Phakathi kwesiphithiphithi se zobandlululo, anti-immigrant, nokunye ukuhlasela okwethulwe nguMongameli uTrump kanye nabaphathi bakhe ezinyangeni ezisanda kwedlula, uchungechunge lwezinyathelo eziphawulwe kancane zisongele amalungelo omhlaba kanye nobukhosi boMdabu baseMelika. Ukuhlasela okunjalo kuye kwagxila ebukhosini bezizwe, uMthetho Wezenhlalakahle Yezingane WamaNdiya (ICWA), namalungelo okuvota aboMdabu baseMelika, futhi bavela eWashington, ezinkantolo, nasesishayamthetho sezwe. Ababelana ngakho kuwuhlaka lomqondo owodwa: umbono wokuthi umlando omude ololonge ubudlelwano base-U.S.-Native American awuhlobene namaqiniso anamuhla.
Khonamanjalo, emcimbini obungahlobene, uSenator u-Elizabeth Warren, ehambisana ne-"Pocahontas" kaDonald Trump. ukuklolodela kanye nokuklolodela kwakhe ngezimangalo zakhe kukhokho wakhe, ngokunqobayo kwaphakamisa imiphumela ye-DNA yakhe ukuze "afakazele" ifa lakhe loMdabu waseMelika. Kodwa-ke, ekuguqukeleni embonini ye-DNA ekhulayo, eyenza inzuzo, wanikeza isisindo sakhe esiqhubekayo ezimangalweni eziphathelene nobuhlanga kanye nobunikazi obuhambisana nokuhamba dicilela phansi Ubukhosi bomdabu.
Imboni ye-DNA, empeleni, ithole indlela yokuzuza ekuvuseleleni nasekuguquleni imibono yakudala mayelana nemvelaphi yebhayoloji yohlanga futhi iphinde ihlanganiswe ngokugoqa okujabulisayo, kwe-Disneyfied. Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi i-im-a-small-world-after-all multiculturalism yesayensi yobuhlanga entsha iyakwenqaba ukucwasa ngokwesayensi kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye kanye ne-Social Darwinism, inikeza inguqulo yekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye ye-pseudoscience ephinde yehlisa ubuhlanga ukuze indaba yofuzo kanye nemvelaphi. Ngaleso sikhathi, imfashini yozalo ekhuthazwa yinkampani ikwazi ukusula imilando yokunqoba, ukwenziwa kwamakholoni, nokuxhashazwa okungadalanga nje ukungalingani kwezinhlanga kodwa uhlanga ngokwalo njengesigaba esibalulekile emhlabeni wanamuhla.
Ukuhlaselwa kwenqubomgomo yanamuhla kumalungelo aboMdabu kukhiqiza kabusha ukungaqondi okufanayo kobuhlanga imboni ye-DNA manje esikukhuthaza ngayo ngokuzimisela. Uma aboMdabu baseMelika bencishiswa baba ngaphezu kolunye uhlobo lwezakhi zofuzo, asikho isidingo semithetho eqaphela amalungelo abo omhlaba, amalungelo ezivumelwano, nobukhosi. Akufanele futhi kucatshangwe ukuthi kunxeshezelwa kanjani ngokulimala okudlule, kungasaphathwa okwamanje okusahlela izinto ezingokoqobo. Ukuqonda izakhi zohlanga ngobuhlanga kuhlanekezela lezo zinqubomgomo zibe โamalungeloโ angafanele anikezwa iqembu elichazwa ngokwebala kanjalo โnokucwasaโ kwaboHlanga. Lona kanye umqondo ongemuva kwesinqumo sakamuva esinqabele amalungelo omhlaba wesizwe sakwaMashpee eMassachusetts, sahlakaza i-Indian Child Welfare Act (umthetho okuhloswe ngawo ukuvimbela ukususwa kwezingane zoMdabu waseMelika emindenini noma emiphakathini yazo), futhi zazama ukucindezela amalungelo aboMdabu okuvota. eNyakatho Dakota.
Ukuzuza Ngokwenza Kabusha Umjaho
Ake siqale ngokubheka ukuthi imboni yamadlozi inikela kanjani, kanye nenzuzo, ekuguqulweni kabusha kobuhlanga kwekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili nanye. Izinkampani ezifana Ancestry.com futhi 23andMe ukuyenga amakhasimende ekunikeleni nge-DNA yawo kanye nesamba esikhulu semali ukuze athole imibiko enemininingwane ethi iveza imvelaphi eqondile yendawo yokhokho babo ababuyela emuva ezizukulwaneni eziningi. "Gibela isthuthuthu?" kubuza I-Ancestry.com, ngokuvamile yanele. Impendulo, inkampani ithembisa, ilele kuzakhi zakho zofuzo.
Amabhizinisi anjalo asebenzisa igama langempela elithi โuhlangaโ ezincwadini zawo. Bona Faka isicelo kunalokho i-DNA yembula โukwakheka kokhokhoโ kanye โnobuhlanga.โ Nokho, kule nqubo, baguqula ubuzwe, igama elake lasho ngokucacile ukuchaza isiko nobuwena, libe into engalinganiswa ngezakhi zofuzo. Bahlanganisa ubuzwe ne-geography, kanye ne-geography nezimpawu zofuzo. Mhlawumbe ngeke umangale ukuthola ukuthi "izizwe" ezizikhombayo ibhere ukufana okwesabekayo โnezinhlangaโ ezikhonjwe ukucabanga kwesayensi yobandlululo lwaseYurophu eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule. Bese bekhiqiza โimibikoโ ebukeka ngokwesayensi enamaphesenti okuthiwa anembe axhumanisa abathengi nezindawo ezithi โSardiniaโ noma ezibanzi โnjengeMpumalanga Asia.โ
Ebuhleni bayo obukhulu, le mibiko isifana nomdlalo wamanje we-parlor, ikakhulukazi kwabamhlophe baseMelika ukulungisa iningi lababambe iqhaza. Kodwa kunezwi eliphansi elibi kukho konke, elivuselelayo njengoba lenza isisekelo sesayensi-mbumbulu esadalulwa isikhathi eside sokucwasa: umbono wokuthi uhlanga, ubuzwe, nozalo lwembulwa ezakhini zofuzo nasegazini, futhi lwadluliselwa ngokungenakuvinjelwa, ngisho noma kungabonakali, izizukulwane ngezizukulwane. Ngemuva kwalokhu kucatshangwa ukuthi lezo zakhi zofuzo (noma ukuhluka) zisuka ngaphakathi kwemingcele yezwe noma yendawo echazwe ngokucacile nokuthi zembula okuthile okunenjongo mayelana nokuthi singobani - into engabonakali ngenye indlela. Ngale ndlela, uhlanga nobuhlanga kuyahlukaniswa futhi kuphakanyiswe ngaphezu kwesipiliyoni, isiko, nomlando.
Ingabe Ikhona Isayensi Ngemva Kwakho?
Nakuba bonke abantu babelana ngo-99.9% we-DNA yethu, kukhona omaka ababonisa ukuhluka. Yilezi zomaka ezifundwa ngabahloli, kuncike ekutheni ukuhluka okuthile kuningi (noma ngaphansi) kuvame ezindaweni ezihlukene zezwe. Njengoprofesa wezomthetho nenhlalakahle yabantu uDorothy Roberts uyayifaka, โNgokushesha nje i-Human Genome Project ithole ukuthi abantu bafana ngo-99.9% njengoba ososayensi abaningi basusa ukugxila kwabo ekufanekiseni izakhi zofuzo zomuntu zaya ku-0.1% womehluko wezakhi zofuzo. Lo mehluko ubonakala ubonakala njengohlanganisa ubuhlanga.โ
Ukuhlolwa kwamadlozi kuncike ekungaqondisweni okuyisisekelo - nokucwaswa ngokobuhlanga kokuthi amadlozi asebenza kanjani. Umcabango odumile ukuthi ngamunye wethu uqukethe amaphesenti acacile futhi alinganisekayo "egazi" kanye ne-DNA yabazali bethu ababili begazi, ogogo nomkhulu abane, okhokho abayisishiyagalombili, okhokho okhokho abayishumi nesithupha, njalonjalo, nokuthi lolu hlu lwamadlozi. ingalandelelwa emuva emakhulwini eminyaka ngendlela enengqondo. Angeke. Njengentatheli yesayensi uCarl Zimmer Uchaza, โI-DNA ayilona uketshezi olungahlukaniswa lube amathonsi amancaneโฆ Sithola ifa cishe ingxenye yesine ye-DNA yethu kugogo nomkhulu ngamunye โ kodwa ngokwesilinganiso kuphelaโฆ % ukuthi uphathe noma iyiphi i-DNA kuye. Amathuba aba mabi kakhulu ngaphezu kwalokho. โ
Eqinisweni, ukuhlola okunjalo akusitsheli okuningi ngokhokho bethu. Lokho kungenxa yendlela i-DNA edluliselwa ngayo ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane futhi ngenxa yokuthi ayikho imininingwane egciniwe ye-DNA yokhokho. Esikhundleni salokho, izinkampani ziqhathanisa i-DNA yakho neyabanye abantu besikhathi samanje abaye babakhokhela ukuze bahlole. Bese beqhathanisa ukuhluka kwakho okuthile namaphethini okusatshalaliswa kwezindawo kanye nobuhlanga kwezinhlobonhlobo ezinjalo emhlabeni wanamuhla - futhi basebenzise ama-algorithms ayimfihlo ukuze babanikeze amaphesenti okhokho okuthiwa anembe.
Ngakho-ke ingabe kukhona ngempela isakhi sofuzo saseSardinian noma saseMpumalanga Asia noma ukuhlukahluka kofuzo? Vele akunjalo. Uma kuneqiniso elilodwa esilaziyo ngomlando wesintu, ukuthi owethu umlando wokufuduka. Sonke sadabuka eMpumalanga Afrika futhi sagcwala iplanethi ngokufuduka okuqhubekayo kanye nokusebenzisana. Akukho kulokhu okuphelile (futhi, empeleni, ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kuzophela ukwanda kuphela). Amasiko, ubuzwe, kanye nezindawo zokuhlala azikwazi ukumiswa ngesikhathi. Okuwukuphela kwento ehlala njalo ushintsho. Abantu abahlala eSardinia yanamuhla noma eMpumalanga ye-Asia bayisifinyezo esithatha isikhashana nje emlandweni wokunyakaza. Izimangalo zemboni ye-DNA mayelana nomklomelo wokhokho ngaleso sikhathi umqondo ongamanga wokuhlala unomphela.
Nakuba abamhlophe bozalo lwaseYurophu bebonakala bejatshuliswa okushiwo yilesayensi entsha yobuhlanga, bambalwa aboMdabu baseMelika abaye bakhetha ukunikela emininingwaneni enjalo. Amakhulu eminyaka we ukuhlukunyezwa ezandleni zabacwaningi bamakoloni abenza imisebenzi yabo ngezinsalela zokhokho BoMdabu, izinto zobuciko zamasiko, nezilimi ziye zabangela ukungabaza okusabalele ngombono wokunikeza ufuzo ukuze kuzuze โisayensi.โ Eqinisweni, uma kukhulunywa ngengubo eyodwa yokuhlola i-DNA, 23andMe, wonke amazwe afakwe kuyo izinhlu yemvelaphi yendawo yalabo abaye banikela kusizindalwazi sayo โsoMdabu waseMelikaโ baseLatin America naseCaribbean. โENyakatho Melika,โ kuchaza le nkampani ngokunganaki, โokhokho bamaMelika Omdabu bavame ukuba yizizukulwane ezinhlanu noma ngaphezulu emuva, ukuze kusele ubufakazi obuncane be-DNA baleli fa.โ Ngamanye amazwi, i-23andMe ithi i-DNA njengobufakazi obuphelele bobunikazi boMdabu waseMelika, bese iyisebenzisela ukubhala aboMdabu baseNyakatho Melika ngaphandle kwemephu ngokuphelele.
Imboni Yokhokho kanye neNdiya Enyamalalayo
Imboni yamadlozi, ngisho noma ibungaza imvelaphi ehlukahlukene kanye namasiko amaningi, ivuselele imibono yakudala mayelana nobumsulwa nobuqiniso. Ngomlando omningi wase-US, amakholoni amhlophe aphikisana ngokuthi amaMelika aseMelika "inyamalale,โ okungenani ngokwengxenye ngokuhlanjululwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Izizwe zomdabu zaseNew England, ngokwesibonelo, zanqatshelwa ngokuhlelekile amalungelo omhlaba kanye nesikhundla sobuzwe ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye ngezizathu zokuthi zazixubene ngokwebala kakhulu ukuba zibe amaNdiya โangempelaโ.
Njengoba isazi-mlando uJean O'Brien enzile wachaza, โUkuphikelela โekuhlanzekeni kwegaziโ njengesici esiyinhloko โsobuqinisoโ bobuNdiya kwabonisa ukucwasa ngokwesayensi okwakudlangile ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. AmaNdiya aseNew England ayeshadile, kuhlanganise nabase-Afrika baseMelika, amashumi amaningi eminyaka, futhi ukwehluleka kwawo ukuhambisana nemibono engeyona eyamaNdiya mayelana ne-Indian phenotype kwaphazamisa ukukholelwa kwabo kobuNdiya ezingqondweni zaseNew England.โ Lokho okwakucatshangwa ukuthi โukunyamalalaโ kwamaNdiya anjalo kwabe sekuthethelela ukuqedwa kwanoma yimaphi amalungelo okungenzeka ukuthi ayenawo omhlaba noma ubukhosi, ukuqedwa kwawo, ngendlela yokucabanga eyindilinga, kwaqinisekisa nje ukungabi khona kwawo njengabantu.
Kodwa-ke, kwakungeyona i-phenotype noma inzalo ekude kodwa, njengoba u-O'Brien ebonisa, "amanethiwekhi obudlelwane besifunda ayinkimbinkimbi ayehlala emnyombweni wobunikazi bamaNdiya eNew England, naphezu kokuphucwa izwe kwamaNdiya okuphelele okwafezwa ngabakoloni abangamaNgisi ... Ngisho noma amaNdiya ayeqhubeka. ukuze bacabangele ubulungu emiphakathini yabo ngesimiso esihlonishwayo sokuzalana, abantu baseNew England basebenzisa inganekwane yokuhlanzeka kwegazi njengophawu lokuphika ukuphikelela kwamaNdiya.โ
Ukuqonda okunjalo kwakudala kohlanga njengesigaba sebhayoloji noma sesayensi kwavumela abamhlophe ukuthi baphike ubukhona bamaNdiya - futhi manje sebebavumela ukuthi benze izimangalo zebhayoloji mayelana nobunikazi "bamaNdiya". Kuze kube muva nje, izimangalo ezinjalo, njengasodabeni lukaSenator uWarren, zisekelwe ebunzimeni bezinganekwane zomndeni. Namuhla, ikhono okuthiwa yizinkampani ze-DNA lokuthola โubufakaziโ bezakhi zofuzo besizinda esinjalo liqinisa umqondo wokuthi ubuyena baseNdiya buyinto elinganisekayo egazini futhi bubekela eceleni isisekelo esingokomlando sokuqashelwa okungokomthetho noma ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo amaNdiya.
Imboni yamadlozi icabanga ukuthi kunokuthile okunengqondo mayelana nokuthi ungowaluphi uhlanga lwekhulu noma izinkulungwane zokhokho bomuntu. Kungumbono odlala ngqo ezandleni zabadlali bakwesokudla abahlose ukuhlasela lokho abakubiza ngokuthi โipolitiki yobunikaziโ - kanye nombono wokuthi "idlanzana" liba namalungelo angenasidingo.
Impela, ukucasuka kwabamhlophe kwavutha ngesiphakamiso sokuthi uSenator Warren kungenzeka ukuthi uthole inzuzo ethile ekufuneni kwakhe isimo soMdabu. Naphezu kokuphelele uphenyo by Boston Globe ekhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi akenzanga, inganekwane iphikelela futhi isibe yingxenye engacacile kaDonald Trump inhlekisa yakhe. Eqinisweni, noma yikuphi ukuskena okusheshayo kwezibalo kuzoqinisekisa ubuhlanya besikhundla esinjalo. Kufanele kube sobala ukuthi ukuba ngoMdabu waseMelika (noma uMnyama, noma umLatino) e-United States kunikeza izingozi eziningi kakhulu kunezinzuzo. AboMdabu baseMelika bahlupheke kusukela emazingeni aphezulu obumpofu, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ukufa kwezinsana, kanye nesisindo sokuzalwa esiphansi, kanye namazinga aphansi emfundo nempilo emifushane kunabamhlophe. Lezi zibalo ziwumphumela wamakhulu eminyaka wokuqothulwa kohlanga, ukukhishwa inyumbazane, nokucwaswa - hhayi ukuba khona noma ukungabi khona kokuhluka okuthile kofuzo.
Ukuvuselela Uhlanga Ukubukela phansi Amalungelo Omdabu
Amalungelo abomdabu, kusukela ebukhosini kuye ekwamukeleni izimo ezidalwe iminyaka engu-500 yokubusa kabi kwamakholoni, asekelwe ekwamukeleni ukuthi uhlanga nobuwena, empeleni, kuyimikhiqizo yomlando. โAboMdabu baseMelikaโ abadalwanga ngenxa yezakhi zofuzo kodwa ngezinqubo zomlando zokunqoba nokubusa kwamakoloni, kanye nokuvuma ngokunengekayo nokuntekenteke kobukhosi boMdabu. Izizwe zoMdabu waseMelika ziyizinhlangano zezombusazwe namasiko, imikhiqizo yomlando, hhayi izakhi zofuzo, kanye nokugomela kwabantu abamhlophe mayelana nozalo lwaboMdabu baseMelika kanye nesimangalo semboni ye-DNA sokuthi sikwazi ukuveza lokho kuzalwa kuvame ukungahambi kahle kulo mlando.
Ake sibheke intuthuko emithathu, onyakeni odlule, eye yabukela phansi amalungelo aboMdabu baseMelika: ukuguqulwa kwesimo sokubhuka kwezizwe zesizwe saseMashpee eMassachusetts, ukuchithwa kwe-Indian Child Welfare Act, kanye nemizamo yeRiphabhulikhi yokucindezela amavoti aboMdabu baseMelika. eNyakatho Dakota. Ngasinye salezi zenzo savela engxenyeni ehlukile kahulumeni: I-Bureau of Indian Affairs eMnyangweni Wezangaphakathi, izinkantolo, kanye nesishayamthetho sezwe esibuswa yiRiphabhulikhi yaseNyakatho Dakota. Kodwa bobathathu bancike emibonweni yobunikazi ebeka ukuncintisana ngokuqinile ezakhini zethu zofuzo kunokuba emlandweni wethu. Kulolu hlelo, bayayiphika imilando eyaguqula abantu baseNyakatho Melika abazimele nabazimele ngaphambi kokuba amakoloni aseYurophu afike โEzweni Elishaโ abe โAboMdabu baseMelika,โ futhi asho ukuthi amalungelo omlando oMdabu waseMelika awasho lutho.
I-Mashpee yaseMassachusetts ekugcineni izuzwe ukuqashelwa kombuso kanye nokunikezwa komhlaba obekiwe kuphela ngo-2007, ngokusekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi "babelokhu baba khona njengomphakathi ohlukile kusukela ngawo-1620s." Ngamanye amazwi, ukuqashelwa kombuso kwakusekelwe emlandweni, hhayi ekuqondeni ngokobuhlanga ubuhlanga nobuwena. Kodwa-ke, umkhankaso wesizwe wokwakha ikhasino endaweni yawo entsha esanda kutholwa eTaunton, Massachusetts, uzophonselwa inselelo abanikazi bezindawo bendawo. Icala labo lalincike kubuchwepheshe: ukuthi, njengoba babephikisana enkantolo, umhlaba ogodliwe wawunganikezwa kuphela izizwe ezaziqashelwa uhulumeni kusukela ngo-1934. Eqinisweni, umzabalazo weMashpee wokuqashelwa wawukade uphindwe kaningi. stymied ngemibono osekunesikhathi eside ikhona yokuthi amaNdiya aseMassachusetts ayengewona โangempelaโ noma โayiqinisoโ ngenxa yamakhulu eminyaka okuxubana kwezinhlanga. Kwakungekho okusha kulokhu. Isishayamthetho sesifundazwe sangekhulunyaka leshumi nesishiyagalolunye safanekisela ukuhlehla okunjalo kwekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye ngokumelene nokuqashelwa lapho siqhosha ngokuthi amaNdiya angempela awasekho eMassachusetts nokuthi umbuso wawusulungele ukuqeda konke โukuhlukana kobuhlanga nobuhlangaโ okunjalo.
NgoSepthemba 2018, uMnyango Wezangaphakathi (lapho inkantolo abelwe isinqumo sokugcina) wabusa ngokumelene noMaspees. Osanda kuqokwa njengoMsizi Womqondisi Wezindaba ZaseNdiya uTara Sweeney, owoMdabu waseMelika wokuqala ukubamba lesi sikhundla, โkubunjiwe indlela yokuthi ukubhuka kuthathwe ngokuthenjwa okokuqala ngqa kusukela esikhathini sokuqedwa,โ inkathi yeminyaka engu-20 kusukela ngawo-1940 kuya ko-1960 lapho uhulumeni wobumbano uzama โukuqedaโ ubukhosi boMdabu ngokuphelele ngokudiliza ukubhuka nokususa amaNdiya. ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ukuze โzifaneโ nazo. Okusha ebusa kungase kuthinte kakhulu kunamaMashpees. Abanye besaba ukuthi, eminyakeni kaTrump, isinqumo ikhombisa โinkathi entsha yokuqedwa,โ noma ngisho โinkathi yokuqothulwa,โ kwaboMdabu baseMelika bezwe.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngo-October 4, iNkantolo Yesifunda yaseU.S ushaywe phansi i-Indian Child Welfare Act, noma i-ICWA. Lesi yintuthuko engaba yingozi njengoba uKhongolose waphasisa lowo Mthetho ngo-1978 wokuqeda umkhuba owawusejwayelekile ngaleso sikhathi wokuhlakaza imindeni yaboMdabu ngokukhipha izingane zamaNdiya ukuze zithathwe emindenini yabamhlophe. Izenzo ezinjalo zokususwa zisukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuhlaliswa kwabamhlophe futhi phakathi namakhulu eminyaka zazihlanganisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zobugqila kanye nokusungulwa kobugqila. izikole zokuhlala kubantwana baseNdiya obekuhloswe ngaso ukususa izilimi zaboMdabu, amasiko, nobunikazi, kuyilapho kukhuthazwa โukufana.โ Ukususwa kwengane yaseNdiya waqhubeka ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili ngokusebenzisa i-โIndian Adoption Projectโ exhaswe nguhulumeni, kanye ne ukuthumela ngenani elimangalisayo lezingane ezinjalo ohlelweni lokunakekela izingane okungebona kuzo.
Ngokusho the ICWA, โInani eliphakeme ngendlela eshaqisayo lemikhaya yamaNdiya lihlakazwa ukususwa, ngokuvamile okungagunyaziwe, kwezingane zabo kuzo yizinhlangano ezingezona ezezizwe zikahulumeni nezizimele nokuthi amaphesenti aphakeme ngendlela eshaqisayo alezo zingane afakwa ezindlini zokutholwa ezingezona amaNdiya futhi izikhungo.โ Izwe, lanezela, โkaningi liye lehluleka ukuqaphela ubudlelwano obubalulekile bezizwe zamaNdiya kanye nezindinganiso zamasiko nezenhlalo ezikhona emiphakathini nasemindenini yamaNdiya.โ Umthetho unikeze izizwe igunya eliyinhloko phezu kwazo zonke izindaba zokugcinwa kwezingane okuhlanganisa ukubekwa kwengane ekungeyona eyakho kanye nokunqanyulwa kwamalungelo abazali, okudinga okokuqala ngqa ukuthi kubekwe eqhulwini ukugcinwa kwezingane zabomdabu nabazali bazo, izihlobo, noma okungenani ngaphakathi kwesizwe.
I-ICWA ayishongo lutho ngohlanga noma amadlozi. Esikhundleni salokho, yabona "iNdiya" njengesikhundla sezepolitiki, kuyilapho ivuma amalungelo eqoqo elizimele. Isekelwe ekuvumeni koMthethosisekelo ngokungagunci ubukhosi bamaNdiya namalungelo omhlaba kanye nokwabelwa kukahulumeni Wenhlangano yobudlelwano nezizwe zamaNdiya. Isinqumo seNkantolo Yesifunda se-ICWA sinyathele phansi amalungelo ezombusazwe ezizwe zamaNdiya ngo ukulondoloza ukuthi lesi senzo sasibandlulula imindeni okungebona aboMdabu ekunciphiseni ilungelo labo lokutholwa noma lokutholwa kwezingane zaboMdabu. Leso sizathu, njengesizathu sesinqumo sikaMashpee, sihlasela ngokuqondile ukuhlonishwa kwamasiko nomlando kobukhosi boMdabu.
Ngokukha phezulu, ukuhlaselwa kwamalungelo abomdabu kungase kubonakale kungahambisani nezinqumo zikaMashpee kanye ne-ICWA. INorth Dakota ingesinye sezifundazwe eziningi ezilawulwa yiRiphabhulikhi ukuthi zisebenzise ithuba 2013 isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ukususa ukuvikela okubalulekile koMthetho Wamalungelo Okuvota ukuze kwenziwe ukubhalisa nokuvota kube nzima kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kubavoti abangaba beDemocratic Alliance okuhlanganisa abampofu kanye nabantu bebala. Ngemuva kwezinselelo eziningi, umthetho waseNyakatho Dakota owawudinga labo abafuna ukuvota ukuthi banikeze ikheli lomgwaqo ekugcineni kuphakanyiswe ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-Okthoba 2018. Inkinga nansi: izinkulungwane yaboMdabu baseMelika basemaphandleni, ezindaweni ezibekelwe noma ezingaphandle kwaleso sifunda, abanawo amakheli emigwaqo ngoba imigwaqo yabo ayinamagama, imizi yabo ayinazo izinombolo. AboMdabu baseMelika nabo abanamakhaya ngokulinganayo.
Odabeni lwaseNyakatho Dakota, aboMdabu baseMelika balwela ilungelo lezakhamizi zaseMelika - ilungelo lokuvota - kanti amacala kaMashpee kanye ne-ICWA abandakanya ukulwa ukuvikela ubukhosi boMdabu. Umthetho omusha wokuvota ubufuna ukulingana namalungelo abantu ngabanye, njengoba empeleni wawugxile ekukhawuleleni amalungelo aboMdabu baseMelika. Ukusekela imingcele enjalo kwakuwukuphika okulula kwalawo maRiphabhulikhi ukuthi umlando wezwe, empeleni, udale izimo okwakunqunywa ukuthi azilingani. (Sibonga u umzamo wendawo omkhulu futhi obizayo wokuvikela ilungelo labo lokuvota, nokho, aboMdabu baseNyakatho Dakota babonakala ngezinombolo ezirekhodiwe okhethweni lwaphakathi nonyaka wezi-2018.)
Lezi zenzakalo ezintathu zezombusazwe zehlisa ubunikazi boMdabu waseMelika, ubukhosi, namalungelo, kuyilapho iphika, ngokungagunci noma ngokusobala, ukuthi umlando udale amaqiniso anamuhla okungalingani kwezinhlanga. Ukusetshenziswa kokuhlolwa kwe-DNA ukuze kutholakale ufuzo โlwendabuko yaseMelikaโ noma igazi kwenza lo mlando ofanayo ungabi nalutho.
Ukuqashelwa kobukhosi bezizwe okungenani kuvuma ukuthi ukuba khona kwe-United States kusekelwe ekubekeni kwayo inhlangano yezombangazwe engafunwa, yangaphandle emazweni aboMdabu. Umqondo wobukhosi bezizwe unikeze aboMdabu baseMelika isisekelo esingokomthetho neseqoqo sokulwela indlela ehlukile yokucabanga ngomlando, amalungelo, nobuzwe. Imizamo yokwehlisa ubunjalo boMdabu baseMelika iye emncintiswaneni ongabonakala ngofuzo (noma ukuhluka kofuzo) yenza udlame emlandweni wethu futhi ithethelele ukwephulwa okuqhubekayo kwamalungelo aboMdabu.
USenator u-Elizabeth Warren wayenalo lonke ilungelo lokuqondisa irekhodi mayelana nokumangalelwa okungamanga ngomlando wakhe wokuqashwa. Kufanele, nokho, acabange kabusha ngemithelela yokuvumela uDonald Trump noma imboni yamadlozi ukuba ichaze ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba ngumMelika Womdabu.
U-Aviva Chomsky unguprofesa wezomlando kanye nomxhumanisi wezifundo zaseLatin America eSalem State University eMassachusetts TomDispatch Njalo. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva ithi Okungenamarekhodi: Ukuthi Ukuthuthela Kwabanye Abantu Kwaba Khona Kanjani Okungekho emthethweni.
Lesi sihloko sivele okokuqala ku-TomDispatch.com, i-weblog ye-Nation Institute, enikeza ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, izindaba, kanye nemibono evela ku-Tom Engelhardt, umhleli wesikhathi eside ekushicileleni, umsunguli we-American Empire Project, umbhali we Ukuphela Kwesiko Lokunqoba, njengenoveli, Izinsuku Zokugcina Zokushicilela. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva ithi, A Isizwe Esingenziwanga Ngempi (Haymarket Books).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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I-athikili enhle kakhulu, enhle kakhulu. U-Aviva Chomsky ungomunye wababhali abahamba phambili emhlabeni futhi uyisishoshovu esinokuqonda okukhulu.
Umuntu kufanele afunde izincwadi zakhe kanye no-Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, inhlanganisela emangalisayo.