Ungaphefumuli. Kunempi ephelele ngokumelene nokukhishwa kwe-CO2, futhi ukhulula i-CO2 ngawo wonke umoya. Umkhankaso wemithombo yezindaba eminingi wokulwa nokufudumala komhlaba manje osuthisa izinzwa zethu, ogcizelela ukuthi ingxenye ekhulayo ye-CO2 yamagesi abamba ukushisa iyisitha, ayithathi siboshwa: ukanye nathi noma โunabaphikayo.โ Akekho ongangabaza i-orthodoxy entsha noma ongabeka engozini isono sokukhipha isisu. Ukube uBill Clinton ubegaqele isikhundla sikamengameli namuhla ubungafunga ukuthi akawukhiphanga umoya.
Sifike kanjani lapha? Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba indaba eshubile kangaka izolo nje ethakazelisa idlanzana lochwepheshe besayensi ivele ngokuzumayo izobusa enkulumweni yethu? Ukuqagela kwesayensi kwenzeka kanjani ngokushesha okungaka kube imibono etholakala yonke indawo ye-apocalypse? Lena akuyona imibuzo ecatshangelwayo kodwa imibuzo yomlando, futhi inezimpendulo. Izenzakalo ezinjengalezi azizenzekeli nje; zenziwa ukuthi zenzeke. Sekukonke imibono yethu ayivamisile ukuba kube eyethu imibono: akuvamile ukuthi siqhamuke nayo ngokwethu kodwa kunalokho siyikhiphe emhlabeni osizungezile. Lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi lapho imibono yethu ifana cishe neyawo wonke umuntu, ngisho nabantu esingakaze sihlangane nabo noma sixhumane nabo. Uvelaphi lo mbono mayelana nenkinga ephuthumayo yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke kanye nokukhishwa kwe-CO2 futhi kungene emakhanda ethu, njengoba abambalwa bethu abake bafunda, noma bazama ukufunda, iphepha elilodwa lesayensi mayelana namagesi abamba ukushisa? Ukuphendula umbuzo onjalo akunzima njengoba kungase kubonakale, ngenxa yesizathu esilula ukuthi kuthatha inani elikhulu lokufinyelela kanye nezinsiza ukubeka umbono ongajwayelekile emiqondweni eminingi ngasikhathi sinye ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi okuwukuphela kwabanikazi bamandla anjalo nezindlela. zikahulumeni kanye nezinkampani, kanye nemishini yabo ye-multimedia. Ukwenza ushintsho olukhulu kangaka ekunakeni, ekuboneni, nasekukholelweni kudinga umzamo omkhulu, futhi obonakala futhi okhonjiswayo.
Kuze kube muva nje abantu abaningi bebengazi noma bedidekile futhi bengenandaba nalolu daba, naphezu kokuvumelana okwandayo phakathi kososayensi nabahlaziyi bemvelo mayelana nezingozi ezingaba khona zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Izishoshovu zokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, njenge-AI Gore, zashesha ukubeka icala ngalokho kungazi okudumile, ukudideka, kanye nokungabi nandaba nomkhankaso wenkulumo-ze yezinkampani oxhaswe kahle ngezimali owenziwe yizinkampani zikawoyela negesi nezinhlangano zazo ezingaphambili, obhululu bezepolitiki, ezokukhangisa nomphakathi. ama-ejensi wezobudlelwano, kanye nabalandeli bemithombo yezindaba, okuyengele abantu ukuba bakhululeke ngokutshala ukungabaza nokungabaza mayelana nezimangalo zesayensi ezikhathazayo. Futhi, kunjalo, babeqinisile; kwakunomkhankaso onjalo wezinkampani, osekubhalwe phansi kakhulu manje. Lokho izishoshovu zokufudumala kwembulunga ezihlulekile ukukukhomba, nokho, ukuthi owabo, umyalezo othusayo, ufakwe emiqondweni yethu ngendlela efanayo, noma ngabe yizandla ezihlukene zezinkampani. Lo mkhankaso, ongafakazela ukuthi ubaluleke kakhulu, awukaze uthole isaziso esincane.
Kule minyaka eyishumi nengxenye edlule siye saba ngaphansi kwemikhankaso emibili yezinkampani eziqhudelanayo, enanela amasu ezinkampani ahlonishwa isikhathi futhi ebonisa ukuhlukana phakathi kwemibuthano ye-elite. Udaba lokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu selusungulwe nhlangothi zombili zalolu qhekeko, okwenza kubonakale sengathi kukhona lezi zinhlangothi ezimbili kuphela. Umkhankaso wokuqala, owaba khona ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980 njengengxenye yokuhlasela โkwembulunga yonkeโ yabanqobi, wawufuna ukubhekana ngqo nokuqagela mayelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngokuphika, ukungabaza, ukuklolodela, nokuchitha izimangalo zesayensi ezicindezelayo ezingase zinciphise isasasa. yebhizinisi lonxiwankulu elikhulayo. Yaklanywa futhi ngokwezinga elithile yakhiwe phezu komkhankaso wangaphambili wemboni kagwayi wokutshala ukungabaza mayelana nobufakazi obandayo bemiphumela yezempilo eyingozi yokubhema. Ngemuva kwalo mzamo we-propaganda "ombi", noma yibaphi bonke abagxeka ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke bahlonzwe ngokushesha ngalolu hlangothi lwempikiswano.
Umkhankaso wesibili omuhle, owavela eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, ngemuva kwe-Kyoto futhi ngesikhathi sokuphakama kwenhlangano emelene nembulunga yonke, wafuna ukuphuma phambili endabeni yezemvelo ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi kuphela ukuyiduna futhi bayenze ibe inzuzo yenkampani. Ilingiswa ikhulu leminyaka yokuhlanganiswa kwebhizinisi okukhululekile kwezinhlangano zenguquko ezidumile kanye nemithetho yokulawula, ihlose ukulungisa udaba ukuze kwenganyelwe imithelela yayo yezepolitiki, ngaleyo ndlela iyenze ihambisane nezithakazelo zebhizinisi zezomnotho, zezwe, kanye nemibono. Ngakho-ke umkhankaso wesimo sezulu wenkampani wagcizelela ukubaluleka kwezixazululo โezisekelwe emaketheโ kuyilapho ugcizelela ukufana nokubikezela emithethweni nemithethonqubo egunyaziwe. Ngaso leso sikhathi yaphakamisa udaba lwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele yaba yinto ethathekayo, ukugxila okuphelele okumele kuphambukise ukunaka ezinseleleni ezinkulu zenhlangano yezobulungiswa emhlabeni jikelele. Ngemuva kwalo mkhankaso, noma yibaphi kanye nabo bonke abamelene โnabaphikayoโ sebehlonziwe - futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, bazihlonze ngokubona noma bengazi - nabaphikisana nesimo sezulu sezinkampani.
Umkhankaso wokuqala, owabusa phakathi nawo wonke ama-1990's, wathinteka ngandlela thize ngenxa yokuchayeka futhi wanda kakhulu ekuqaleni kwenkathi kaBush II, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amandla ngaphakathi kwe-White House (kanye neHhovisi likaNdunankulu). Okwesibili, njengoba kube nesandla ekusabalaliseni umnyakazo we-radical, uphumelele ukukhiqiza isiphithiphithi esikhona manje mayelana nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, manje esifakwe ngokuphephile ezinhlelweni ezinobungani bebhizinisi ngaphandle kwanoma yikuphi ukungqubuzana okukhulu namandla ebhizinisi. Impumelelo yayo kwabezindaba ivuse abavoti futhi yaphoqa ngisho nalabo abaphika kanzima ukuthi bahlakulele ngokungenangqondo isithombe esiluhlaza. Khonamanjalo, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, le mikhankaso emibili ephikisanayo ndawonye isiqede noma iyiphi indawo yokuyenqaba yomibili.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980 izinkampani ezinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni zaqala uguquko lwazo โlokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke,โ ngokungaphezi zinxenxa inzuzo engenakugwenywa yohwebo olukhululekile futhi, kule nqubo, zabeka izindaba zezemvelo emaphethelweni futhi zehlisa inhlangano yezazi zemvelo ukuze ivimbele izenzo. Intshisekelo yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu yaqhubeka ikhula. Ngo-1988, ososayensi besimo sezulu kanye nabakhi bezinqubomgomo basungula i-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) ukuze ihlale yazi ngalolu daba futhi ikhiphe imibiko ngezikhathi ezithile. Emhlanganweni obuse-Toronto ososayensi abangamakhulu amathathu nabenzi benqubomgomo abavela emazweni angamashumi amane nesishiyagalombili bakhiphe ikhwelo lokuba kuthathwe isinyathelo sokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO2. Ngonyaka olandelayo izinkampani ezikhiqiza uwoyela, igesi, amalahle, nezimoto namakhemikhali ezingamashumi amahlanu kanye nezinhlangano zabo zezohwebo zakha i-Global Change Coalition (GCC), ngosizo lwesikhondlakhondla sezobudlelwano bomphakathi iBurson-Marsteller. Inhloso yawo yayiwukutshala ukungabaza mayelana nezimangalo zesayensi nokuvimbela imizamo yezombangazwe yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa. I-GCC yanikeza izigidi zamadola Eminikelelweni yezombangazwe kanye nasekusekeleni umkhankaso wobudlelwano bomphakathi isixwayiso sokuthi imizamo eyiphutha yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esingcolisa umoya ngokusebenzisa imingcele yokushiswa kwezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi izobukela phansi isithembiso sokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke futhi ibangele ukuwohloka komnotho. Imizamo ye-GCC yalubeka ngempumelelo udaba lokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Khonamanjalo, kulandela ukuvukela kwabomdabu eChiapas ngoJanuwari, 1994, kwaba usuku lokuqala lokuqaliswa kweSivumelwano Sokuhweba Ngokukhululekile saseNyakatho Melika. inhlangano emelene nembulunga yonke yaqubuka embhikishweni womhlaba wonke emelene nobunxiwankulu bezimakethe kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezinkampani, okuhlanganisa nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo. Phakathi neminyaka emihlanu le nhlangano isikhule ngokubumbana, izinombolo, umfutho kanye nempi futhi yahlanganiswa โezinsukwini zokusebenza zomhlaba wonkeโ emhlabeni jikelele, ikakhulukazi ngezenzo eziqondile ezingqungqutheleni ze-G8 kanye nemihlangano yeBhange Lomhlaba, I-International Monetary Fund kanye nentsha. I-World Trade Organisation, yafinyelela esicongweni ekuvaleni imihlangano ye-WTO e-Seattle ngoNovemba, 1999. Le nhlangano, eyayihlanganisa izinhlangano eziningi ezihlukahlukene ezihlangene eziphikisana "ne-ajenda yebhizinisi," yanyakazisa ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. umkhankaso ezimpandeni zawo. Kwakulesi simo lapho abasayine khona I-UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. eyayakhiwe ngabameleli abavela emazweni ayi-155 e-Rio Earth Summit ngo-1992, yahlangana ekupheleni kuka-1997 e-Kyoto futhi yasungula lokho okubizwa nge-Kyoto Protocol ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa ngokusebenzisa i-carbon target kanye nokuhweba. Isivumelwano sase-Kyoto, esagunyazwa kudala ngasekupheleni kuka-2004, kwaba ukuphela kwesivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe mayelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu futhi ngokushesha saba impikiswano yezombusazwe mayelana nokufudumala komhlaba.
Izinkampani eziphikisayo zazilindele iKyoto. Ehlobo lika-1997 iSigele Sase-US saphasisa isinqumo ngazwilinye sokuthi noma yisiphi isivumelwano esinjalo kumele sifake ukubamba iqhaza kuqedwe ukuthobela imithetho yamazwe asathuthuka, ikakhulukazi imibuso yezomnotho esafufusa njenge-China, i-India, ne-Brazil, nokho angazange afakwe emzuliswaneni wokuqala we-Kyoto. Iphrothokholi. Abaphikisi bezinkampani ze-Kyoto ku-GCC, nenhlangano ekhulayo yezobulungiswa emhlabeni wonke njenge-back-drop, basigxekile lesi sivumelwano njengetulo โlesocialistโ noma โizwe lesithathuโ ngokumelene namazwe athuthukile aseNtshonalanga.
Ukuhlangana kwenhlangano yezobulungiswa emhlabeni wonke kanye ne-Kyoto, nokho, kwenze abanye abaphezulu ukuthi bacabange kabusha futhi bahlanganise kabusha, okwadala uqhekeko emazingeni ezinkampani mayelana nodaba lokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ukuhlubuka ku-GCC kwaqala ngo-1997 futhi phakathi neminyaka emithathu kwase kuhlanganisa nabadlali abakhulu abafana noDupont, BP, Shell, Ford, Daimler-Chrysler, kanye neTexaco. Phakathi kokugcina kwe-GCC ukubanjwa kwe-GCC bekukhona i-Exxon, i-Mobil, i-Chevron, ne-General Motors. (Ngo-2000, i-GCC yagcina iphumile ebhizinisini kodwa ezinye izinhlangano zamabhizinisi ezinomqondo ofanayo zadalelwa ukuqhubeka nomkhankaso โombiโ, oqhubekayo.)
Labo abahlukana ne-GCC basheshe bahlangana ezinhlanganweni ezintsha. Phakathi kweyokuqala yalezi bekuyi-Pew Center for Global Climate Change, exhaswe ngeminikelo yokusiza ngenhlanhla ye-Sun Oil/Sunoco. Ibhodi leSikhungo esisha beliholwa ngu-Theodore Roosevelt IV, umzukulu kamongameli we-Progressive Era (kanye nesithonjana sokongiwa kwemvelo) kanye nomqondisi ophethe wenkampani yasebhange yokutshala imali i-Lehman Brothers. Abamjoyine ebhodini kwaba umqondisi ophethe wefemu yokutshala imali ye-Castle-Harlan kanye no-CEO wangaphambili we-Northeast Utilities, kanye nommeli wezinkampani ongumakadebona uFrank E. Loy, owayengumxhumanisi omkhulu wokuphatha kukaClinton kwezohwebo nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Ekusungulweni kwayo iPew Centre yasungula iBusiness Environmental Leadership Council, eholwa nguLoy. Amalungu omkhandlu okuqala ahlanganisa i-Sunoco, i-Dupont, i-Duke Energy, i-BP, i-Royal Dutch/Shell, i-Duke Energy, i-Ontario Power Generation, i-DTE (i-Detroit Edison), ne-Alcan. Umaka ukuqhelelana kwabo ne-GCC, uMkhandlu umemezele โsiyayamukela imibono yososayensi abaningi ukuthi sekwanele okwaziwayo mayelana nemithelela yesayensi nemvelo yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ukuze sithathe izinyathelo zokubhekana nemiphumela;โ โAmabhizinisi angakwazi futhi kufanele athathe izinyathelo eziqinile manje e-US nakwamanye amazwe ukuze ahlole amathuba okunciphisa intuthu. . . futhi sitshale emikhiqizweni emisha, esebenza kahle kakhudlwana, imikhuba, nobuchwepheshe.โ UMkhandlu ugcizelele ukuthi ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kufanele kusingathwe โngezindlela ezisekelwe emaketheโ nangokwamukela โizinqubomgomo eziphusile,โ futhi waveza nenkolelo โyokuthi izinkampani ezithatha isinyathelo kusenesikhathi ngamasu nenqubomgomo yesimo sezulu zizothola inzuzo eqhubekayo yokuncintisana ngaphezu kontanga yabo.โ
Ekuqaleni kuka-2000, โabaholi bamabhizinisi bomhlabaโ ababehlangene e-World Economic Forum eDavos, eSwitzerland bamemezela ukuthi โukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuwusongo olukhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.โ Ngaleso sikhathi, abadlali abaningi abafanayo, okuhlanganisa i-Dupont, BP, Shell, Suncor, Alcan, ne-Ontario Power Generation, kanye nomkhiqizi we-aluminium waseFrance u-Pechiney, bahlanganyela neqembu lase-US labameli be-Environmental Defense ukuze bakhe i-Partnership for Climate Action. . Abaqondisi Bezokuvikela Ezemvelo abanomqondo ofanayo bahlanganisa uFrank Lay wePew Centre kanye nothishanhloko beCarlyle Group, Berkshire Partners, kanye noMorgan Stanley kanye ne-CEO yeCarbon Investments. Ihambisana nomsebenzi we-Pew Center, futhi kungakapheli unyaka ngemuva kokuthi "iMpi YaseSeattle" ivale i-World Trade Organisation ngokumelene nombuso wezinkampani zomhlaba wonke, le nhlangano entsha yaqinisekisa inkolelo yayo ekuzuzweni konxiwankulu bezimakethe. "Inhloso eyinhloko yoBambiswano ukulwela izindlela ezisekelwe ezimakethe njengendlela yokuzuza isinyathelo kusenesikhathi futhi esithembekile sokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa esisebenza kahle futhi esingabizi kakhulu." Kuso sonke isimemezelo sawo sokuqala lo mlayezo waphindwa njenge-mantra: "izinzuzo zezindlela zemakethe," "imithetho egxile emakethe," "izinhlelo ezisekelwe emakethe zinganikeza izindlela zokufeza ngesikhathi esisodwa kokubili ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nezinjongo zokuthuthukiswa komnotho," " amandla ezindlela zemakethe ukufaka isandla ezisombululweni zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.โ Entwasahlobo ka-2002, umbiko wokuqala we-Partnership washo ngokuziqhenya ukuthi izinkampani ze-PCA zihamba phambili emkhakheni omusha wokuphathwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa. "I-PCA ayifinyeleli nje kuphela ukunciphisa kwangempela kokukhishwa kokufudumala kwembulunga yonke," kusho umbiko, "kodwa futhi inikeza indikimba yokuhlangenwe nakho okuwusizo, ebonisa ukuthi i-10 inciphisa kanjani ukungcola ngenkathi iqhubeka nokwenza inzuzo."
Leli thuba lokwenza inzuzo ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu lithole ukunakwa okujulile kwababhange bokutshalwa kwezimali, abanye babo ababengabahlanganyeli abakhulu ku-PCA ngokuxhumana kwabo namabhodi e-Pew Centre kanye ne-Environmental Defense. UGoldman Sachs waba umholi wephakethe; ngobunikazi bayo bezitshalo zikagesi nge-Cogentrix kanye namakhasimende afana ne-BP ne-Shell, ifemu yase-Wall Street yayihambisana kakhulu namathuba. Ngo-2004 inkampani yaqala ukuhlola amathuba "wokwenza izimakethe" futhi ngonyaka olandelayo yasungula Isikhungo sayo Sezimakethe Zezemvelo, ngesimemezelo sokuthi "i-Goldman Sachs izofuna ngamandla amathuba okwenza izimakethe nokutshala izimali ezimakethe zemvelo." Le nkampani iveze ukuthi iSikhungo sizozibandakanya ocwaningweni lokuthuthukisa izinketho zenqubomgomo yomphakathi yokusungula izimakethe mayelana nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, Kubandakanya ukuklama nokukhuthaza izixazululo zokulawula zokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa. Le nkampani iphinde yaveza ukuthi iGoldman Sachs "izohola ekuhlonzeni amathuba okutshala imali kumandla avuselelekayo;" ngalowo nyaka inkampani yasebhange yokutshalwa kwezimali yathola i-Horizon Wind Energy, yatshala imali ku-photovoltaics ne-Sun Edison, yahlela ukuxhasa ngezimali i-Northeast Biofuels, futhi yathenga isiteki ku-logen Corporation, eyaphayona ekuguquleni utshani, iziqu zommbila, kanye nokushintsha utshani ku-ethanol. Le nkampani iphinde yazinikela "ukusebenza njengomenzi wemakethe ekuhwebeni kwe-carbon dioxide" ye-CO2 (kanye ne-S02) nasezindaweni ezifana "nokuphuma kwesimo sezulu," "izikweletu zamandla avuselelekayo," kanye nezinye "impahla ehlobene nesimo sezulu." "Sikholwa," kumemezela uGoldman Sachs, "ukuthi ukuphathwa kwezingozi namathuba avela ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokulawulwa kwakho kuzoba okubaluleke kakhulu futhi kuzodonsa ukunakwa okukhulayo kwababambe iqhaza ezimakethe ezinkulu."
Phakathi kwalabo ababambiqhaza bemakethe yemali kwakukhona owayeyiPhini Likamongameli wase-US u-AI Gore. UGore wayenentshisekelo yesikhathi eside ezindabeni zemvelo futhi wayemele i-US eKyoto. Uphinde waba nobudlelwano bomndeni obunesikhathi eside obulinganayo nemboni yamandla ngenxa yobungane bukayise no-Armand Hammer kanye nentshisekelo yakhe yezezimali enkampanini yakwaHammer i-Occidental Petroleum, indodana eyazuza njengefa. Ngo-2004, njengoba uGoldman Sachs wayelungiselela izinhlelo zakhe zokushintsha isimo sezulu ukuze athole inzuzo eluhlaza, uGore wahlangana nabaphathi bakwaGoldman Sachs uDavid Blood, Peter Harris, kanye noMark Ferguson ukusungula inkampani yokutshala izimali ezinze eLondon iGeneration Investment. I-Management (GIM), ene-Gore ne-Blood ephethwe. NgoMeyi, 2005 Gore, omele i-GIM, wakhuluma ku-Institutional Investor Summit on Climate Risk futhi wagcizelela isidingo sokuba abatshalizimali bacabange esikhathini eside futhi bahlanganise izindaba zemvelo ekuhlaziyeni kwabo ukulingana. "Ngikholelwa ukuthi ukuhlanganisa izinkinga eziphathelene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ekuhlaziyeni kwakho ukuthi yiziphi izitoko okufanele utshale kuzo, yimalini, futhi isikhathi esingakanani, kuyibhizinisi elihle," kusho u-Gore echazela Abatshalizimali ababehlangene. Eshayela ihlombe isinqumo sokuya kule ndlela esimenyezelwe ngayizolo yi-CEO yakwaGeneral Electric uJeff Immelt, uGore umemezele ukuthi โSilapha ngesikhathi esinethemba elimangalisayo. . .lapho abaholi emkhakheni wezamabhizinisi beqala ukwenza izinto zabo.โ Ngaleso sikhathi uGore wayesevele esemsebenzini wakhe wencwadi yakhe emayelana nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, Iqiniso Elingathandeki, futhi ngaleyo ntwasahlobo efanayo waqala amalungiselelo okwenza ifilimu ngakho.
Incwadi nefilimu enegama elifanayo kokubili kwavela ngo-2006, ngokukhuthazwa okukhulu nempumelelo esheshayo embonini yezokuzijabulisa yebhizinisi (ifilimu ekugcineni yathola i-Academy Award). Zombili lezi zimoto zandise kakhulu ukufinyelela kwabenzi bezimakethe zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, imizamo yabo abayincoma ngokusobala. "Abaphathi abaningi bamabhizinisi base-US sebeqala ukusiholela endleleni efanele," uGore wajabula, wengeza "kukhona noshintsho olukhulu oluqhubekayo emphakathini wokutshala izimali." Incwadi nefilimu kubonise ngokwethembeka futhi kwakhulisa imilayezo emaphakathi yomkhankaso webhizinisi. Njengozakwabo e-Pew Centre kanye ne-Partnership for Climate Action, u-Gore wagcizelela ukubaluleka kokusebenzisa izindlela zemakethe ukuhlangabezana nenselele yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke. โEnye yezihluthulelo zokuxazulula inkinga yesimo sezulu,โ ebhala, โihilela ukuthola izindlela zokusebenzisa amandla amakhulu onxiwankulu bezimakethe njengomfelandawonye.โ UGore uphindaphinda isiyalo sakhe kubatshalizimali mayelana nesidingo samasu okutshala izimali zesikhathi eside kanye nokuhlanganisa izici zemvelo ekubalweni kwebhizinisi, ngokuziqhenya eveza indlela abaholi bamabhizinisi ababeqale ngayo โukuba nombono obanzi wokuthi ibhizinisi lingayigcina kanjani inzuzo yabo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.โ Isikhulu esisodwa esicashunwe encwadini, ekusakazweni okungamakhasi amabili, kwakungu-CEO wakwaGeneral Electric, uJeffrey Immelt, owachaza kafushane isikhathi kanye nenjongo yokweqa yomsebenzi: โLesi yisikhathi lapho ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo kuzoholela inzuzo.โ
Ekuqaleni kuka-2007 umkhankaso wezinkampani wawukhulise kakhulu umsebenzi wawo, ngokwakhiwa kwezinhlangano eziningi ezintsha. I-Pew Center kanye ne-Partnership for Climate Action manje isidale inhlangano egqugquzela ezombangazwe, i-US Climate Action Partnership (USCAP). Ubulungu be-USCAP bufake abadlali ababalulekile emzamweni wokuqala, njenge-BP, i-Dupont, i-Pew Center, ne-Environmental Defense, futhi bangezela abanye, okuhlanganisa i-GE, i-Alcoa, i-Caterpillar, i-Duke Energy, i-Pacific Gas kanye no-Elec, i-Florida Power and Light, kanye I-PNM, inkampani ephethe izinsiza ze-New Mexico kanye ne-Texas. I-PNM isanda kujoyina i-Microsoft's BUI Gates' Cascade Investments ukwakha inkampani entsha yamandla engalawulwa egxile emathubeni okukhula e-Texas kanye ne-CEO ye-PNM yasentshonalanga ye-US uJeff Sterba futhi engusihlalo we-Climate Change Task Force ye-Edison Electric Institute. Okunye abajoyine i-USCAP kwaba uMkhandlu Wezokuvikela Wemvelo, i-World Resources Institute, kanye nefemu yamabhange yokutshala izimali i-Lehman Brothers umqondisi wayo ophethe u-Theodore Roosevelt IV engusihlalo webhodi ye-Pew Centre futhi maduzane wayesezoba usihlalo we-Global Centre entsha ka-Lehman Yokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu. Njengoba i-Newsweek manje yaphawula (March 12, 2007), โI-Wall Street ibhekene nokushintsha kwesimo sezuluโ, ngokuqaphela ukuthi โindlela yokuthola okuluhlaza iwukuba luhlaza.โ
NgoJanuwari, 2007, i-USCAP yakhipha "I-Call for Action," "umzamo ongachemi oqhutshwa abaphathi abaphezulu abavela ezinhlanganweni ezingamalungu." "Ucingo" lwamemezela "isidingo esiphuthumayo sohlaka lwenqubomgomo mayelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu;" egcizelela ukuthi โkudingeka uhlelo oluyisibopho olubeka izidingo ezicacile, ezibikezelwayo, ezisekelwe emakethe ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwesisi esingcolisa umoya.โ I-USCAP ikhiphe โuhlaka lwendlela ephoqelekile eqhutshwa yimakethe eqhutshwa yimakethe yokuvikela isimo sezulu,โ encome uhlelo โlokuhwebelana nokuhwebaโ โnjengetshe legumbi,โ oluhlanganisa ukumiswa kwemigomo nemakethe ye-carbon yomhlaba wonke yezibonelelo zohwebo. kanye namakhredithi. Okwalahlwa isikhathi eside amazwe asathuthuka ngokuthi โi-carbon colonialism,โ ukuhweba ngekhabhoni kwase kuphenduke inkolelo entsha. Lolu hlelo luphinde lwabiza โuhlelo lukazwelonke lokusheshisa ubuchwepheshe, ucwaningo, ukuthuthukiswa, nokusatshalaliswa kwabantu kanye nezinyathelo zokukhuthaza ukubamba iqhaza kwamazwe asathuthuka njenge-China, i-India, ne-Brazil, egcizelela ukuthi โekugcineni ikhambi kufanele libe yimbulunga yonke.โ Ngokusho kokhulumela i-USCAP isikhulu esiphezulu se-General Electric uJeff Immelt, "lezi zincomo kufanele zikhuthaze isenzo somthetho esikhuthaza ukusungula izinto ezintsha futhi sikhuthaze ukukhula komnotho ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa ukuvikeleka kwamandla kanye nokulingana kwezohwebo."
Ngenyanga elandelayo kwavela enye inhlangano yebhizinisi yesimo sezulu, lena ezinikele ngokukhethekile ekusakazeni ivangeli elisha lokufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Iholwa ngu-AI Gore weGeneration Investment Management, i-Alliance for Climate Protection ifake phakathi kwamalungu ayo uTheodore Roosevelt IV ojwayelekile manje waseLehman Brothers kanye nePew Center, owayengumeluleki wezokuphepha kuzwelonke uBrent Scowcroft, u-Owen Kramer waseBoston Provident, abamele i-Environmental Defence, uMkhandlu Wokuvikela Izinsiza Zemvelo, kanye neNhlangano Kazwelonke Yezilwane Zasendle, kanye naBaqondisi Be-Ejensi Yokuvikela Imvelo abathathu. Isebenzisa โizindlela zokuxhumana ezintsha nezifinyelela kude,โ kuchaza uGore, โi-Alliance for Climate Protection yenza umsebenzi wokuncenga abantu abaningi ngendlela engakaze ibonweโ - umkhankaso wemidiya exubile omelene nokufudumala komhlaba manje osuthisa izinzwa zethu. Ungaphefumuli.
Uma umkhankaso wokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu webhizinisi ugqugquzele ukukhathazeka okudumile ngokushisa komhlaba, usufeze okuningi. Njengoba ivele phakathi kwenhlangano yomhlaba wonke yezobulungiswa emhlabeni wonke, ibuyise ukuzethemba Kulezo zinkolo namandla leyo nhlangano eyayisebenze kanzima ukuze idalule futhi iphonsele inselelo: izinkampani ezenza inzuzo emhlabeni wonke kanye nezinkulungwane zezinhlangano zazo kanye nezinhlelo zazo; igunya elingangatshazwa lesayensi kanye nenkolelo ehambisanayo yokukhululwa ngobuchwepheshe, kanye nokuzuzisa kwemakethe ezilawulayo nesisombululo sayo sokuchuma ngohwebo lwamahhala, namandla ayo omlingo aguqula abe yimpahla konke okuthintayo, ngisho nokuphila. Wonke amaqiniso agqamile embulwa yilowo mnyakazo mayelana nokungabi nabulungisa, ukulimala, nokungalingani okuhlwanyelwe futhi kwasekelwa yilamandla nezinkolelo manje asengcwatshiwe, ashaywe eceleni emjahweni we-apocalyptic wokulwa nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Iqhathaniswa ngokusobala nempi, le nselele eyingqophamlando idinga ukunaka okukodwa nokuzinikela okuphelele, ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okunjalo. Manje akusona isikhathi, futhi asikho isidingo, sokubuza umphakathi okhubazekile noma ukuhlola kabusha izinganekwane zawo eziwumsuka. Ukusolwa nomthwalo kubuyiselwe emuva futhi kumuntu, egcwele icala lokuqala, isoni esijwayelekile sibhekene nokujeziswa ngenxa yezono zaso, ukweqisa kwaso, okuhunyushwa isiko laso elingcwele futhi manje sesikulungele ukujeziswa nokuzidela. Ngosuku lokuvulwa kwesizini ye-baseball ka-2007, umnikazi we-Toronto Blue Jays wema phambi kwe-jumbotron enkulu, i-electronic extravaganza, ezungezwe amalogo ezinkampani ezidansayo kanye nokukhangisa, futhi wakhuthaza wonke umuntu Esixukwini, ngokukhohlisa, ukuthi phuma uyothenga isibani esiyonga amandla. Bashaye ihlombe.
Encwadini yakhe ethengiswa kakhulu ka-2005 ethi The Weather Makers, u-Tim Flannery ubize abafundi bakhe ukuthi balwe โempini yethu yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.โ Ngokulangazelela uhlelo lwaseCanada olubhalwe uMike Russill, owayeyi-CEO yesikhondlakhondla samandla u-Suncor futhi manje oseyinhloko ye-World Wildlife Fund/Canada, le ncwadi iwubonise kahle umkhankaso webhizinisi. Ngamunye wethu โkumelwe akholelwe ukuthi le mpi inganqotshwa ngokwenhlalo nezomnotho,โ kugcizelela uRussill, โnokuthi akudingekile ukuba sishintshe ngendlela ephawulekayo indlela esiphila ngayo.โ โInto ebaluleke kakhulu okufanele siyiqaphele,โ kwenanela uFlannery, โukuthi sonke singenza umehluko futhi sisize ekulweni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngaphandle kwezindleko endleleni yethu yokuphila.โ โUshintsho oluya emnothweni ongenayo i-carbon lungafezeka ngokuphawulekayo,โ ejabula, โngoba sinabo bonke ubuchwepheshe esibudingayo ukuze senze kanjalo.โ โOkunye okungaba yingozi enkulu emgwaqeni wokusimama kwesimo sezulu,โ uyaxwayisa, nokho, โukuthambekela kwamaqembu ukuba ashaye inqola yawo ukuze aqhubeke nokusimama.โ โLapho ubhekene nesimo esiphuthumayo esibi,โ uyeluleka, โkungcono kakhulu ukuba nomqondo owodwa.โ Le ncwadi iyakhuthaza, igqugquzela umfundi ukuba alwe nalolu songo lomhlaba wonke ngobuhlakani, intshiseko, nethemba, ngaphandle kwento encane eceleni, egqitshwe embhalweni, eluma umfundi olalelisisayo: โNgenxa yokuthi kusha kakhulu ukukhathazeka ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, futhi le ndaba ixube izigwegwe eziningi,โ kuphawula uFlannery, โbambalwa ochwepheshe beqiniso kulo mkhakha futhi bambalwa nakakhulu abangasho ukuthi inkinga ingase isho ukuthini emphakathini uwonke nokuthi yini okufanele siyenze ngayo.โ
Umkhankaso webhizinisi wenze okungaphezu nje kokudala amathuba emakethe ababhali besayensi abadumile abanjengoFlannery. Ngokwakha umncintiswano we-Manichean okhethekile phakathi kwabaphikisi abangenangqondo nabangenangqondo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kanye nabagqugquzeli bokufudumala kwembulunga yonke okukhanyiselwe, ngakolunye, kuphinde kwalaxaza izintatheli ezihlakaniphe ngenye indlela kwezombusazwe kwesokunxele ekuthathekeni okungenasici. UHeat, i-manifesto ka-George Monbiot ka-2006 ethintekayo mayelana nalolu daba, ibangela amahloni ekugxileni kwayo okugxilile kanye nokuhlonipha kwayo ngokungenangqondo igunya lesayensi. Uthi: โUkunciphisa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kumelwe kube umsebenzi esiwubeka phambi kwabo bonke abanye. Uma sehluleka kulo msebenzi, siyehluleka kukho konke okunye.โ โSidinga ukuncishiswa kwezimfuno zesayensi,โ usho kanje; kumelwe samukele โisikhundla esinqunywa isayensi kunesikhundla esinqunywa ezombangazwe,โ njengokungathi kunento okuthiwa isayensi engezona ezombangazwe.
UMonbiot akahoxisi โimboni yokuphika,โ encoma abakhankasi bezinkampani abangemuhle โngobuwulaโ babo futhi ephakamisa kabuhlungu ukuthi ngolunye usuku maduze โukuphika ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuzobukeka kuwubuwula njengokuphika ukuQothulwa Kwesizwe, noma ukugcizelela ukuthi ingculaza ingelapheka ngayo. i-beetroot.โ Yize kunjalo akanalo nezwi lokuvuma ukugxekwa kakhulu kwabakhankasi ngakolunye uhlangothi umyalezo wabo mhlawumbe awubhuquza ngokungazi ngokuthanda kwabo. Futhi nalapha, ngokuxakile, isigaba esifushane esigqitshwe embhalweni, esibonakala singaxhumene nokunye, siphazamisa umfundi ogqugquzelwe ngenye indlela. โAkukho kulokhu okungasikisela,โ kuphawula uMonbiot edlula, โukuthi isayensi akufanele ibe ngaphansi kokungabaza njalo nokubuyekezwa, noma ukuthi izazi zemvelo akufanele zilandise. . . .
Abakhankasi bokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu abanalo ilungelo elikhulu lokungalungile kunanoma ubani omunye. โUma sidukisa umphakathi,โ evumela, โkufanele silindele ukudalulwa,โ enezela ngokuthi โkudingeka futhi sazi ukuthi asichithi isikhathi sethu: asikho isidingo sokunikela ukuphila kwakho ekulweni nenkinga ebangela inkinga. azikho.โ Lapha mhlawumbe ezinye izinsalela zeqiniso zingena phakathi kwemigqa ephethwe, zikhomba lapho kuvulwa esinye isikhala nesinye isikhathi.
Isazi-mlando uDavid Noble ufundisa eYunivesithi yaseYork eToronto. Canada. Ungumbhali, muva nje, weNgaphandle Kwezwe Lesithembiso (2005)
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