Uma ubudingeka ubufakazi besimiso sokuthi umgwaqo oya esihogweni ugandaywe ngezinhloso ezinhle, inkinga yezomnotho eYurophu iyakunikeza. Izinhloso ezifanele kodwa eziwumngcingo zabakhi bezinqubomgomo ze-European Union bezingenele umnotho ophusile waseYurophu futhi esikhundleni salokho zikhiqize umhlaba wosizi, isiphithiphithi kanye nokudideka.
Kunezizathu ezimbili zalokhu.
Okokuqala, izinhloso zingahlonipheka ngaphandle kokucaciswa, futhi izisekelo zenqubomgomo yamanje ye-austerity, kuhlanganiswe nokuqina kwenyunyana yezezimali yaseYurophu (uma ingekho inyunyana yezimali), azikaze zibe imodeli yokuvumelana nokucabangela.
Okwesibili, inhloso elungile ngokwayo ingangqubuzana nokubalulekile okuphuthumayo - kulokhu, ukugcinwa kweYurophu yentando yeningi ekhathazekile ngenhlalakahle yomphakathi. Lawa ngamagugu iYurophu ewalwela, emashumini amaningi eminyaka.
Impela, amanye amazwe aseYurophu kudala edinga ukuziphendulela okungcono kwezomnotho kanye nokuphathwa komnotho okunomthwalo wemfanelo. Nokho, isikhathi sibalulekile; uguquko ohlelweni lwezikhathi olucatshangelwe kahle kumele lwehlukaniswe noshintsho olwenziwe ngokuxhamazela okukhulu. IGreece, kuzo zonke izinkinga zayo zokuziphendulela, yayingekho senkingeni yezomnotho ngaphambi kokuwohloka komnotho emhlabeni wonke ngo-2008. (Eqinisweni, umnotho wayo ukhule ngamaphesenti angu-4.6 ngo-2006 kanye namaphesenti angu-3 ngo-2007 ngaphambi kokuqala ukuncipha kwawo okuqhubekayo.)
Imbangela yezinguquko, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iphuthuma kangakanani, ayihlinzekwa kahle ngokunqunywa kohlangothi olulodwa lokuncishiswa okuzumayo nokunonya emisebenzini yomphakathi. Ukusika okungakhethi okunjalo kunciphisa isidingo - isu elingakhiqizi, uma kubhekwa ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi okukhulu kanye namabhizinisi akhiqizayo angasebenzi aqedwe ukuntuleka kwesidingo semakethe. E-Greece, elinye lamazwe ashiywe ngenxa yokwanda kokukhiqiza kwezinye izindawo, ukugqugquzelwa komnotho ngenqubomgomo yezimali (i-currency devaluation) kuvinjelwe ukuba khona kwe-European Monetary Union, kanti iphakethe lezezimali elifunwa ngabaholi bezwekazi liphikisana kakhulu nokukhula. Umphumela wezomnotho endaweni ye-euro uqhubekile nokwehla ngekota yesine yonyaka odlule, futhi umbono ube mubi kangangokuthi umbiko wakamuva othola ukukhula okungu-zero engxenyeni yokuqala yalo nyaka wabingelelwa kabanzi njengezindaba ezinhle.
Eqinisweni, kunobufakazi obuningi bomlando bokuthi indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokunciphisa ukushoda iwukuhlanganisa ukuncipha kokushoda nokukhula ngokushesha komnotho, okungenisa imali eyengeziwe. Ukushoda okukhulu ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II kwanyamalala kakhulu ngokukhula ngokushesha komnotho, futhi kwenzeka okufanayo ngesikhathi sobumongameli bukaBill Clinton. Ukwehliswa okunconywe kakhulu kokushoda kwesabelomali saseSweden kusukela ngo-1994 kuya ku-1998 kwenzeka kanye nokukhula okushesha kakhulu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amazwe aseYurophu namuhla ayacelwa ukuthi anciphise ukushoda kwawo ngenkathi evaleleke ekukhuleni komnotho okuyiqanda noma okungekuhle.
Impela zikhona izifundo lapha ezivela kuJohn Maynard Keynes, owayeqonda ukuthi umbuso nemakethe kuncike komunye. Kepha uKeynes ubenokuncane akushoyo mayelana nobulungiswa bezenhlalo, okubandakanya izibopho zezepolitiki iYurophu eyavela ngazo ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II. Lokhu kuholele ekuzalweni kwesimo senhlalakahle yesimanje kanye nezinsizakalo zezempilo zikazwelonke - hhayi ukusekela umnotho wemakethe kodwa ukuvikela inhlalakahle yabantu.
Nakuba lezi zindaba zomphakathi zingazange zibandakanye u-Keynes ngokujulile, kukhona isiko elidala kwezomnotho lokuhlanganisa izimakethe eziphumelelayo nokuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo zomphakathi imakethe engase ingakwazi ukulethula. Njengoba u-Adam Smith (ovame ukubonakala kalula njengengcweti yokuqala yezomnotho ezimakethe zamahhala) abhala kwethi "The Wealth of Nations," kukhona "izinto ezimbili ezihlukene" zomnotho: "okokuqala, ukunikeza abantu imali eningi noma ukuziphilisa. , noma, ngokufanele, ukuze bakwazi ukuzitholela leyo mali engenayo noma ukuziphilisa bona ngokwabo, futhi okwesibili, ukuhlinzeka umbuso noma inhlangano yomphakathi ngenzuzo eyanele yemisebenzi yomphakathi;
Mhlawumbe isici esikhathaza kakhulu sokungalungi kwamanje kwe-Europe ukushintshwa kwezibopho zentando yeningi ngeziqondiso zezezimali - okuvela kubaholi be-European Union kanye ne-European Central Bank, futhi ngokungaqondile abavela kuma-ejensi okulinganisa izikweletu, izinqumo zazo eziye zaduma kabi.
Izingxoxo zomphakathi ezibambe iqhaza - "uhulumeni ngezingxoxo" ezichazwa osolwazi bentando yeningi abafana no-John Stuart Mill kanye noWalter Bagehot - bezingahlonza izinguquko ezifanele ngesikhathi esifanele, ngaphandle kokusongela izisekelo zesistimu yezobulungiswa bezenhlalo yaseYurophu. Ngokuphambene, ukuncishiswa okukhulu kwezinsizakalo zomphakathi ngezingxoxo ezincane kakhulu ezijwayelekile mayelana nesidingo sazo, ukusebenza kahle noma ukulinganisela kuye kwavukela ingxenye enkulu yabantu base-Europe futhi kudlale ezandleni zabashisekeli kuzo zombili iziphetho ze-spectrum yezombangazwe.
IYurophu ayikwazi ukuzivuselela ngaphandle kokubhekana nezindawo ezimbili zokuba semthethweni kwezombusazwe. Okokuqala, iYurophu ayikwazi ukuzinikela emibonweni ehlangene - noma izinhloso ezinhle - zochwepheshe ngaphandle kokubonisana nomphakathi kanye nemvume enolwazi yezakhamuzi zayo. Uma kubhekwa ukubukela phansi umphakathi, akumangazi ukuthi okhethweni ngemuva kokhetho umphakathi ukhombise ukungeneliseki ngokuvotela labo abasezikhundleni.
Okwesibili, kokubili intando yeningi kanye nethuba lokudala inqubomgomo enhle kubukela phansi lapho izinqubomgomo ezingasebenzi kahle nezingenabulungiswa ngokusobala zishiwo abaholi. Ukwehluleka okusobala kwegunya lokungabi namali elibekiwe kuze kube manje akulimazanga nje kuphela ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi - inani ngokwalo - kodwa futhi nethuba lokufika esixazululweni esiphusile, nesinesikhathi esiphusile.
Lokhu kukude kakhulu โne-Europe yentando yeningi ehlangeneโ eyayifunwa amavulandlela obumbano lwaseYurophu.
U-Amartya Sen, owathola umklomelo kaNobel kanye noprofesa wezomnotho nefilosofi eHarvard, ungumbhali, muva nje, we "Idea of โโJustice."
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Nikela