(Kusuka ku-Sep. 4, 2009) - Ngo-September 13, ngathola ucingo oluvela ku-FOX News bengicela ukuba ngingene ohlelweni lwe-O'Reilly Factor ngalobo busuku, izinsuku ezimbili ngemva kwezehlakalo ezibuhlungu zango-September 11, ukuze ngikhulume nge-O'Reilly on War v. Peace. Kuyacaca ukuthi ngangimi kuphi futhi wayemi kuphi. Ngangike ngaba kulolu hlelo ngaphambilini. Ngangazi ukuthi ngangingena kuphi. Kodwa ngabona kubalulekile ukuba ummeli oyedwa asukume lapho phambi kwezihlwele zezwe futhi aphikisane nempi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho yasekhaya neyamazwe ngamazwe, izinqubo zamazwe ngamazwe, nokuvikela umthethosisekelo, engakwenza.
Ubuphekula v. War
Okokuqala, ngemva nje kuka-September 11 uMongameli Bush wabiza lokhu kuhlasela njengesenzo sobuphekula, okwakungaphansi kwencazelo yomthetho wasekhaya wase-United States ngaleso sikhathi. Nokho, ayikho incazelo evamile eyamukelwayo yesenzo sobuphekula ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ngenxa yezizathu engizichazayo encwadini yami. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho futhi ngokusobala ngemva kokubonisana noNobhala Wezwe u-Powell, waqhubeka nokubiza lezi njengesenzo sempi, ehlanganisa inkulumo kanye nezindaba zomthetho nezomthethosisekelo ezisengozini lapha. Babengesona isenzo sempi njengoba kuchazwa ngokwesiko. Isenzo sempi ukuhlasela kwezempi kwezwe elilodwa ngokumelene nelinye izwe. Kuze kube manje abukho ubufakazi obuveziwe bokuthi izwe lase-Afghanistan, ngaleso sikhathi, lahlasela i-United States noma lagunyaza noma lagunyaza ukuhlasela okunjalo. Ngempela, muva nje uMqondisi we-FBI u-Mueller kanye nesekela lomqondisi we-CIA bavumile esidlangalaleni ukuthi abatholanga bufakazi e-Afghanistan obuhlobene nokuhlasela kwangoSepthemba 11. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi i-akhawunti kahulumeni yalokho okwenzekile, engicabanga ukuthi ithandabuza kakhulu, i-15 kulaba bantu abangu-19 okusolwa ukuthi benze lokhu kuhlasela babevela e-Saudi Arabia kodwa nokho saya empini ne-Afghanistan. Akuhlanganisi ngempela ngombono wami.
Kodwa kunoma yikuphi lokhu kwakungesona isenzo sempi. Ngokusobala lezi kwakuyizenzo zobuphekula njengoba kuchazwe umthetho wasekhaya wase-United States ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa hhayi isenzo sempi. Ngokujwayelekile ubuphekula bubhekwa njengodaba lokugcinwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kanye nasekhaya. Ngempela kwakukhona isivumelwano ngqo ngaleso sikhathi, i-Montreal Sabotage Convention lapho kokubili i-United States ne-Afghanistan kwakuhlangene. Inombuso wonkana ozobhekana nazo zonke izindaba eziphikisanayo lapha, okuhlanganisa ukufinyelela eNkantolo Yobulungisa Yamazwe Ngamazwe ukuze ixazulule izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe eziqubuka ngaphansi kweSivumelwano njengokubuyiselwa kukaBin Laden. Abaphathi bakaBush basishaya indiva lesi sivumelwano, basichitha, basibeka eceleni, abakaze bakhulume ngaso. Abasinakanga lesi sivumelwano nanoma yiziphi ezinye izivumelwano zamazwe angu-12 eziphathelene nezenzo zobuphekula ebezingase zisetshenziswe ukuze kusingathwe le ndlela ngokuthula, ngendlela esemthethweni.
Impi Yokulwa Ne-Afghanistan
Bush, Jr. esikhundleni salokho waya ku-United National Security Council ukuze athole isinqumo esigunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwebutho lezempi ngokumelene ne-Afghanistan ne-Al Qaeda. Wehluleka. Kufanele ukukhumbule lokho. Le mpi ayikaze igunyazwe uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha WeZizwe Ezihlangene. Uma ufunda izinqumo ezimbili azithola, kusobala ukuthi uBush, Jr. azama ukukwenza kwakuwukuthola uhlobo lolimi olufana ncamashi nalolo uBush, Sr. aluthola eMkhandlwini Wezokuphepha we-UN ngasekupheleni kwekwindla ka-1990 kuze kube yilolu suku. igunyaze impi emelene ne-Iraq ukukhiqiza ukuxoshwa kwayo eKuwait. Kuyacaca uma ufunda lezi zinqumo, uBush, Jr. wazama ukuthola ulimi olufanayo kabili kodwa behluleka. Ngempela isinqumo sokuqala soMkhandlu Wezokuphepha (OOTC:FRCT) senqabile ukubiza okwenzeka ngoSepthemba 11 ngokuthi "ukuhlasela kuhlonyiwe" - okungukuthi izwe elilodwa ngokumelene nelinye izwe. Kunalokho bakubiza ngokuthi "ukuhlasela kwamaphekula." Kodwa iphuzu elibalulekile lapha ukuthi le mpi ayikaze yamukelwe uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN ngakho ngokobuchwepheshe akukho emthethweni ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Kuhlanganisa isenzo kanye nempi yobudlova eyenziwa yi-United States ngokumelene ne-Afghanistan.
Asikho Isimemezelo Sempi
Manje ngaphezu kwalokho uBush, Jr. wabe eseya kuCongress ukuze athole ukugunyazwa ukuya empini. Kubonakala sengathi uBush, Jr. wazama ukuthola isimemezelo esisemthethweni sempi ngo-December 8, 1941 ngemva koSuku Lokubi njenge-FDR ePearl Harbor. UBush wabe eseqala ukusebenzisa inkulumo yePearl Harbor. Ukube wasithola lesi simemezelo sempi uBush nabameli bakhe bazi kahle ukuthi ngabe unguDictator woMthethosisekelo. Futhi ngikubhekise lapha encwadini yomngane wami ongasekho uSolwazi Miller waseGeorge Washington University Law School, Amandla kaMongameli okuthi ngesimemezelo esisemthethweni sempi umongameli abe nguMashiqela Womthethosisekelo. Wehluleka ukuthola isimemezelo sempi. Naphezu kwazo zonke izinkulumo esizizwile ngoBush, abaphathi abancane iCongress ayizange imemezele impi ngokumelene ne-Afghanistan noma nanoma ubani. Ngokwezobuchwepheshe asikho isimo sempi namuhla esimelene nanoma ubani njengodaba lomthetho womthethosisekelo njengoba umenyezelwe ngokusemthethweni.
Bush, Sr. v. Bush, Jr.
Manje lokho uBush, Jr. akutholile kwaba ukugunyazwa kwe-War Powers Resolution. Okufana kakhulu nalokho uBush, Sr. akuthola. Nalapha futhi uhlelo lomdlalo lwalufana lapha. Landela indlela esivele yaqalwa ngayo uBush, Sr. empini yakhe ne-Iraq. Ngakho-ke uthole kuCongress ukugunyazwa kwe-War Powers Resolution. Yilokhu osolwazi bezomthetho abakubiza ngokuthi isimemezelo sempi esingaphelele. Ayinakho ukubaluleka ngokomthethosisekelo kokumenyezelwa kwempi okusemthethweni. Igunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwebutho lezempi ezimweni ezithile, ezinomkhawulo.
Yilokho uBush, Sr. akuthola ngo-1991. Kwakuwukwenza isinqumo soMkhandlu Wezokuphepha ayesithole inyanga nesigamu ngaphambili sokuxosha i-Iraq eKuwait. Kodwa yilelo lonke igunya abenalo - kungaba nguMkhandlu Wezokuphepha noma kuKhongolose. Futhi yilokho akwenza. Angizile ukuzovumela okwenziwa nguBush, Sr. Angizange futhi angizange ngaleso sikhathi. Kodwa ukuze nje uqhathanise uBush, Omncane noBush, Sr. So Bush, Jr. uthole i-War Powers Resolution, okungesona isimemezelo sempi.
Ngempela, uSenator Byrd, uDini weSenethi, uthe ngokusobala lokhu kugunyaza Amandla Empi kuphela futhi sizonikeza umongameli igunya lokusebenzisa amasosha ngokuhambisana nezidingo ze-War Powers Resolution, okusho ukuthi kufanele basazise, โโlapho. ukubhekwa kweCongressional, ngombono, (angicabangi ukuthi benza okuningi kwakho), uxhaso olulawulwayo, futhi ekugcineni sinquma, hhayi igatsha eliPhezulu likahulumeni - yithi esinikeze igunya lokusebenzisa amandla.
Futhi okufana kakhulu nalokho uBush, Sr. akuthola ngaphandle kweBush, Jr. War Powers Resolution iyingozi kakhulu ngoba ngokuyisisekelo imnika isheke elingenalutho lokusebenzisa impi ngokumelene nanoma yisiphi isimo athi sasihileleke ngandlela thile ekuhlaselweni kwangoSepthemba 11 Futhi njengoba wazi ukuthi lolo hlu manje selufinyelele ezifundazweni ezingama-60. Ngakho-ke kuyingozi impela, okungenze ngathi ezingxoxweni engizinikeze ngaleso sikhathi lokhu kubi kakhulu ukuthi iTonkin Gulf Resolution. Kungcono ngokubuka kwethu kuneSimemezelo Sempi esisemthethweni, kodwa okubi kakhulu ngokomthethosisekelo nangokwepolitiki kunesinqumo seTonkin Gulf. Kodwa kungaphansi kokulawulwa yiCongress kanye nemigomo ye-War Powers Resolution. Ngempela ungase ukwazi ukusebenzisa leso Sinqumo Samandla Empi kanye nokugunyazwa ezimbangweni ezingase zivele. Kugcine lokho engqondweni.
Ayikho Impi ngokumelene ne-Iraq!
Ngokwesibonelo, e-Iraq. Njengamanje abakwazi ukusebenzisa leso Sinqumo Samandla Empi ukuze bathethelele impi emelene ne-Iraq. Abukho ubufakazi bokuthi i-Iraq yayibandakanyekile ezenzakalweni zangoSepthemba 11. Ngakho-ke badoba ukuze bathole ezinye izizathu zokuya empini ne-Iraq. Sebeqhamuke manje nale mfundiso yokuhlasela ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Kuyathakazelisa impela ukuthi leyo mpikiswano, imfundiso yenqatshwa yiNkantolo YaseNuremberg lapho abameli babamangalelwa bamaNazi beyenza eNuremberg. Benqaba noma iyiphi imfundiso yokuhlasela ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Ukuzivikela kwamaNazi
Khona-ke okwenzeka ngemva kokungatholi imvume esemthethweni eMkhandlwini wezokuPhepha, iNxusa le-US uNegroponte - onegazi labantu ababalelwa ku-35, 000 eNicaragua ezandleni zakhe ngesikhathi eyiNxusa laseMelika phansi eHonduras - wathumela incwadi kwabezokuphepha. UMkhandlu ugomela i-Article 51 ye-UN Charter ukuze ithethelele impi emelene ne-Afghanistan. Futhi ngokuyisisekelo sithi sinelungelo lokusebenzisa amandla ekuzivikeleni ngokumelene nanoma yisiphi isimo esithi sihileleke ngandlela-thile ezenzakalweni zikaSepthemba 11. Nokho, iSan Francisco Chronicle yangixoxisana ngalokho futhi yabuza ukuthi siyini isibonelo salokhu? Ngathi leso sibonelo siphindela emuva eSahlulelweni saseNuremberg sika-1946 lapho abameli babamangalelwa bamaNazi bethi thina, uhulumeni wamaNazi sinelungelo lokuya empini ukuze sizivikele njengoba sakubona, futhi akekho owayengasitshela. noma yikuphi okuhlukile. Impela leyo mpikiswano ewubuwula yanqatshwa yiNuremberg. Kuyadabukisa kakhulu ukubona ezinye zezikhulu eziphezulu zezwe lethu zenza izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ezanqatshwa yiNkantolo yaseNuremberg.
Izinkantolo zeKangaroo
Manje ake ngisho amazwi ambalwa mayelana nalokho okuthiwa amakhomishana ezempi. Ngine-handout encane lapho ebizwa ngokuthi "Izinkantolo zeKangaroo." Kungangithatha isihloko esiphelele sokubuyekezwa komthetho ukuze ngidlule kuzo zonke izinkinga ngamakhomishini ezempi. Ngike ngaxoxwa naye kabanzi. Nginokuphawula ngakho encwadini yami. USolwazi Jordan Paust, umngane kanye nozakwethu eNyuvesi yase-Houston, usanda kushicilela isihloko ku-Michigan Journal of International Law engingakukhuthaza ukuba usifunde. Idlula ezinkingeni ezinkulu. Kodwa empeleni kunezivumelwano ezimbili lapha ezephulwa okungenani.
Okokuqala, iSivumelwano Sesithathu saseGeneva sika-1949. Ngeke ngidalule zonke izingxabano lapha kodwa kuyacaca ukuthi cishe wonke umuntu phansi eGuantanamo (singabali abafana abathathwa eBosnia futhi bathunjwa ngokuyisisekelo) kodwa bonke labo ababanjiwe. e-Afghanistan nasePakistan bangafaneleka njengeziboshwa zempi ngokwencazelo yeSivumelwano Sesithathu sase-Geneva sika-1949, ngakho-ke babe nawo wonke amalungelo eziboshwa zempi ngokwencazelo yaleyo ngqungquthela. Njengamanje nokho, njengoba wazi, wonke lawo malungelo ayanqatshelwa. Ubugebengu bempi obubucayi lobu. Futhi ngeshwa uMongameli Bush, Jr. ngokwakhe uzibeke icala ngaphansi kweSivumelwano Sesithathu saseGeneva ngokusayina umyalo wokusungula la makhomishana ezempi. Akagcinanga nje ngokuzibeka icala ngaphansi kweSivumelwano Sesithathu sase-Geneva, kodwa uzibeke icala ngaphansi koMthetho Wamacala Obugebengu Wase-US wango-1996 noma ngaphezulu, wasayinwa njengomthetho nguMongameli Clinton nokwenza kube icala elibi kunoma yisiphi isakhamuzi sase-United States ukwephula noma ukuyala. ukwephulwa kweMigomo Emine yaseGeneva ka-1949.
I-Federalist Society Cabal
Mina ngokwami โโangimgxeki uMongameli Bush. Akayena ummeli. Welulekwa kabi, welulekwa kabi ngobugebengu, yinhlangano yabameli beFederalist Society ukuthi abaphathi bakaBush babuthane eWhite House kanye noMnyango Wokungabi Nabulungisa ngaphansi kwe-Ashcroft. UMongameli Bush, Jr., ngokusayina lo myalelo, uzivulele icala lokushushiswa noma kuphi emhlabeni ngokwephula iSivumelwano Sesithathu saseGeneva, futhi ngokuqinisekile uma kunobufakazi bokukholelwa ukuthi noma yimuphi walaba bantu baye bahlukunyezwa, okuwukuphula umthetho omkhulu, ingasaphathwa eyokuphela kosuku abulawe. Ngakho lolu udaba olubucayi kakhulu.
Angizange ngivotele uMongameli Bush, Jr. Kodwa ngokuqinisekile ngicabanga ukuthi kuyinhlekelele ukuthi laba bameli beFederalist Society bathole uMongameli wase-United States of America, ongeyena ummeli, ukuba asayine umyalelo owawuzombeka icala ngaphansi kweGeneva. Izivumelwano kanye Nomthetho Wobugebengu Wasekhaya wase-United States. Kwenzeka lokhu.
Ibeka engcupheni i-US Armed Forces
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho kwethu ukuthi ngeke sisebenzise iSivumelwano SesiThathu sase-Geneva kulaba bantu savula amabutho ahlomile ase-United States ukuthi anqatshelwe ukuvikelwa ngaphansi kweSivumelwano Sesithathu sase-Geneva. Futhi njengoba wazi, manje sesinamabutho ahlomile ase-US asebenza e-Afghanistan, Georgia, Philippines, eYemen futhi mhlawumbe nase-Iraq. Ngokuyisisekelo isikhundla sikaBush sizobeka engcupheni ikhono labo lokufuna isimo sempi. Okufanele kwenzeke ukuthi izitha zethu zithi zingamasosha angekho emthethweni futhi ngeke sikunike isimo sesiboshwa sempi. I-Third Geneva Convention ingenye yezivikelo ezimbalwa amasosha ase-US anazo lapho eya empini. Bush, Jr. kanye nabameli bakhe beFederalist Society bavele bakhipha umata ngaphansi kwabo.
I-US Police State
Ngaphezu kwalokho iSivumelwano Samazwe Ngamazwe Samalungelo Abantu Nezepolitiki sisebenza ngokusobala eGuantanamo. Kusebenza noma nini lapho abantu bengaphansi kwe-United States of America. I-Guantanamo iyi-enclave yamakholoni, ngeke ngiqhubeke nesimo sayo. Kodwa ngokusobala labo bantu bangaphansi kwamandla ethu futhi banamalungelo abalulwe lapho - anqatshelwayo njengamanje.
Uma futhi lapho eziningi zalawa ma-Bush, e-Ashcroft, e-Gonzalez amaphoyisa enza indlela eya eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US, kufanele sicabangele ukuthi iningi labahlanu kuya kwabane beNkantolo Ephakeme linikeze ubumongameli kuBush, Jr. Yini ezoyeka lelo ningi elifanayo amahlanu kuya kwamane ekunikezeni uBush, Jr. umbuso wamaphoyisa? Into nje ezoyivimba abantu bakuleli gumbi.
UMnu. Francis A. Boyle unguSolwazi Kwezomthetho Wamazwe Ngamazwe.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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