho inzalo ephezulu yamabhondi omphakathi yehla isikhashana lapho i-ECB iwathenga bese ikhuphuka futhi, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuthi izifundazwe ziwasekele. I-ECB kufanele imemezele ngokusobala ukuthi ngeke ivumele inzalo yamabhondi omphakathi ukuba idlule ezingeni elithile, okwenza kube nzima ukuthi izimakethe zezimali zicabange ngazo. Kodwa i-ECB ayikwenzi lokhu, ishiya izifundazwe zingavikelekile phambi kwalezo zimakethe zezimali.
Kulesi simo, isivumelwano sokuthi iSpain ne-Italy kumele zinciphise ukushoda komphakathi ukuze zibuyise ukuzethemba nokwethenjwa kwezimakethe zezimali azikholakali. ISpain ibilokhu inciphisa ukushoda komphakathi, kuyilapho inzalo yamabhondi aseSpain ikhula, okufakazela ukuthi yi-ECB, hhayi izimakethe zezimali, ezichaza leyo nzalo.
Ubani Olawula Uhlelo Lwezezimali LwaseYurophu?
Ngokombono, i-ECB bekufanele ibe ngumphathi we-Euro. Kodwa leyo elawula ngempela i-Euro, kanye nohlelo lwezezimali lwaseYurophu, yiBundesbank, iBhange Elikhulu LaseJalimane. Yaklanywa ngaleyo ndlela, njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili. Kodwa kwakukhona esinye isizathu sokulawula uhlelo lwezezimali lwaseYurophu yiBundesbank namabhange aseJalimane. Lelo thonya (cishe lafinyelela ezingeni lokulawula) laliwumphumela weqoqo lezinqumo ezenziwa uhulumeni waseJalimane, ikakhulukaziSchröder uhulumeni wentando yeningi yezenhlalakahle (Uhlelo luka-2010), futhi lwaqhutshwa ohulumeni baseMerkel, abagcizelela umkhakha wokuthekelisa njengenjini eyinhloko yomnotho. Oskar Lafontaine, I-Schröder'sUNgqongqoshe Wezezimali, wayefuna ukubeka izidingo zasekhaya njengenjini eyinhloko yokusimama komnotho waseJalimane. Uphakamise ukwenyuswa kwamaholo kanye nezindleko zomphakathi. Walahlekelwa futhi walishiya iqembu lentando yeningi yezenhlalo, wasungula iqembu elisha, i-Die Link/The Left, kanye Schröder (manje usebenzela imboni egxile ekuthekeliseni) iwinile. Njengomphumela walokho kugcizelela ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe (okuningi ku-Eurozone), amabhange aseJalimane aqongelele inani elikhulu lama-Euro. Esikhundleni sokusebenzisa la ma-Euro ukukhulisa amaholo ezisebenzi zaseJalimane (okungavuselela umnotho waseJalimane kuphela, kodwa wonke umnotho waseYurophu), amabhange aseJalimane athumela lawo ma-Euro kwamanye amazwe, etshala imali emaphethelweni e-Eurozone. Lokho kutshalwa kwezimali kwaba yimbangela yebhamuza lezindlu eSpain. Ngaphandle kwemali yaseJalimane, amabhange aseSpain ayengeke akwazi ukuxhasa lelo bubble, elalisekelwe ekuqageleni okukhulu.
Yavela Nini Inkinga ESpain?
Lapho amabhange aseJalimane eyeka ukuboleka iSpain ngenxa yokwethuka (lapho ezwa ukuthi wona ngokwawo angcoliswe imikhiqizo enobuthi evela emabhange ase-U.S.) lawa, kwadala umgodi emnothweni waseSpain olingana no-10% wesamba somkhiqizo wasekhaya. , konke phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa. Kwakuyi-tsunami yezomnotho, inhlekelele engokoqobo. Ngokushesha, isabelomali sikazwelonke sisuka ensaleni saya ekushoda okukhulu, ngenxa yokuwa kwezimali ezingenayo ezifundazweni. Yayingahlangene nokukhula kwezindleko zomphakathi (iSpain yayinezindleko eziphansi kakhulu zomphakathi ngomuntu ngamunye phakathi kwe-EU-15), kodwa kunalokho ukwehla okumangalisayo kwemali engenayo. Ukugcizelela kwe-“Troika” (i-European Commission, European Central Bank, kanye ne-International Monetary Fund) yokuthi iSpain idinga ukunciphisa izindleko zayo zomphakathi nakakhulu akulungile kakhulu ngoba ukushoda komphakathi akuzange kubangwe ukukhula kwalezo zindleko (njengoba okuphakanyiswe amazwi angenangqondo kaShansela uMerkel mayelana “nokweqisa komkhakha womphakathi waseSpain”). Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokho kusikeka kudala ukuwohloka okukhulu komnotho.
Iyini Inhloso Yosizo Lwezezimali?
Inkulumo esemthethweni iwukuthi iziphathimandla zezezimali ze-Eurozone zenze ukuba kutholakale iSpain izigidi ezingu-100,000 zama-Euro ukusiza amabhange ayo. Nokho, iqiniso lihluke kakhulu. Amabhange aseSpain kanye nezwe laseSpain bacwile ezikweletini. Bakweleta imali eningi emabhange angaphandle, okuhlanganisa namabhange aseJalimane, aboleke ama-Euro acela ku-200,000 million eSpain. Lamabhange akhala ngokuthi abuyiselwe imali yawo. Kungakho ama-Euro ayizigidi eziyi-100,000 agunyazwe yiphalamende laseJalimane. UPeter Bofinger, umeluleki wezomnotho kuhulumeni waseJalimane, wakubeka ngokucacile: “Lolu sizo akulona olwamazwe asenkingeni (njengeSpain) kodwa kumabhange ethu akweleta izikweletu eziningi zangasese kulawo mazwe.” (Chatterjee Pratap, "Ukukhulula iJalimane: Indaba Engemuva Kwezindleko Zezezimali ZaseYurophu" [28/05/42]). Bekungashiwo kangcono.
Uma iziphathimandla zaseYurophu bezifuna ukusiza iSpain, bekufanele ziboleke leyo mali ngenzalo ephansi kakhulu ezikhungweni zezikweletu zomphakathi zaseSpain (ezifana ne-ICO, I-Official Institute of Credit), ukuxazulula inkinga enkulu yokuntuleka kwesikweletu eSpain. Lokhu okuhlukile akukaze kucatshangelwe.
Ikuphi Inkinga Okucatshangwayo nge-Euro?
Iqiniso lokuthi iSpain inenkinga enkulu yokushoda kwemali akusho ukuthi i-Euro isenkingeni. Ohulumeni abaningi bezifunda abakwazi ukukhokhela abasebenzi babo ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemali. Eqinisweni, lowo mehluko omkhulu ekutholakaleni kwesikweletu ngaphakathi kwe-Eurozone uzuzisa amabhange aseJalimane. Namuhla, kukhona ukugeleza kwezimali ezivela eSpain kuya eJalimane, okucebisa amabhange aseJalimane futhi kwenza izibopho zomphakathi zaseJalimane zivikeleke kakhulu. Iqiniso lokuthi kunenkinga enkulu enamazinga amakhulu okuntuleka kwemisebenzi emazweni aseduze akusho nokho ukuthi i-Euro isenkingeni. Kungaba senkingeni kuphela uma la mazwe aseduze, okuhlanganisa neSpain, engayishiya i-Euro. Lokho kungasho ukuwa kwamabhange aseJalimane kanye nohlelo lwezezimali lwaseYurophu. Kodwa lokhu ngeke kwenzeke. Izinyathelo ezithathwa eSpain nakwamanye amazwe aseduze, ngokusekelwa kweTroika, yiSpanishi kanye nabanye ohulumeni yizinyathelo amabutho alondolozayo abamele ahlala ephupha ngazo: ukusika amaholo, ukuqeda ukuvikelwa komphakathi, ukudiliza isimo senhlalakahle, njalo njalo. Bathi bakwenza ngenxa yemiyalelo evela eBrussels, Frankfort, noma Berlin. Bashintsha izibopho zabo kuma-agent angaphandle, okuthiwa bayawaphoqa ukuthi akwenze. Kuyinto ngaphandle kokusola. Isiqubulo sabo esikhulu sithi, “Azikho ezinye izindlela!”
Lapho uMnu Mario Draghi, umongameli we-European Central Bank, ebiza uMnu uMariano Rajoy, umongameli waseSpain kahulumeni ogcina izinto ezivamile e-European Union, eduze ne-Tea Party yase-United States, umtshela ukuthi ukuze ukumsiza, kuzodingeka enze izinguquko emakethe yezabasebenzi (okungukuthi, enze kube lula kubaqashi ukuxosha abasebenzi). Akafihli lutho ngakho. Esithangamini sabezindaba sakamuva (ngo-Agasti 9, 2012), uMnu. Draghi wayecace bha. I-ECB ngeke ithenge amabhondi omphakathi waseSpain ngaphandle uma uhulumeni waseSpain ethatha izinyathelo eziqinile, ezingathandwayo njengokuguqula imakethe yezabasebenzi, ukwehlisa izinzuzo zempesheni, nokwenza izwe lezenhlalakahle libe yimfihlo. Uhulumeni wakwaRajoy uzoyilandela ngenjabulo le miyalo. Isivele yenze ukusikeka okuningi futhi yenza ama-Euro ayizigidi eziyi-120,000 ngaphezulu ekunciphiseni phakathi neminyaka emibili ezayo. I-Euro kanye nohlelo lwayo lokubusa isebenza kahle kulabo abanezwi elikhulu ngaphakathi kwe-Eurozone namuhla. I-ECB iyala ohulumeni bendawo yayo yemali ukuthi bahlakaze i-Social Europe futhi bayakwenza. Yilokho umngane wami omkhulu uJeff Faux, umsunguli we-Economic Policy Institute eWashington, D.C., ayevame ukukubiza ngokuthi “ama-international class allies,” okungukuthi, umfelandawonye phakathi kwezigaba ezivelele emhlabeni jikelele. Lolo mbimbi lusebenza ngokusobala ku-Eurozone namuhla. Kungenxa yalokhu ukuthi i-Euro izoba khona isikhathi eside, eside.
Vincent Navarro unguSolwazi Wenqubomgomo Yomphakathi e-Johns Hopkins University e-United States kanye neNyuvesi yase-Pompeu Fabra e-Spain.
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