"Kwakuyizikhathi ezinhle kakhulu, kwakuyizikhathi ezimbi kakhulu ..."
Charles Dickens
I-neoliberal Revolution, eyaqala ngeminyaka yawo-1970s, ikhiqize ukungalingani okungakaze kubonwe kusukela eminyakeni eyakhiwe ngegolide.1 Kusukela ngo-1942 kuya ku-1978, i-10% ephezulu yemizi ibiphethe cishe u-33% womcebo wesizwe. Okuphawuleka nakakhulu ukuthi imindeni ephezulu engu-10% (eyodwa kweyi-47) yenyusa isabelo sayo semali engenayo isuka ngaphansi kwe-0.1% ngo-1 yaya cishe ku-1,000% ngo-1.2 Izinqubomgomo ezikhiqize lokhu kuhlukana kwengcebo, okuhlanganisa ukwenziwa kwezinkampani ezizimele, ukuhoxiswa kwemithetho, kanye nokukhuthazwa kokusimama komnotho omkhulu, kudonse ukungaboni ngaso linye kwabagxeki kanye nokutuswa kwabaxolisi. Enkulumweni evamile, i-free market encomia kanye ne-pabulum emelene nohulumeni ziyizidingo ezibonakalayo.3 Kuthathwa njengebheji lobuhle ukubamba izinkolelo ezingaqondakali mayelana nezakhiwo ze-thaumaturgical zemakethe yamahhala. Yebo, ukushiya i-platonic ether, kokubili abathuthukisi kanye nama-conservatives bafisa izinsiza ezinamandla zokulawula kanye nesimo sokungenela. I-Progressives ikhetha ukuthi la mathuluzi asetshenziselwe ukudala ukulingana okukhulu; ama-conservatives avumela imali engenayo ikhuphukele phezulu.4
Abagxeki be-neoliberalism babhale imisebenzi eminingi echaza imiphumela emibi yezomnotho nezenhlalo ehambisana nezinqubomgomo ze-neoliberal.5,6,7 Iningi labathuthukayo liyakwazi lokhu kugxeka futhi liyakusebenzisa ezingxoxweni, amabhulogi, izindatshana, kanye nezincwadi. Ngeshwa, kusasele i-lacuna ekugxekeni okuqhubekayo okuvumela abaxolisi ukuthi bahlale bengabavikeli bokholo abangangcolisiwe: imiphumela yengqondo yenqubomgomo ye-neoliberal ayizange ihlolwe ngokuqinile-ngaphandle kwamajenali ochwepheshe.8 Imiphumela iqondile: umshisekeli we-neoliberal uyawavuma amaqiniso ezomnotho kodwa ugomela ngokuthi inkululeko eyengeziwe, ubuntu obubodwa, kanye nokuchuma kungaphezu kwezindleko. Impela, abasebenzi abaphansi nabangenawo amakhono basesimweni esibi kakhulu kunaseminyakeni engama-30 edlule, kodwa ubani onendaba? Umxolisi ube esebeka amandla phezu kwezimpahla zabathengi ezingenakuqhathaniswa ezitholakalayo ukuze zithengwe. Uphetha (noma) ngentambo ngomakhelwane wakhe wesigaba sabasebenzi onomakhalekhukhwini abangu-2 kanye ne-TV yesikrini esiyisicaba. Kuthiwani uma impikiswano enjalo iyiqiniso? Uma idatha eqoqwe eminyakeni engama-40 edlule inikeze ubufakazi bokuthi izakhamizi zase-US zijabule futhi zinempilo kunangaphambili, kungenza ukugxeka okuqondile kwe-neoliberalism kube nzima kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma idatha ihlinzeka ngobufakazi bokwenyuka kokugula okungokwengqondo nokwengqondo, lokhu kuzokwenza kube nzima ukusho ukunethezeka kwe-neoliberalism.
I-Pathologies ye-Neoliberalism
"Injabulo iyincazelo nenjongo yokuphila, yonke inhloso kanye nesiphetho sokuphila komuntu."
Aristotle
Neoliberalism kanye Nenjabulo
Abameli be-Neoliberal bavame ukukhomba ekuchumeni okwandisiwe, inkululeko, kanye nokuzikhethela kwabathengi ukuze bathethelele uhlobo lwabo lwesisekelo semakethe. Okukhona kule mpikiswano umcabango, oshiywe ngokungahloliwe ngokugqamile, wokuthi ukukhetha kwabathengi kanye nengcebo, ngesidingo, kuyimigudu yenjabulo. Uma siphendukela ocwaningweni lwezazi, kuyiqiniso ukuthi amazinga aphezulu emali engenayo ezweni lonke ahlotshaniswa nenjabulo eyengeziwe. Isibonelo, abacwaningi bathole ukuhlobana okumaphakathi kuya kokuqinile (phakathi kuka-.50 no-.70) phakathi kwemali engenayo yomuntu ngamunye kanye nenhlalakahle emaphakathi emazweni wonke.9 Nokho, lapho imali engenayo ifinyelela izinga elilinganiselwe (cishe u-$10,000 ngomuntu ngamunye), imiphumela yemali engenayo eyengeziwe enjabulweni iba mincane noma ayikho.10,11 E-U.S., injabulo enkulu ihlale iphansi kusukela ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II, kuyilapho iphesenti labantu baseMelika ababika ukuthi bajabule kakhulu lancipha ngeminyaka yawo-1960 (bheka umfanekiso ngezansi).12,13,14
Myers, D.G., & Diener, E. (1995). Ubani ojabulayo? Isayensi Yezengqondo, 6, 10-19. pg 13. Iphrintwe kabusha ngemvume ye-APA.
Abameli be-Neoliberal baqinisile lapho begomela ukuthi umuzwa wenkululeko wandisa inhlalakahle yomuntu siqu; banephutha ekucabangeni ukuthi izinqubomgomo ze-neoliberal zandisa inkululeko ebonwayo.15 Izinqubomgomo ze-Neoliberal zandisa ukungalingani okwehlisa inkululeko ebonwayo futhi okuhlotshaniswa nenqwaba yezinkinga zomphakathi (okunemininingwane ngezansi). Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazwe anokwaneliseka okuphezulu kakhulu ekuphileni—iDenmark, iNetherlands, iNorway, neSwitzerland—zonke ziyalingana futhi zihlangene kune-United States.16 Lokhu kuhambisana nocwaningo olubonisa ukuthi izinqubomgomo zezwe lezenhlalakahle eziphanayo zihlotshaniswa namazinga aphezulu enjabulo.17 Kunezizathu ezimbalwa zokuthi amazwe ahlangene anezinqubomgomo zezenhlalakahle avame ukujabula kakhulu kune-U.S. Okokuqala, esimweni senhlalo somuntu oyedwa, esincintisanayo, imali engenayo iba i-desideratum evelele yomphakathi ebangela abantu ukuthi badlulele ukubaluleka kwayo ekukhiqizeni inhlalakahle. kanye nokulahlekelwa umbono wezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu.18 Okwesibili, nakuba abantu ngokuvamile bekhetha ukukhetha, kunobufakazi bokuthi ukukhetha okuningi kuyingozi empilweni. Lesi simo sinikezwe ilebula ye-felicitous indida yokuzikhethela.19 Ukuze uthole isibonelo sendida yokuzikhethela, cabanga ngohambo lwakho lokugcina lokuya esitolo. Ingabe ukhungethwe yimithi yokuxubha ehlukahlukene? Uyini umehluko phakathi kwefluoride esezingeni eliphezulu ne-iso-active fluoride? Ingabe kufanele usebenzise i-fluoride noma i-peroxide noma i-baking soda noma zonke ezintathu? Indida yokuzikhethela yenzeka ngoba sifisa ukwenza izinqumo eziphusile kodwa sibe nesikhathi esilinganiselwe nezinsiza. Ngokuvamile akunakwenzeka ukuqoqa ulwazi olwanele ukuze ukhethe kahle. Ngakho, sisuthiswa yizimpahla ezithengwayo ezenza okuncane ekwandiseni injabulo nokwandisa ukukhathazeka. Ngokwezinga i-neoliberalism ekhuthaza ngayo ukuthengwa kwempahla, kungenzeka yehlise imizwa yokuzicabangela yenhlalakahle.
"Ukungalingani phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu yisifo esidala nesibulala kakhulu kuwo wonke amaRiphabhulikhi." I-Plutarch
Ukungalingani kanye nokusebenza kwengqondo
Ukungalingani kuye kwanda kakhulu enkathini ye-neoliberal—ngisho nomxolisi ononya kakhulu ukuvuma lokhu. Ochwepheshe be-Pollyannaish bathi ukungalingani akunamsebenzi inqobo nje uma umphakathi uceba ngokwemibandela ephelele. Baphinde bathi ukungalingani kuyinani elikhokhelwa inkululeko yokuphishekela amakhono omuntu. Ucwaningo lwesayensi, nokho, lukhuluma indaba ehluke kakhulu. Amakhulu ocwaningo akhombisa ukuthi ukungalingani kuyalimaza emphakathini nangokwengqondo.20,21,22 Ithebula elingezansi linikeza umbono wemiphumela yokungalingani emiphumeleni ekhethiwe yezenhlalo nengokwengqondo.
Izikhombo 23-27. Qaphela: umcibisholo = inkomba iyanda ngokungalingani okukhulu. phansi umcibisholo = inkomba iyancipha.
Ukubheka ngokushesha etafuleni kuveza ukuthi ukungalingani kuhlotshaniswa nempilo ephansi yabantu kanye nempilo yengqondo kanye nenqwaba yezinkinga zomphakathi. Ngisho nokuhamba komphakathi, imbangela ye-célèbre ye-neoliberal aficionados, ihlotshaniswa kabi nokungalingani (okungukuthi, lapho umphakathi ulingana kakhulu, ukunyakaza komphakathi okukhulu). Le datha isiza futhi ukuqonda ukuntuleka kobudlelwane phakathi kwemali engenayo nenjabulo yomuntu ngamunye: Akuyona imali engenayo ebaluleke kakhulu njengokusatshalaliswa kwayo okulinganiselwe.
“Singabantwana abaphakathi emlandweni…. akukho njongo noma indawo. Asinayo iMpi Enkulu, akukho Ukucindezeleka Okukhulu. Impi yethu enkulu impi kamoya. Ukucindezeleka kwethu okukhulu izimpilo zethu.”
Fight Club
Imiphumela Yokukhula Neoliberal
Isizukulwane X kanye nezizukulwane eziqhubekayo, ngendlela ethusayo, izingulube zomlando we-neoliberal. Uma abagqugquzeli be-neoliberalism beqinisile, lezi zizukulwane kufanele zibusiswe ngenjabulo kanye nokuqina kwengqondo okunganikezwa izizukulwane ezedlule. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ukukhathazeka kwabagxeki kuseduze nophawu, kufanele sibone amathrendi eqoqo emiphumeleni eminingi yengqondo nezenhlalo engekho endleleni efiselekayo. Lapha, njengoba uMike Males ebeke ngembaba elokuthi, kumele siqikelele ukuthi singabhebhetheki izizukulwane ezincane.28 Kumelwe futhi simelane nesilingo esiphambene—Abesilisa basondela ngokuyingozi ukubhala lokho okufana ne-hagiography.29
Esikhathini esedlule, konke ebesingathembela kukho ukuze sinikeze ubufakazi mayelana namathrendi esizukulwaneni kwakuwukugqwayiza okuphonswe komncane esihlalweni somuntu omdala. Yiqiniso, lezi azifaneleki njengobufakazi obungachemi. Ngenhlanhla, eminyakeni yamuva nje, uJean Twenge kanye nozakwabo baye baphayona ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezinqamulayo ukuze bahlole amathrendi okukhiqiza ngokuqinile nangokuqondile.30,31 Ingqikithi yale ndlela ukuqoqa amaphuzu ezinhlolovo kuze kufike lapho idatha ivuma khona. Isibonelo, singase siqoqe amaphuzu abafundi basekolishi esikalini esilinganisa ukuzethemba kusuka ngo-1976 kuze kube manje. Singakwazi ke sithathe isilinganiso samaphuzu sabaqalayo basekolishi kusukela ngo-1976 futhi sibaqhathanise nabasanda kungena ekolishi bango-1977 njalo njalo sifinyelele kudatha esanda kushicilelwa. Ubuhlakani bale ndlela ukuthi singakwazi ukwenza zonke izinhlobo zokuhlaziya izibalo siqhathanisa iqoqo labafundi basekolishi futhi singakwazi ukulinganisa amathrendi eqembu. Kungase kube inselele kakhulu kunokuchaza ngokulandisayo, kodwa kunenzuzo ehlukile yokuzwakala kwesayensi.
Ithebula elingezansi liveza isampula elikhethiwe lezinkomba zezenhlalo nezengqondo (okungukuthi, ukubonakaliswa okunamandla komqondo wethu ojwayelekile wenhlalakahle yenhlalakahle yengqondo) kanye nokuthambekela okuvamile kwe-cross-temporal. Ithebula liphinde liveze iminyaka yeqembu (isb., izitshudeni zasekolishi) idatha ethathwe kuyo kanye nobude besikhathi (isb., 1976-1993).
Izikhombo 32-44. Qaphela: umcibisholo = inkomba yenyukile esikhathini esisohlwini ‘Unyaka Wokuthrenda’. phansi umcibisholo = inkomba yehlile. Isampuli isho iminyaka yeqembu elifundiwe.
Kube nokwehla kwezimali zomphakathi kusukela maphakathi nawo-1960 kuwo wonke amaqembu eminyaka. Lokhu kubonakala kukho konke ukusuka ekuncipheni kwabavoti ukuya ezingxoxweni ezingajwayelekile nomakhelwane. Ngaphakathi kwamaqembu amancane kukhona ukuthambekela ekucabangeni komuntu ngamunye njengoba kuboniswa ukwenyuka kwesikhashana kokuzibheka okuhle, ukuzethemba, kanye nobuntu be-narcissistic. Okusho ukuthi, intsha yanamuhla ithola amaphuzu aphezulu kakhulu ezikalini ezikala lezi kunentsha eminyakeni eyi-10 noma engu-20 edlule. Nakuba ukuzethemba okuphezulu kuvame ukufiseleka, akukhona lapho kungaphazamiseki ekufezeni impumelelo yangaphandle. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, njengoba kwenzeka njengamanje, kuholela ekufuneni izinto ezingenangqondo, ukuncintisana, ukuzivikela, kanye ne-narcissism. Kuyasebenza okufanayo, a fortiori, ukuze sibe nemibono emihle. Yebo, kuyafiseleka ukuzibheka ngendlela eyakhayo. Kodwa-ke, uma ukholelwa ukuthi ungumuntu ohlakaniphe kakhulu, okhangayo, futhi othanda ukugijima emhlabeni owaziwayo, mancane amathuba okuba ubambisane futhi ungabi nandaba nabanye.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kokubili indawo yokulawula yangaphandle kanye nezinkolelo zomhlaba nje ziye zaphakama kusukela ngawo-1970. Indawo yokulawula yangaphandle ibhekisela enkolelweni yokuthi ngokuvamile iyinhlanhla enquma ukuphila komuntu. Abantu abalinganisela phezulu endaweni yokulawula yangaphandle bavame ukungabaza njengoba bengakholelwa ukuthi izenzo zabo zingasebenza ngempumelelo ekukhiqizeni imiphumela efiselekayo. Ngakho, ngokukhuphuka kwendawo yokulawula yangaphandle, kungenzeka ukuthi ubushoshovu obuqhubekayo buyancipha. Inkolelo yezwe enobulungiswa ibhekisela ekuthambekeleni kokukholelwa ukuthi umhlaba unobulungisa ngokuyisisekelo nokuthi abantu bathola okubafanele. Abantu abanezinkolelo zezwe ezinobulungisa bavame ukuthethelela isimo esikhona futhi basole abanye ngokwehluleka kwabo—ngisho noma lokhu kubangelwa izenzakalo zangaphandle (isb., izinguquko zesakhiwo emnothweni, ukugula okunzima). Ngakho-ke, intsha namuhla maningi amathuba okuthi ithethelele isimo esikhona futhi isole izisulu kunentsha ngeminyaka yawo-1970.
Uma selubhekwa njengolulonke, ucwaningo olufingqiwe kuleli thebula elingenhla luyingozi kakhulu kubasekeli be-neoliberalism. Intsha namuhla ihlushwa ukukhathazeka okwandayo, ukucindezeleka, nesifo sengqondo; babonise imibono yabo siqu ekhuphukayo kanye nokuncipha kozwela; kholelwa ukuthi imali ibaluleke kakhulu kunezizukulwane ezedlule; futhi maningi amathuba okuthi bamukele isimo esikhona ngokuvuma ngokubhuqa. Lezi zimo zengqondo zibonakaliswa ukwehla okuqhubekayo kwezimali zomphakathi kanye nokwenyuka kokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo.45 Kufanele siqaphele singasoli intsha ngalezi zindlela. Zibangelwa izinguquko ezibonakalayo namasiko, hhayi izinguquko kungqondo yokuzalwa. Lena umphumela wesiko elisekelwe ezintweni ezibonakalayo kanye nokuzikhethela komuntu ngamunye. Kafushane, lena imiphumela ebikezelwayo yenqubomgomo ye-neoliberal.
Isiphetho: I-Neoliberalism Iyingozi Yezempilo
"Benza incithakalo futhi bayibiza ngokuthi ukuthula."
I-Tacitus
Ubufakazi obethulwe ngenhla buthathwe e Toto kukhulu futhi kukhomba esiphethweni esisodwa: Izinqubomgomo ze-Neoliberal ziyingozi yezempilo yomphakathi. Njengogwayi, inkulumo-ze ye-neoliberal kufanele ifike Nesexwayiso Esijwayelekile Sodokotela Ohlinzayo: I-Neoliberalism ingase ibangele ukudangala, ukukhathazeka, ukugxeka, futhi iye yaxhunyaniswa nokuncipha kwezimali zomphakathi. Abagxeki abaqhubekayo be-neoliberalism kufanele basebenzise lokhu okutholakele kumabhulogi, izihloko, nezingxoxo. Kunzima ukukholelwa ukuthi iningi labantu baseMelika lingabekezelela izinqubomgomo ze-neoliberal uma beyazi ngemiphumela.
Kwethenjwa ukuthi lobu bufakazi bugcwalisa i-lacuna okukhulunywe ngayo ekuqaleni. Asikho isizathu sokuthi singayinaki i-psychology lapho sidingida imigomo yezenhlalo. Eqinisweni, kungenxa yemiphumela yale migomo kuphela kubantu benyama negazi lapho sibagxeka khona. I-Progressives, ngezinye izikhathi, ihluke ku-psychology. Ngeshwa, abaxolisi be-neoliberal basebenzise lokhu ukuze bazuze: Njengoba bezulazula mayelana nezimfanelo ezicatshangwayo zezimakethe zamahhala nokukhetha kwabathengi, abathuthukayo, ingxenye enkulu, baphendula ngezibalo ezomile mayelana nokungalingani kanye nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi. Akunzima ukubona ukuthi yikuphi okuthinta kakhulu isakhamuzi esivamile. Behlome ngedatha evela kusayikholoji, abathuthukayo bangaphendula ngezincazelo ezibuhlungu zokukhula kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo.
Nakuba singenabo ukuhlakanipha okukhethekile ukunikeza izishoshovu iseluleko, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi i-neoliberalism ayibhalwanga ezinkanyezini: Kukhona ezinye izindlela.
[U-Ben Winegard ungumfundi oneziqu ezenza izifundo ze-evolutionary and developmental psychology eNyuvesi yaseMissouri. Ushicilele ama-athikili abuyekezwe ontanga mayelana ne-fandom yezemidlalo kanye nokunganeliseki komzimba wesifazane. Uphinde abe nentshisekelo kwipolitiki eqinile nobushoshovu. U-Ben angafinyelelwa ku-: [i-imeyili ivikelwe]. UCortne Jai Winegard uneziqu zeMasters ekuthuthukisweni komphakathi nokuhlela amadolobha. Usebenza endaweni yase-Columbia, e-Missouri ekhuthaza ukuphila okulula nokuhamba ngebhayisikili. Uthanda nepolitiki eqinile nobushoshovu. I-Cortne ingafinyelelwa ku:[i-imeyili ivikelwe]]
Okubhekwayo
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