Isazi Sezomnotho Sikhuthaza Indaba Engamanga NgamaDrones Okuhlasela
I-Economist isanda kunikeza incazelo nokuhlaziywa kokusetshenziswa okwandayo kweMelika kwama-drones okuhlasela empini yayo yokwesaba ('Ukufa okuvela kude,' Novemba 3rd-9th, 2012). Lesi sihloko sichaza ukuthi i-US ihlela ukusebenzisa kanjani imali U-$1.4 billion ekwakhiweni kuphela endaweni ekhona e-Djibouti, eyaziwa nge-Camp Lemonnier futhi eqhutshwa yi-Pentagon's Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC). Isisekelo sisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi amamishini emazweni angomakhelwane eSomalia naseYemen.
I-Economist ithi njengoba โama-drones engakwazi ukuzulazula ezindaweni okungase kuhlaselwe kuzo amahora amaningi ngaphambi kokuba adubule imicibisholo ecitshwayo, abandlulula ngaphezu kwezindiza ezisheshayo noma amabutho akhethekile athwala indiza enophephela emhlaneโ nokuthi โiningiโ labantu abaye babulawa ekuhlaselweni ngama-drone. "kubukeka sengathi bebengamasosha." Lezi zitatimende azinangqondo neze.
Isikhundla sikahulumeni wase-US ukuthi ukuhlasela kwe-drone kuyithuluzi eliwusizo empini yamaphekula nokuthi akuvamile ukuthi kubulawe izakhamuzi. Kodwa kunobufakazi obuphathekayo obubonisa okuphambene. Ucwaningo olwenziwa yi-Brookings Institute luveza ukuthi kubo bonke โabavukeliโ ababulawayo, ngokwesilinganiso, kubulawa izakhamuzi eziyi-10. Ucwaningo oluhlobene olwenziwa yi-New American Foundation luthole ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US usephinde wabika kancane inani lezakhamuzi ezibulewe nezilimele ekuhlaselweni ngama-drone. Ucwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe ngokuhlanganyela yi-Stanford Law School kanye ne-NYU School of Law luzoqhubeka nokusekela isimangalo sokuthi uhulumeni wase-US, njengenqubomgomo, ubika kancane inani lezakhamuzi ezibulewe nezilimele ekuhlaselweni kwe-drone. Ithi izilinganiso ze-White House zabantu abalimalayo ziphansi kakhulu kunemibiko yabezindaba, ama-akhawunti ofakazi bokuzibonela, kanye nokuvuza okungaziwa kukahulumeni wase-US.
I-Economist iqhubeka ibika ukuthi โiziteleka ze-drone zibonakala zizohlala ziwumgogodla wemizamo yokulwa nobuphekula iminyaka eminingi ezayo futhi zingase zande ekufinyeleleni nasekulinganiseni.โ Lokhu-ke kuletha umbuzo olula. Ingabe ukuhlasela kwe-drone kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokunciphisa intando yesitha yokulwa?
Izibalo ezivela e-Afghanistan ziyadumaza. I-Brookings Institute, kolunye ucwaningo, ithole ukuthi isibalo sokuhlaselwa okubikwe ukuthi kwenziwa โabashokobeziโ phakathi nenkathi ka-April kuya kuJuni 2012, eqinisweni, sasiphezulu ngo-11% kunaleso esabikwa ngesikhathi esifanayo sika-2011. cishe ukuhlaselwa kuka-110 ngosuku phakathi nenyanga kaJuni 2012. Lesi kwakuyinani eliphakeme kakhulu lokuhlaselwa kwaleyo nyanga kusukela kuqale impi. Lezi zibalo azibonakali zihambisana nenqubomgomo ephumelelayo yokulwa nobuphekula eqeda intando yesitha sokulwa. Ngokuphambene nalokho, umuntu angaphikisa ngokuthi iziteleka ze-drone zingase zikhuthaze udlame olwengeziwe ohlangothini โlwabavukeli.โ
Futhi kuthiwani ngokuba semthethweni kwakho konke lokhu? I-Economist isitshela ukuthi "Ummeli-jikelele, u-Eric Holder, waphikisana ngoMashi ukuthi imizamo yabaphathi yokulwa nobushokobezi, okuhlanganisa nokusetshenziswa "kwezikhali ezithuthukisiwe zobuchwepheshe" yayisekelwe ekubambeleleni emthethweni" nokuthi kokubili "iPentagon kanye ne I-CIA ithumele izeluleko zayo ezijwayelekile ukuchaza ukuthi ama-drones abo ahlala esebenza kanjani ngokusemthethweni. " I-Economist ithi isici esisodwa esingokomthetho โesibalulekileโ esishodayo, โimvume yezwe lapho ukuhlasela kuzokwenzeka khona.โ Kodwa kuqinisekisa kangakanani konke lokhu, ngokombono ongokomthetho nowokuziphatha?
I-athikili 2(4) ye-U.N. Charter kufanele isinikeze isizathu sokuma kancane. Ikwenqabela ngokucacile ukusongela noma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwezwe elilodwa ngokumelene nelinye. Impikiswano eyodwa esetshenziswa abasekeli bokuhlaselwa kwe-drone ukuthi njengoba ukuhlaselwa kwenziwa kumasosha kanye nabashokobezi, futhi ikakhulukazi ezifundeni lapho umthetho wephulwa khona, inkulumo ethi "izwe" ayisebenzi ngakho-ke yenza lesi sigaba sibe yize. uMqulu. Nakulokhu futhi, le mpikiswano iyangabazeka kakhulu. Ukube bekuyi-Iran, iChina, noma iRussia ehlanganyela kulolu hlobo lwe ukuziphatha eduze nogu lwase-US, ake sithi e-Central noma e-Latin America, akungabazeki ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US ungaba nesiyaluyalu mayelana nokuba semthethweni, nokuziphatha, kokusetshenziswa kwabo.
Impi yase-Afghanistan manje iyimpi ende kunazo zonke emlandweni waseMelika. Mhlawumbe ukukhanya okuthile kungase kukhanye ngezenzakalo zamanje ngokubheka emuva empini yesibili ende yaseMelika, impi yaseVietnam. Nalapha futhi, ukuhlakanipha okuvamile kwakubambe ukuthi uma nje โuwaqhumisa ngamabhomuโ kanzima ngokwanele, futhi ngokunemba okwanele, uzowenza buthaka ukumelana nesitha kanye nesifiso sokulwa.
Kwakuyile nqubo yokucabanga eWhite House nasePentagon ngeminyaka yawo-1960 eyaholela emkhankasweni wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu owaziwa ngokuthi โOperation Rolling Thunder.โ Ekuqaleni kwakuhlelwe ukuthi kuthathe amasonto ayishumi nambili kuphela futhi kwakuklanyelwe ukuletha isitha โengqondweniโ yaso. Kwaphela iminyaka emithathu nezinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye (March 1965 kwaze kwaba ngoNovemba 1968), umkhankaso omude kakhulu wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu emlandweni wase-US.
Futhi umphumela ekuthandeni kwesitha ukulwa? Kunomkhawulo, okungcono kakhulu. Ocwaningweni oluxhaswe uMnyango Wezokuvikela, futhi olwenziwa yi-Rand Corporation, kutholakale ukuthi umkhankaso wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu awuzange ube nomthelela ohlosiwe ekuziphatheni kwesitha. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ucwaningo lwabika ukuthi โโฆ amabutho ezitha, naphezu kobunzima nokukhungatheka okwandayo ngaphandle kokunqoba okuzuzisayo angakubonisa kona, ahlulekile ukuveza noma yiziphi izimpawu zokuqhekeka.โ Yaqhubeka yathi โnamasosha ethu izenzo noma imizamo yethu yezombangazwe noma yengqondo ibonakala injalo wenze i ukonakala okuphawulekayo ekugqugquzeleni kwesitha kanye nesakhiwo sokuziphatha.โ Isiphetho salo mbiko sasiwukuthi iminyaka yokuqhuma kwamabhomu e-US ayizange inciphise ngokumangazayo isimilo sokulwa esitheni. Eqinisweni, kungenzeka ukuthi ibangele ukuthi ikhuphuke.
Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-11 yokulwa, i-US manje isihlale e-Afghanistan isikhathi eside kuneSoviet Union. Amasosha angama-2,000 aseMelika ashonile empini, kwathi abalimele abangaphezu kuka-17,000. Izindleko zempi zingaphezu kuka-$1 trillion, futhi zisabala. Ngokuhlaselwa kwakamuva "okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" lapho amasosha ase-Afghan ehlasele khona amabutho omfelandawonye we-NATO, umuntu angacindezelwa ukuthi abeke icala lokuthi izinqubomgomo zamanje zokulwa nobushokobezi zenza buthaka amandla okulwa "abashokobezi" kanye nabalweli bendawo base-Afghan.
I-Drones ayisona isixazululo sezinkinga zokuphepha zaseMelika. Eqinisweni, bangase bakubhebhethekise kakhulu.
Imithombo
"Izi-2,000 Ezifile: Izindleko Zempi e-Afghanistan" ngu-Amy Bingham, Okthoba 1, 2012, ABC News. Kufinyelelwe ku-:
http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/2000-dead-cost-war-afghanistan/story?id=17367728#.UIguv4bnNGI
I-Afghanistan: Ukuhlasela okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kukhombisa ukuthi ayikho indlela elula yokuphumaโ by Sajjan Gohel, September 18, 2012, CNN. Kufinyelelwe ku-:
http://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/18/opinion/opinion-afghanistan-green-on-blue/index.html
"I-Afghanistan Index" ka-Ian S. Livingston noMichael O'Hanlon, ngoJulayi 31, 2012, The Brooking Institute. Kufinyelelwe ku-: http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Programs/foreign%20policy/afghanistan%20index/index20120731.pdf
"Izingxoxo namasosha ezitha ngasekupheleni kuka-1968 / ekuqaleni kuka-1969: Ucwaningo lokugqugquzela kanye nesimilo" ngu-Konrad Kellen, September, 1970. I-Rand Corporation. Kufinyelelwe ku-:
http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=AD0714834
โUkufa kudeโ The Economist, Novemba 3-9, 2012. Kufinyelelwe ku:
โIngabe Ukubulala Okuhlosiwe Kuyasebenza?โ nguDaniel L. Byman, Inqubomgomo Yezangaphandle Enkulu, Isikhungo Saban Senqubomgomo YeMpumalanga Ephakathi, Julayi 14, 2009, The Brookings Institute. Kufinyelelwe ku-: http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2009/07/14-targeted-killings-byman
"Ukuphila Ngaphansi Kwama-Drones: Ukufa, Ukulimala, Nokuhlukumezeka Kwabantu Abasuka Emikhubeni Yase-US Drone EPakistan" Umtholampilo Wamazwe Ngamazwe Wamalungelo Esintu Nokuxazululwa Kwezingxabano (iSikole Somthetho saseStanford) kanye Nomtholampilo Wezobulungiswa Bomhlaba Wonke (i-NYU School of Law), ngo-September 2012. Kufinyelelwe ku- :
http://livingunderdrones.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Stanford_NYU_LIVING_UNDER_DRONES.pdf
"Operation Rolling Thunder: Strategic Implications of Airpower Doctrine" nguJohn K. Ellsworth, Colonel, USAFR, April 7, 2003, U.S. Army War College. Kufinyelelwe ku-:
http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ada414074
โThe Charter of the United Nationsโ June 26, 1945. Yafinyelelwa ku:
http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/intro.shtml
'Unyaka We-Drone: Ukuhlaziywa Kweziteleka Zase-U.S. E-Pakistan, 2004-2012' I-New American Foundation. Kufinyelelwe ku-:
http://counterterrorism.newamerica.net/drones
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