okuyingxenye 1 | ingxenye 2 | okuyingxenye 3
Abafundi abanjengoBob Gates babezoba yikhambi lesizukulwane sokuqala samadoda e-CIA, abangafundile kangako ngezwe abalisebenzisa ngokulahlwa budedengu nonya. Emizamweni yokwandisa ukuqasha, futhi kudinga ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe nokwengqondo (ngisho nenhlolokhono yengqondo yezikhulu zayo ezintsha), i-CIA ibonakala ivuma ukuthi izikhundla zayo zazintula ubuchwepheshe obuthile - ngokolwazi lwediploma lomhlaba kanye nokuqinisekiswa. ingqondo.
Ngonyaka we-1965, i-Ejensi nayo yayiphendula ekugqugquzeleni imfundo kazwelonke njengesikhali seMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Lokhu bekulokhu kuqhubeka iminyaka ngemuva kokuzamazama okumangalisayo kokwethulwa kweSoviet ngo-1957 I-Sputnik, isathelayithi encane ezungezayo i-CIA, noma umphakathi waseMelika wawungawulindele kumaRussia awo ama-caricature. Okubi nakakhulu, yahlala phezu kwe-prototype intercontinental ballistic missile. Umsebenzi omningi kaGates wawuzololongwa yileso sigameko esisangulukisayo - i-rocket ye-Commie engafinyelela e-Wichita - lapho eneminyaka engu-14 kuphela, esadla amakati futhi ekhuphuka ngokuzimisela ku-Boy Scouts.
Ukwethulwa kuka-Sputnik kwaqala isiphithiphithi e-US ukuze kugqugquzelwe isayensi nobuchwepheshe obuhlobene nezempi kusukela esikoleni samabanga aphansi kuya kokuphothula esikoleni. Umthetho Wezemfundo Yezokuvikela Kazwelonke wango-1958 waphinde wabela izigidi ezingakaze zibonwe 'zokuqeqeshwa endaweni yangaphandle,' ingxenye yomzamo omkhulu wokwakha ochwepheshe abanolwazi lwe-Soviet Bloc kanye ne-Third World, isithandwa sokwazi-isitha esabiwe yizisekelo kanye UKhongolose. Ngakho-ke, indida yokufundela iziqu ezixhaswe nguhulumeni ukuze kugwenywe usongo lwesocialist, kanye neCarnegie kanye neFord Foundation philanthropy ukusindisa ubunxiwankulu ngokukhokhela intsha yaseMelika ezimisele ukuthi ifunde uMarx noLenin.
Amanyuvesi afana ne-Indiana aneminikelo engaphezu kokujwayelekile emlandweni waseRussia kanye nezilimi zesiSlavic ayengamadamu alungile abaqashile be-CIA kanti uBob Gates wayeyinhloso yawo ekahle. Konke kwakubonakala kuthembisa ubuzwe obusha - kuWichita kanye noWashington. Kodwa okwakucashe njengesakhi sofuzo esibulalayo kwakuyileya Baltic Syndrome endala, enesimo sayo sokusabela nokuvala amehlo, lapho ababezoba ochwepheshe baseMelika embusweni wamaSoviet babehlale befundiswa khona.
Abukho ubuchwepheshe obuzimele baseMelika kumaSoviet obuzovela ngomlingo, naphezu kokufakwa kwemali kwe-post-Sputnik. Ngeminyaka yawo-1960, abafundi abaziyo babebiza ngokuzenzakalelayo i-bucolic little Bloomington, Indiana, 'Novocherkassk' - ngemuva kwedolobha lase-Cossack elalikade liyinhloko-dolobha ye-monarchist 'Whites' eMpini Yombango yaseRussia. Igama lalifaneleka ngokudabukisayo. Ngo-1965, i-Indiana's Soviet Affairs faculty yayisabuswa kakhulu yi-รฉmigrรฉs, noma i-รฉmigrรฉ-indoctrinated, kangangokuthi izifundo ezanikezwa lapho u-Gates efika zaba ngaphezu kohambo olujwayelekile olujwayelekile lwase-Kremlin.
I-Indiana yayingeyodwa neze. I-Harvard yayifana kakhulu - uhlelo lwayo lwezifundo zaseRussia oluhlonishwayo nolusekelwe ngokunethezeka olubuswa yizibalo ezifana nesazi-mlando u-Richard Pipes, umlandeli wozalo lwaseMpumalanga Yurophu izinkulumo zakhe ezazikhuphula izitshudeni zase-undergraduate ngedemoni engaqediwe ye-Bolshevik Revolution. 'Sizobe sifunda u-Karl Marx ongelona manje futhi ongakaze abe yilungu leQembu LamaKhomanisi,' uchwepheshe wezomnotho odumile wase-Harvard u-John Kenneth Galbraith uzomemezela ngokungananazi esifundweni sakhe sokuthuthukiswa komnotho. Kodwa ukungahloniphi okunjalo kwakungavamile, futhi inkambo yakhe yayingadingeki ngokuvamile 'kochwepheshe.'
Ezinye izikhungo ezihlonishwayo zezifundo zendawo - okugqame kakhulu i-Columbia nomuntu osemusha wase-Harvard Russophobe u-Zbigniew Brzezinski, umfundisi oyinkanyezi ezindabeni zaseSoviet - kwakuyizisekelo ezifanayo ze-Baltic Syndrome orthodoxy. Ubuncane bekharikhulamu eminingi ngeminyaka yawo-1960 kwashukumisa ngisho noMnyango Wezwe osabekayo, owawusesikhathini sika-McCarthy ukuba usabele. Izikhulu zayo zezindaba zamasiko zincome, noma zithule, ukuthi abafundi base-US abaneziqu eziya eMoscow noma e-Leningrad ohlelweni olusha lokushintshisana ne-USSR (ngokulungiselelwa kolimi kusengaphambili e-Indiana) bafunde incwadi ka-Wright Miller eyayinganakwa ngenye indlela. AmaRussia Njengabantu. (โIni,โ kubuza umfundi waseRussia owayedidekile eMoscow State University lapho ebona le ncwadi ngo-1964, โwawucabanga ukuthi sasiyiyo?โ)
Manje imali yangena 'ochwepheshe bendawo,' hhayi nje ezindabeni zaseSoviet, kodwa e-Asia, e-Afrika, naseMpumalanga Ephakathi - zonke lezo zindawo eziqhudelanayo zeplanethi ebangwayo lapho ukwethembeka kwabantu bomdabu abangahlaliseki manje kwakubonakala sengathi kubaluleke okuthile. Njengokufunda izibalo ukuze ubambe amaRussia emkhathini, umqondo wawubonakala ungavamile. Ukusindisa umhlaba ekubanjweni kwamakhomanisi, ulwazi oluthile lwalowo mhlaba ngokusobala lungaba usizo.
Umhlaba 'Wemithambeka' kanye 'Nezinhloko Zamathawula'
Empeleni, akukho kulokhu okube nomthelela omkhulu ekubandlululweni okuyizimpande. Ibutho Lezempi laseMelika eVietnam lahlulwa isitha (futhi lavikela umngane walo) abaphathi balo kanye namazinga ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi 'ama-gook,' 'ama-dink,' 'nama-slope,' nepolitiki yawo engazange ibambe iqhaza. Kungaba okufanayo emashumini amathathu eminyaka kamuva, lapho amabutho ase-US e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, eyalwe ngokwengxenye yizikhulu zasendulo ezazisuka eMpini yaseVietnam, ehlulwe ngempumelelo yizigebengu ezimbili ezibalulekile emlandweni, uma zibonakala zimbi kakhulu, izihlubuki ezakhiwe 'ngama-hajis. ,' 'ama-sand niggers,' kanye 'namakhanda ethawula' anengqondo efanayo edidayo nesisusa.
Njengenjwayelo, ubandlululo lwaluqhubeka phansi luze lufike phezulu, abantu bengekho ngaphansi kwezempi. E-White House yenkathi yaseVietnam, uMongameli u-Nixon wayevame ukugxeka 'ama-jigs' kanye 'nabafana bamaJuda,' kuyilapho u-Harvard's Kissinger (onomsizi osemncane ofana no-John Negroponte) ehlele ukuqhuma kwamabhomu okukhaphethi okunonya eNyakatho yeVietnam endaweni, njengoba uKissinger ebeka. yona, ukuthi 'Angikholwa ukuthi amandla esilinganiso sesine akanalo iphuzu lokuphumula.' Kwakuyinto evamile ye-anthropology engavamile yediplomat edumile kanye nabaningi bezisebenzi zakhe, kuhlanganise nonobhala bakusasa bezwe u-Alexander Haig noLarry Eagleburger. (Etshelwa ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango YaseNigeria ukuthi i-Ibos ye-Biafra yayivame ukubonakala njenge-Negroid kakhulu kunabantu baseNigeria basenyakatho, u-Kissinger wavele wamangala engagadiwe, 'Uhlale uthi ama-Ibos anesiphiwo futhi aphumelele. Bangaba kanjani Okuningi I-Negroid?')
Nokho kwakukhona into ecashile ngaphezu kokucwasa ngokwebala kwe-Eurocentric emsebenzini. Njengoba ifakwe isizukulwane esisha sabaphathi nabahlaziyi abanezinhliziyo nezingqondo eziwinayo, ugqozi lokwenza umsebenzi kwakungolunye uhlobo lobandlululo olugqokiswe izingubo zegunya lezazi nolwazi lokusebenzisa amandla. Kuthathe umgxeki wezincwadi ovelele kanye nowaphuma kwelinye 'lezindawo' ezihlukunyezwa kakhulu emhlabeni ukuyidalula.
Incwadi yoguquko lapho ivela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970, I-Orientalism ngu-Edward Said wasePalestine wembula ukungabi nangqondo kombono waseNtshonalanga odlangile wezwe lama-Arab (futhi, ngokusho ukuthi, ingxenye enkulu yomhlaba wonke). Umbusi onqunu kaSolwazi Said wabonakala eyimibono yamakhulu amabili eminyaka ezifundiswa nababhali bamanoveli aseNtshonalanga, omabhalane nabefundisi, amasosha nabavakashi, osomaqhinga kanye nama-dilettants okwadala iqoqo, i-stereotypical, i-paradoxical Muslim Orient โ imile kodwa ilokhu inyakaza; okomntwana kodwa enobuqili; buthakathaka njengabesifazane kodwa hhayi kancane ukusongela amadoda ngalokho; abavilaphayo kodwa bayayaluza; njalo ethambekele ekubuseni kombuso, nakuba kutholakala inkululeko yonxiwankulu; amaphekula azalwa nawo futhi ebulala abantu ngokwemvelo; ngokugabadela abaphansi; ubuqili obungapheli; futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, alien ngokungakhathali. I-Said's Orient of Western mythology yilokho omunye umlobi akubiza ngokufanelekile ngokuthi 'Okunye okubalulekile.
'Bangabafana bethu abathengiwe futhi abakhokhelwayo, kodwa kufanele ukhumbule njalo ukuthi laba bantu abanakwethenjwa,' kusho u-Archie Roosevelt, umzala kaKermit kanye nesekela le-CIA eMpumalanga Ephakathi ngeminyaka yo-1960. Ukucasuka kwakhe ngenxa yemikhuba yama-Arab okuthiwa azalwa nayo yokukhohlisa kanye nenkohlakalo - wayekhuluma ngezikhulu ze-Iraqi Ba'ath Party lapho ehola ngesikhathi sokuketula umbuso ngo-1963 no-1968 e-Baghdad - kwabamba isimo esisemthethweni saseMelika kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1940 kuya ku-2007, ukusuka e-Iraq kuya ku-XNUMX. IVietnam iye e-Afghanistan futhi ibuyele e-Iraq futhi. Kwakuyingxenye yendawo, osomaqhinga nezinhloli bayiqonda, izindleko zokuqhuba ibhizinisi ngale kwe-English Channel nalokho abaningi ababekubiza, ngasese emihlanganweni yezinhlangano, 'abathengisi bamagubhu.'
Kugxilwe isikhathi eside kubandlululo lwaseMelika - kusukela kuma-Holy Land travelogues kuya kumanoveli namafilimu esenzo, uhlamvu lwemali lwezwe olusuka kochwepheshe bezangaphandle ukuya eCapitol Hill plebeians - akukho mbono wangaphambili, ngisho ne-anti-Soviet mania, eyakha inqubomgomo yase-US ngaphezu kobuqili manje. , imibono engajwayelekile manje yomhlaba wama-Arab. (Lokhu, vele, kwakuhlobene eduze nobudlelwane obungangabazeki buka-Israyeli, nakuba ngisho naleyo ngxabano ebizayo, imiphongolo ye-Orientalism Express iyaqhubeka.)
Njengasezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme noma kwabezindaba, uhulumeni ubenokuhlukile endleleni ye-Orientalism - abahlaziyi, izinhloli, noma osomaqhinga abanombono obanzi. Nokho, abukho ubufakazi bokuthi bathwala usuku olulodwa olubalulekile eminyakeni engu-60 edlule eWashington ebanjwe umoya waseMpumalanga.
Ubuhlakani bangempela bebungekho lapho budingeka kakhulu, obekuyisikhathi esiningi, nolwazi oluncane noma ngayiphi indlela. Omakadebona be-CIA bakhumbula ukuthi kwakungavamile ukuba nezikhulu ezingaphezu kwezintathu kuya kwezinhlanu ezibekwe njengama-'Arabist' akhuluma isi-Arabhu emadeskini e-Ejensi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngaphambi kuka-1991. okuhlukile kokuhlosiwe okuyinhloko kwe-CIA emhlabeni wonke: ukuthunyelwa kweSoviet kanye nobudlelwano babo nemibuso ebamba iqhaza. Emhlabeni wamaSulumane njengakwezinye izindawo, izinxushunxushu zibonakale zincane kakhulu njengezikhalo ezisemthethweni ezivela ezimeni zendawo noma zesifunda kunobufakazi obuningi bemishini yase-Kremlin. Ezombusazwe emhlabeni wama-Arab, njengaseZweni Lesithathu ngokuvamile, kwakungeyona indaba yomlando-in-the-ukwenziwa njengama-pawns asabekayo asetshenziswa amandla amakhulu.
I-colonial sociology yolwazi lochwepheshe, lapho ibekwe eceleni kokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala kwezamasiko kwezikhulu eziphezulu, abenzi bezinqubomgomo, kanye nosopolitiki - ukungasho lutho ngokuchema okufiphele kwe-Israeli - kukhiqize uxhaso lwekhulunyaka lokubusa kwengcindezelo kweMelika eNyakatho. Afrika kanye neMpumalanga Ephakathi. Kuzoba khona unyaka nonyaka ukumamatheka okungamanzi njengoba ukuklabalasa kwakuqhubeka nezinhlaka ezibusayo, kuyilapho izikhulu zaseMelika zahlala zinganakile lokho kamuva okwabizwa ngokuthi 'uMgwaqo wama-Arab.' Izazi zezobuchwephesha nezobunhloli zangaleso sikhathi zaziyophefumula into engelutho, isimo sezulu esingenaso isimo sezulu njengoba kwakuvunguza iziphepho.
Njengoba u-9/11 neminyaka eyalandela kwacaca, okwaphuthelwa kwakubalulekile. Ukuhlangana kakhulu ngale kwe-Washington's bekungamagagasi ashanela umhlaba wama-Arab ekhulwini lamashumi amabili lakamuva - ukugqugquzelwa okunensayo, okuqinisekile okudumile, ingasaphathwa eyokusabela kwesisekelo sokwenziwa kwesimanje okungalingani ngama-oligarchies athengwa e-US. Lokho kugqugquzelwa kwase kungukubusa kwabantu abaningi, ukugunyazwa, kanye nehlelo elihlukanisayo.
Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1950s kuqhubeke, emfanekisweni 'wenqubekelaphambili' kanye nanjengeMpi Yomshoshaphansi ephikisana namaRussia, izikhulu zase-US zanxusa imibuso yama-Arab ukuthi 'ithuthuke' ngamabomu, iqinise abanye, kodwa iqhube ngaphezu kwamandla abo. Njengoba amanani kawoyela ehla ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 kanye nenguqulo ephiko lwesokudla 'yebhizinisi lamahhala' kanye 'nezomnotho ohlangothini lwezokuthenga' okwathatha i-White House kanye neCongress ngomphimbo, i-US yabe isiqala ukusebenzisa i-International Monetary Fund kanye nezinye iziswebhu phoqa ohulumeni bama-Arab ukuthi banciphise izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle kulo lonke elaseMpumalanga Ephakathi.
Lokhu kwesulwa komthwalo wemfanelo kubantu bakubo ngokungagwemeki kwashiya imiphakathi ehlala ikhula ngaphandle kosizo lwenhlalonhle yezomnotho, kanye nangokwenkolo yamahlelo, ukuhlenga abashisekeli benkolo yobufandamentali. Isikhalo sabo esiwumphumela - ekushaqekeni kweWashington, nakuba noma iyiphi i-pol yemishini yakudala yasemadolobheni yayingakubikezela - yakhula kakhulu. Kwakuyinqubomgomo yaseMelika lapho, kusukela eCarter kuya eReagan kuya kuClinton, zonke izinyathelo zathathwa ngokunganaki okungenakuhlukaniswa kwe-neo-liberal/neo-conservative.
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