Ukuvukelwa kwentando yeningi kwama-Arab kulethe ukujaha kwesifiso kubantu abaningi abazenzela ezabo izinguquko zentando yeningi eminyakeni edlule. Njengoba bebuka izenzakalo ezenzeka eTahrir Square yaseCairo ku-Al Jazeera nase-CNN, lowo muzwa โwakho konke okuqinile kuncibilika kube umoya omncane,โ njengoba uMarx wayeyokubeka, wabuyela kwabaningi balabo ababeya emigoqweni evinjiwe ngesikhathi saBantu bokuqala. I-Power Revolution ePhilippines ngo-1986.
Abantu abajikijela ukuphepha kwabo emoyeni futhi bagijimela ukubhekana nabathwali bezikhali zikaFerdinand Marcos ngoFebhuwari 1986 bangaphinde bahlobane nalokho okwashiwo isishoshovu se-inthanethi saseGibhithe u-Wael Ghonim mayelana nomzuzu obalulekile wengqondo ekuvukeleni umbuso: โBesazi ukuthi sizowina abantu baqala ukubhodloza umgoqo wengqondo, lapho bebona ukuthi kungcono ukufela into ethile kunokuphila ngaphandle kwesithunziโฆSinamandla kunalabo [bakaMubarak] ngoba besabela izimpilo zabo kuyilapho thina sikulungele ukunikela. yethu.โ
Ukwephula umgoqo ongokwengqondo wokwesaba kwakuhlanganiswe nomunye umuzwa owawugijima phakathi kwezixuku e-Tahrir Square naseManila: umuzwa wokuthi abantu babenquma ngempela ikusasa labo, ukuthi babezibambela mathupha izinto. Lesi kwakuyisikhathi sokuqala sentando yeningi, umzuzu omsulwa wokuzibusa ovezwa ngendlela egculisayo yimibhalo yethiyori ngentando yeningi.
Nokho, kanye ne-nostalgia, kwafika umuzwa ojulile wokugeja amathuba. Kwabaningi abahlanganyela ekuvukeleni okuthandwayo kwentando yeningi okwakhukhula iPhilippines neLatin America ngawo-1980 naseMpumalanga Yurophu ngo-1989, injabulo yokubusa kwabantu yayiyeyesikhashana, idedela, njengoba izenzakalo zazenzeka, zabangela ukukhathazeka, ukudumala, kwase kuba ukugxeka. Isimo esibucayi senzeka lapho abaphathi bezinguquko zezombusazwe beguqula amandla aluhlaza entando yeningi eqondile eyaketula ubushiqela baba yintando yeningi emele ukhetho ukuze kube lula ukubusa kwentando yeningi.
Iconundrum Of Representative Democracy
Abanye bamathiyori bakudala bentando yeningi bakhathazwa yilolu shintsho. U-Rousseau wayengayethembi intando yeningi yabameleli ngoba ebona ukuthi izothatha indawo โYenzalo Evamileโ noma โIntando Evamileโ yabantu abize โIntando Yebhizinisiโ yabameleli babo abakhethiwe. UMarx kanye no-Engels babedume ngokudelela intando yeningi emele abantu ngoba, ngokubona kwabo, ivele yafihla izithakazelo zezomnotho ezibusayo zonxiwankulu ngemuva kweqabunga lomkhiwane lepolitiki yasephalamende. Mhlawumbe okwakubaluleke kakhulu kwakuyisazi sezombangazwe uRobert Michels, owabona ukhetho lushintsha ekubeni indlela abantu abashintsha ngayo abaholi babo bashintsha indlela abaholi ababesebenzisa ngayo abantu ukuze bathole amandla angunaphakade. UMichels uqhubeke wathi imibuso yentando yeningi emele abantu ayinakubalekela โumthetho wensimbi we-oligarchy.โ
Ukwesaba kwalaba bafundi bethiyori bakudala besayensi yezepolitiki kwaba yinto engokoqobo ezinhlelweni zokubusa zangemva kokuvukela umbuso ezavela ngeminyaka yawo-1980 kanye nawo-1990. Ezakhamuzini ezilindelekile zemibuso emisha yentando yeningi e-Philippines naseLatin America, i- people power euphoria yadedela imibuso yokhetho yasephalamende eyayithonywe abasentshonalanga, lapho izikhulu zezomnotho zendabuko zaqala ukubusa ngokushesha. Ipolitiki yokuncintisana yadlondlobala, kodwa kwaqhuma amaqebelengwane abantu abakhethekile beqhudelana ngelungelo lokubusa. Ipolitiki eqhubekayo yabandlululwa ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo ezibuswa ama-ajenda e-conservative noma ama-centrist elite. Inkohlakalo igcobe amasondo esistimu.
Ukulungiswa Kwesakhiwo Ngentando Yeningi
Ngisho nanjengoba izikhulu zendabuko ziduna izinhlelo zephalamende ezazivuka kabusha, i-United States kanye nezinhlaka ezihlangene zaye zawachitha ukuze aqhubekisele phambili izinhlelo zokuthi imibuso yobushiqela eyayizisekela ngaphambili yayingasakwazi ukuphoqelela izakhamuzi ezazingalaleli. Ngokushesha kwacaca ukuthi iWashington kanye nama-ejensi ahlukahlukene bafuna imibuso emisha yentando yeningi ukuthi isebenzise ukuba semthethweni kwayo ukuphoqelela izinhlelo zokulungisa umnotho ezinengcindezi nezinqubomgomo zokulawulwa kwezikweletu. E-Argentina, isibonelo, izikhungo zezimali zamazwe ngamazwe zacindezela uhulumeni wangemva kobushiqela ka-Raul Alfonsin ukuthi alahle izinqubomgomo ze-neo-Keynesian, enze izinguquko zentela, akhulule ukuhweba, futhi enze amabhizinisi azimele. Lapho uhulumeni evuma, iBhange Lomhlaba lamisa ukukhishwa kwemali mboleko yokulungiswa kwesakhiwo ukuze ihambisane.
E-Peru, uhulumeni wase-Alberto Fujimori uqokwe esiteji esiphikisana ne-International Monetary Fund (IMF). Kodwa ekuthatheni isikhundla, saqhubeka nokuphoqa uhlelo lwe-neoliberal oluhlanganisa ukwenyuka kwamanani aphakeme emazingeni akhokhiswa amabhizinisi kahulumeni kanye nokukhululeka kwezohwebo. Lezi zinyathelo zadala ukuwohloka okukhulu komnotho, okuholele ekunganelisekini kwabantu abaningi okwabuye kwanika uFujimori izaba zokumisa umthethosisekelo futhi abuyisele ukubusa kwabantu abaqinile.
E-Philippines, esinye sezizathu ezibalulekile ezenza iWashington yamshiya uFerdinand Marcos kwaba ukuqaphela kwayo ukuthi ukungabi semthethweni kobushiqela kwenza kwaba ithuluzi elingasebenzi ukukhokha isikweletu sangaphandle samadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-26 kanye nokusebenzisa uhlelo lokulungiswa kwesakhiwo se-IMF-World Bank. Ngisho nenhlekelele yezomnotho ehambisana nokuphela kombuso ayizange ivimbe iBhange kanye neSikhwama ukufuna ukuthi uhulumeni osafufusa kaMongameli Corazon Aquino enze ukukhokhwa kwezikweletu kube yinto ehamba phambili kwezomnotho. Uhulumeni wethule, ekhipha umthetho owawuqinisekisa โukwabiwa okuzenzakalelayoโ kwenani eliphelele elidingekayo ukuze kukhokhelwe isikweletu sangaphandle minyaka yonke kusuka kusabelomali sikazwelonke. Njengoba amaphesenti angaba ngu-30 kuya kwangu-40 esabelomali esiya ekukhokheleni izikweletu, uhulumeni waphucwa imali ebalulekile yokutshalwa kwezimali, ephazamisa ukukhula komnotho futhi eshiya izwe lintengantenga njengoba omakhelwane balo begijimela phambili phakathi neminyaka yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi Isimangaliso saseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia.
EMpumalanga Yurophu naseSoviet Union endala, injabulo yango-1989 yashintsha ngeminyaka yawo-1990 yaba ezikhathini ezinzima, njengoba i-IMF yathatha ithuba lokusuka kubukhomanisi ukuze iphoqelele โukwelapha okushaqisayo,โ noma ukuphoqelelwa ngokushesha nangokubanzi kwezinqubo zemakethe. Lolu hlelo luholele ekwenyukeni kathathu kwesibalo sabantu abadla imbuya ngothi safinyelela ezigidini eziyi-100. Nakuba eMpumalanga Yurophu, imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi ekhululekile yakwazi ukusinda ekuhlanganyeleni nokulungiswa okuqinile, eRussia kanye nokuncika kwayo phambilini e-Asia Ephakathi, i-mafia capitalism eyabangelwa ukwelapha ukushaqeka kwabangela abantu ukuba babekezelele uma bengasekeli ukubuya noma ukuphikelela kwemibuso yobukhosi. njengaleyo kaVladimir Putin eRussia. Ngo-2010, ngokokuhlaziya okukodwa, amaphesenti angaba ngu-80 ezakhamuzi zezwe elaliyiSoviet Union ayesaphila noma esebuyele ngaphansi kwemibuso yomashiqela.
Ukuvuselela Umcabango Wentando Yeningi
Umcabango wezombangazwe wancipha, njengoba intando yeningi ingasekho ubuntu bayo obuqondile, obungaxhumanisiwe, obubuswa abantu abaqhudelanayo, futhi ingakwazi ukunyakazisa ukuzihlanganisa kwayo noguquko lwemakethe olunamandla, oludala ubumpofu.
Inselelo yokuqala ebalulekile ekucindezelweni komfutho wentando yeningi yenzeka eLatin America, lapho eshumini leminyaka lokuqala lekhulu elisha leminyaka, ukunganeliseki nge-neoliberalism, ukuvela kwamaqembu amasha ezepolitiki kanye nokunyakaza, kanye nokugqugquzelwa komphakathi konke kuhlangene. ukuvula izindlela ezintsha zokungenelela okudumile enqubweni yezepolitiki eVenezuela, e-Ecuador, naseBolivia.
I-Arab Revolution inweba le nselelo emcabangweni wentando yeningi ukuze kwakhiwe izikhungo ezizogqugquzela ukungenelela okuqondile kwezakhamizi, kusimamise ukuhlanganyela okudumile ekuthathweni kwezinqumo, kuvinjwe ukuchithwa kwenqubo yokhetho yizintshisekelo eziphakeme kanye nepolitiki yemali, futhi kumiswe kabusha ukuxhumana okubalulekile phakathi inkululeko, ubuzalwane, nokulingana okukhuthaze zonke izinxushunxushu ezinkulu zentando yeningi kusukela kuNguquko YaseFrance.
Uguquko lwama-Arab lunezinto ezimbili ezilulindeleyo ekuhlangabezaneni nale nselelo yokukhulula umcabango wentando yeningi. Okokuqala, intsha eyahola leli lungiselelo ayibophekile kangako ekuhlonipheni izimiso zentando yeningi emele ngokwesiko futhi ingase ibe nobuhlakani obusha ekujabuliseni amathuba anikezwa ubuchwepheshe bolwazi ekuvezeni kabanzi izinhlobo ezintsha, eziqondile zokumelela, njengoba nje isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bolwazi ukuze ichithekisele phansi. izindlela zendabuko zokucindezelwa nokuhlanganisa izixuku ezaketula umbuso wengcindezelo.
Okwesibili, izinguquko ze-neoliberal pro-market zinegama elibi kakhulu, okwakungenjalo ngeminyaka yawo-1980 kanye nawo-1990. Ukukhululeka kokugeleza kwezimali kudale izinkinga eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukwehla kwamanje emhlabeni jikelele, kuyilapho ukukhululeka kwezohwebo kubangele ukuxoshwa kwabakhiqizi bezolimo basekhaya kanye nabakhiqizi basekhaya ngokuthengwa kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu kwanoma yisiphi esinye isikhathi kusukela ku-Reagan-Thatcher neoliberal Revolution ngeminyaka yawo-1980, izixazululo zemakethe yamahhala azikho ukwethembeka. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinye izinhlaka, nokho, izinqubomgomo ze-neoliberal zihlala ziyimodi yokuzenzakalelayo phakathi kosomnotho nochwepheshe.
Abaguquki bentando yeningi bezwe lama-Arab banethuba lokuletha isigaba esilandelayo soguquko lwentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Ngabe bazoyamukela inselelo, noma bazobuyela empilweni yangasese, njengoba abanye besho, beshiya izizukulwane ezindala zosopolitiki beze esiteji nezibonelo zabo ezikhathele, zakudala zasentshonalanga zentando yeningi emele abantu?
Umbhali wekholamu yenqubomgomo yezangaphandle ekugxilweni kwayo Walden Bello ungummeleli weqembu lezepolitiki i-Akbayan kuNdlu Yabamele yasePhilippine. Uphinde abe ngumhlaziyi ophezulu we-Focus on the Global South ezinze e-Basngkok kanye nombhali wezincwadi zezepolitiki nomnotho wezepolitiki, okuhlanganisa. Izinkinga Zokubusa: Ukwenziwa Kombuso WaseMelika(ENew York: Henry Holt, 2005).
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