Ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni, ukuhlukanisa ukuqala kwekhulu lama-21, inkampani enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yayingeyona into ekhathazayo kawoyela noma umkhiqizi wezimoto, kodwa i-Wal-Mart, iketango lesuphamakethe. Inani elingokomfanekiso laleli qiniso linesisindo esilingana nemiphumela yalo echotshozayo: “ukunqoba” kokungaziwa, ukufakwa esikhundleni sendlela yendabuko yokuthola lokho esikudingayo ukuze sizondle, sinakekele izindlu zethu, amathuluzi ngisho nemithi, ngokwesiko okubandakanya ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu, kobusha obusezingeni, “okwenziwa nge-mercantilized”, nalapho sazi kancane kancane ngokuthi ubani, kuphi futhi kanjani noma ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo esikuthengayo kukhiqizwa. Manje, singakwazi ukuthenga yonke into ngaphansi kophahla olufanayo, futhi nakuba izimpahla zibonakala zishibhile, okuyinto empeleni inkohliso, yonke i-paradigm ingagcina ibiza kakhulu. Ukuthenga namuhla e-Wal-Mart kungase kusho ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi wakho noma ukufaka isandla ekulahlekelweni ngomunye umuntu emndenini wakho noma emphakathini ngesinye isikhathi phansi komugqa.
Inqubomgomo ye-Wal-Mart yamanani aphansi iyagcinwa kuyilapho zikhona ezinye izindawo zokuthenga emphakathini ofanayo. Lapho ezinye izitolo zingena ngaphansi, zingakwazi ukuncintisana, akukho lutho oluvimbela i-Wal-Mart ekunyuseni amanani azo, okuyinto inkampani egcina ikwenzile. I-Wal-Mart ibe nomthelela omubi kuleyo miphakathi lapho ibonakale khona, futhi ngokusho kwe-Wal-Mart Watch, inhlangano yezakhamizi ezithintekayo yimigomo yenkampani, kuyo yonke imisebenzi emibili edalekayo uma ingena emphakathini, emithathu ilahlekile.
I-Wal-Mart isendaweni ye-19 phakathi kwezomnotho eziyi-100 ezinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni – ezingama-49 kuphela zazo osezingamazwe manje. Umfelokazi kaSam Walton namadodana abo amane balawula amaphesenti angu-38 wamasheya ayo. Ngo-2004 babesendaweni yesithupha kubantu abacebe kakhulu emhlabeni, benamaRandi angaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20 umuntu ngamunye. Ukube uSam Walton uyaphila ubezoceba ngokuphindwe kabili kunoBill Gates, ohamba phambili ohlwini lwabangu-46 billion. Zombili ziwukuvezwa okucacile kwe-megamonopoly yesimanje kanye nokulawula abakwenzayo kubathengi. Lawa ma-monopolies ahlose ukukhulisa ukulawula kwawo. I-Wal-Mart, kungaphikiswana ngayo, inomthelela omkhulu kakhulu, njengoba ithengisa izinhlobo eziningi kangaka zemikhiqizo futhi inamandla amakhulu kubahlinzeki – kanye nosopolitiki.
Iwuchungechunge olukhulu lokuthengisa okuqondile kumthengi eNyakatho Melika. E-US inezitolo ze-Wal-Mart ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu kanye nezimpahla ze-550 Sam's Club. EMexico isivele inamaphesenti angama-54 emakethe, inezitolo ezingama-687 emadolobheni angama-71, okuhlanganisa iWal-Mart, iSam's Club, iBodegas Aurrera, iSuperama neSuburbia, ngaphandle kwamaketanga okudlela iVips, El Porton kanye neRagazzi. Isivele ilawula imikhakha emikhulu kakhulu yemakethe eCanada, Great Britain, Brazil, Germany nasePuerto Rico, futhi ithonya layo liyakhula kwabanye abaningi, eJapane, isibonelo.
Ingumqashi omkhulu ozimele e-United States naseMexico. Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka likhona liye laqongelela umlando omangalisayo wokumangalelwa ngenxa yezizathu eziningi, okuhlanganisa nokuvimbela ngokungekho emthethweni ukuhlangana kwabasebenzi bayo, kanye nakho konke okunye ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abasebenzi ongase ucabange: ukucwaswa kwabakhubazekile, ukucwaswa ngokobulili. , ukusetshenziswa kwezingane, ukuntula usizo lwezempilo, kanye nesikhathi esengeziwe esingakhokhelwa. E-US amaphesenti angama-38 abasebenzi bayo abanalo usizo lwezempilo, kanti amaholo abayikhokhayo, ngokwesilinganiso, aphansi ngamaphesenti angama-26 kunejwayelekile embonini. NgoZibandlela wezi-2003 kwakunamacala ekilasi angama-39 alinde inkampani ezifundazweni ezihlukene ezingama-30 e-US ngokuphulwa kwemithetho yesikhathi esengeziwe. Ohlelweni lwango-Okthoba, 2003 uhulumeni wathola abasebenzi bangaphandle abangama-250 abangenazo izincwadi, ababesebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu. NgoJuni 2004 i-Wal-Mart yalahlekelwa yicala elikhulu kunawo wonke emlandweni, lapho abesifazane abangu-1,600,000 bafakazela ukuthi bahlukunyezwa ngokobulili njengabasebenzi benkampani kusukela ngo-1998.
Kodwa amanani aphansi enkampani awasekelwe kuphela ekuxhashazweni kwezisebenzi zayo emazweni lapho isebenza khona ngokuqondile. Izintengo ziwumphumela oqondile wokusetshenziswa okuhlelekile kwe-"maquiladoras" ezimweni zokuxhashazwa ngokweqile. Umsebenzi kwenye yalezi, etholakala e-Bangladesh, watshela i-Los Angeles Times ngo-2003 ukuthi usuku lwakhe oluvamile lokusebenza lwalusuka ngo-8 ekuseni kuya ku-3 ekuseni, izinsuku ezingu-10 noma ezingu-15 zilandelana. Yilokhu okwakudingeka ukuze akwazi ukuphila njengoba ayehola. Kodwa esihlokweni esifanayo, umphathi wefekthri wakhalaza ngokuthi kufanele basebenze kahle nakakhulu, njengoba i-Wal-Mart yayisabisa ngokuyisa umkhiqizo eChina, lapho wawungathola khona amanani aphansi.
Nakuba kubi kakhulu, ukuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi akuwona kuphela umphumela we-“Wal-Mart”. Kukhona abanye abaningi, okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha ukulandelela ukuthenga kwabantu ngisho nangemva kokushiya isuphamakethe. Ukulawula kubonakala kuyigama legeyimu "ku-Walmartization" yomhlaba.
Ukondla uBhuti Omkhulu.
Izitolo ezinkulu ziyingxenye yochungechunge lokudla oluhambisa imali enkulu kakhulu. Ngokwabanye abahlaziyi ithonya labo lidlula futhi lingashwabadela zonke ezinye izixhumanisi zangaphambilini, njengabakhiqizi bokudla neziphuzo, abasabalalisi, nabahlinzeki bezolimo.nabakhiqizi. Ukuthi bagcina sebengene yini kulezi zingxenye zochungechunge kuzoncika ezomnotho walo mdlalo, ukuze kuthi uma kushibhile ukuvumela ezinye izinkampani ukuthi ziqhudelane bodwa, zingangeni. Umphumela, nokho, uyafana: ukugxila kokulawula namandla ezandleni ezimbalwa nezimbalwa. Lokhu akugcini nje ku-Wal-Mart kodwa kuhlanganisa nezinye iziqhwaga ezifana neCarrefour, Ahold, Costco noma Tesco.
Kodwa i-Wal-Mart igqama kakhulu ngoba, ngaphandle kokuba inkampani enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, imali engenayo iphindwe kane kunaleyo encintisana nayo enkulu kunazo zonke, futhi inkulu kunezine ezilandelayo zihlanganisiwe. Ngenxa yokuthi ingumdayisi omkhulu wemikhiqizo yokudla emhlabeni wonke inomthelela omkhulu ekutheni ukudla kukhiqizwa ini nokuthi kukhiqizwa kanjani. Isivele iyadlala, ngokwesibonelo, kwezolimo ngenkontileka ngqo nabakhiqizi bezolimo. Futhi ingeyesithathu ekuthengisweni kwemithi.
Njengokungathi akwanele ukuba amandla anjalo ezomnotho, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokukhula kwayo yedwa, i-Wal-Mart iyaqala, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha ukuthola ulwazi mayelana namaphethini abantu okuthenga. Sekuyahlola kakade, emadolobheni amathathu ase-US, ukufakwa esikhundleni kwamakhodi amabha ezinhlelo zokuhlonza ngefrikhwensi yomsakazo. Lolu uhlelo “lokulebula” olusebenzisa i-electronic chip, engenkulu kunohlamvu lwerayisi futhi okungenzeka lube luncane kakhulu, oluqukethe ulwazi ngomkhiqizo, odluliselwa ngaphandle kwentambo kukhompuyutha. Le chip iyakwazi ukugcina ulwazi oluningi kunebhakhodi. Inkinga ukuthi isignali yayo ilandela umthengi ngaphandle kweminyango yesitolo esikhulu. Ngokusho kuka-Wal-Mart, umthengi uzoba nokukhetha kokubuza ekuphumeni ukuthi i-chip icishwe, ngaphandle kokuthi ayinazo izinhlelo zokukhangisa lokhu kungenzeka.
Isivele yazama ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo evela ku-Gillette ne-Procter & Gamble, neminye efana ne-Coca Cola, i-Kodak, i-Nestle neminye eminingi.
Ekuqaleni kuka-2004 i-Wal-Mart yatshela abahlinzeki bayo abakhulu abayi-100 ukuthi kuzodingeka balungele ukunikeza lobu buchwepheshe ngoJanuwari, 2005,
Uhlelo luzoqala, ekuqaleni, kuphela njengendlela yokulandelela ukuthunyelwa kwezitolo ezinkulu, okusho ukuthi, hhayi okuhlobene ngokuqondile nokupakisha umthengi akuyisa ekhaya. NgoNovemba yamemezela ukuthi iningi labahlinzeki, kanye nabanye abangu-37 abengezwe ohlwini lokuqala bazolunga. Manje kuyindaba yesikhathi kuze kube izindleko zamashiphu zehla ngokwanele ngaphambi kokuthi zifakwe kukho konke umthengi akuthengayo.
Empeleni, lokhu kusho, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi abathengi ababhalisa amakhadi abo esikweletu lapho bengena esitolo bangakwazi ukukhokhela ukuthenga kwabo ngaphandle kokuthi badlule ku-cashier, njengoba imikhiqizo izobhalisa ngokuzenzakalelayo lapho iphuma. Kodwa i-Wal-Mart kanye nabanye abasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bangaba nolwazi oluqondile mayelana nokuthi ubani, ini, nini, malini futhi kuphi imikhiqizo esetshenziswayo.
Yize i-Wal-Mart kungeyona yodwa ehlola ubuchwepheshe – kukhona i-Tesco e-Great Britain, kanye ne-Metro, Carrefour ne-Home Depot kwezinye izindawo, ingamandla amakhulu kakhulu abangela ukuthuthukiswa kwayo. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ubuchwepheshe baqale bathuthukiswa futhi basetshenziswa uMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-US.
U-Orwell kumele ukuthi uyazulazula ethuneni lakhe. Lezi zinhlelo ezincane zokulawula, "abafowethu abancane", uma uthanda, zizohamba phambili kakhulu kunoMfowethu Omkhulu ayewucabanga.
I-paradigm ye-Walmartization ebheke "emhlabeni ojabulayo" ocindezelwa izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe idinga ukungazi kwethu kanye nokunganaki kwethu ukuze iphumelele. Okudidayo ukuthi, labo abasele bengenakho ukufinyelela kumakhadi esikweletu noma edebhithi – ngamanye amazwi, iningi lezakhamuzi zale planethi – lizohlala lingaphandle kwalolu hlelo lokulawula. Ngawo wonke amandla ayo, i-Wal-Mart kanye nezwe lamazwe ngamazwe lidinga ukuthi siphile. Asibadingi.
USilvia Ribeiro ungumphenyi nge Iqembu ETC.
Ihunyushwe isuka eSpanishi nguDaniel Morduchowicz
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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