Ehlobo nasekwindla ka-2006, othisha bezikole zikahulumeni abangu-70,000 kanye nezinhlangano ezingaba ngu-350 ezihlangene e-Asemblea Popular Pueblo Oaxaca (APPO) zahlala maphakathi nedolobha, zathatha iziteshi zomsakazo nezethelevishini zendawo, zavimba isikhulu sezwe, amahhovisi ezomthetho nawezomthetho, akhiwe futhi avikelwa izithiyo kuso sonke isifunda sedolobha elikhulu, ahole amamashi amakhulu abantu abangu-800,000 futhi efuna ukuthi kukhishwe umbusi, u-Ulisses Ruiz.
Cabangela izinombolo: othisha abangu-70,000, izinhlangano ezingu-350, abantu abangu-800,000 ababhikishayo, cishe u-25% wabo bonke abantu bombuso abamasha emigwaqweni ejabulisayo yase-Oaxaca befuna umphakathi onobulungiswa. Umlilo womphakathi wawufinyelele endaweni eyomile futhi wagijima phakathi kwabantu abahlukunyeziwe nabathukuthele.
Uhlukunyeziwe? Uthukuthele? Uyafuna? Mayelana nani futhi ngani?
Isiqalo esiwusizo sokuqonda okuguquguqukayo kwe-Oaxacan sinikezwe isazi-mlando sase-Mexico uDkt.Anselmo Arellanes Meixueiro endabeni yakhe enesihloko esithi, “Oaxaca in the 20th Century:Continuities and Changes”. Nanka amaqiniso adonsela ukunaka kwethu:
1. Ama-Oaxacans ashiya izwe ngamanani anda ngendlela emangalisayo futhi athuthela kwezinye izingxenye zaseMexico nase-United States njengoba isivuno sihluleka, ubumpofu bukhula, ukudla kukhula kuyivelakancane, isikweletu asitholakali futhi abantu abasele, ithemba elingenathemba liwukuba baye enyakatho.
2.Imiphakathi yendabuko iyahlakazeka futhi ibhujiswe njengoba imithombo yamanzi, imifudlana, amachibi nemifula ihlushwa ukungcoliswa kanye nezindawo zokhokho zincipha ngokucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi.
3.Idolobha lase-Oaxaca landa ngokungakhathali nangesiphithiphithi. Izinkinga zamanzi, izinkinga zokudonsa amanzi, izinkinga zemfucumfucu, izinkinga zokuhamba, izinkinga zokuphepha ziyakhula futhi impilo yezakhamuzi isengozini ngenxa yokungcoliswa komoya okukhulu, u-80% wakho obangelwa izimoto.
4.E-Oaxaca, kunodokotela abane kuzo zonke izakhamuzi eziyi-10,000 futhi labo bagxile edolobheni. Abampofu bathola ukunakwa okuncane.
5.Kunokushoda kwamakilasi nothisha kuwo wonke amazinga futhi izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme zase-Oaxaca azikhiqizi amadoda nabesifazane abakwazi ukuhlinzeka ngezixazululo ezidingekayo ezinkingeni ezichaziwe.
6. Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi nobugebengu kuyanda.
U-Arrellanes uphetha ukubuka kwakhe konke ngokulindelekile okuphazamisayo, “Kubuhlungu ukusho kanjalo kodwa ikusasa le-Oaxaca aliqhakazile. Ukuthambekela okukhona manje kusikisela ukuthi usizi luzokwanda, ukwabiwa okungcono kweholo ngeke kwenzeke, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kuzokwanda, izinkinga zezenhlalo zizoba zimbi kakhulu, ukwanda kwedolobha okuneziyaluyalu kuzoqhubeka ngokungalawuleki njengoba, mhlawumbe, ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo namaqembu abomdabu.”
Isiphetho: okwamanje kubi, ikusasa lizoba libi kakhulu.
Uma lezi zimo ezesabekayo bezifunwa yimithetho yemvelo, intando kaNkulunkulu noma umthethosisekelo waseMexico, abantu bebengase banikine amahlombe, basineke futhi bathwale okubi kakhulu. Okubuhlungu ukuthi usizi abantu base-Oaxaca ababhekana nalo alubangelwa yisimiso semvelo noma saphezulu.
Amandla nentukuthelo ebonakala enhlanganweni eshanela i-Oaxaca namuhla isuka ngokuqondile ekukholweni okucasulayo kokuthi izinto azidingeki ukuba zibe ngale ndlela, ukuthi ikusasa elingcono elinokuhlupheka okuncane lingaba khona kodwa livinjwe osopolitiki abayizigqila, abakhohlakele, abazisebenzelayo. amazinga wendawo, kazwelonke kanye namazwe ngamazwe.
Inkohlakalo e-Oaxaca, ngawo wonke ama-akhawunti, igcwele yonke indawo. Umngane usitshele ukuthi wafunda esemncane ngenkohlakalo ngokufunda esikoleni sezomthetho saseBenito Juarez University. Lapho wafunda ukuthi osolwazi namabanga kanye neziqu zomthetho ngokwazo zazithengeka. Yiya noma ungayi ekilasini, ufunde noma ungafundi, akunandaba ngempela ngoba izinkokhelo ziwukhiye kuyo yonke iminyango futhi izifumbathiso zenza umhlaba ujikeleze. Wafunda ukuthi imali nokuxhumana, hhayi ukuhlakanipha nolwazi, kwakuyizisekelo zekusasa elilondekile.
Ngaleyo ndlela iSikole Somthetho, isikole esilungiselela abameli kanye nosopolitiki bakusasa, siyawuqeda umsebenzi waso wokwakha. Abafundi baphakelwa ngenkani izifundo ezibaluleke ngempela: ukukhokhelwa ngemali, ucansi, kanye nezinzuzo ezihlukahlukene izihluthulelo zempumelelo, izinto zokugcoba ezigcina uhlelo lusebenza, “ngaphandle kwalokho†akukho lutho olunyakazayo. Baphinde bafunde ukuba wusizo kwezinkulumo ezihlabahlosile ezifana nokufaneleka kwecala, umthetho, ubulungiswa kanye nentando yeningi kodwa uma beqeda isikole bonke basuke sebeyazi ukuthi into yangempela iyisivumelwano.
Izizukulwane zabameli nosopolitiki zikulungele ngale ndlela ukubhekana nenselelo eyingqophamlando yomsebenzi wazo ukuze ziqinisekise ubulungiswa emhlabeni. Bazimisele ukuthenga amajaji, bakhokhele osopolitiki, futhi bakhohlise amakhasimende ngoba leyo yindlela inyuvesi esebenza ngayo, yindlela umhlaba osebenza ngayo futhi uthanda ungathandi ukuthi iwona kuphela umdlalo edolobheni. Njengosopolitiki bazimisele ngokuntshontsha ukhetho, bavale amaphephandaba, bathumele izigebengu ukuthi zizovala umlomo kwamaqembu aphikisayo, bavalele abangahambisani nomthetho, bavune obhululu ngezinkontileka zikahulumeni baphinde baphuce ingcebo yomhlaba. Njengoba u-Commandante Marcos ekubeka, “Ipolitiki isiphenduke ibhizinisi elinenzuzo kakhulu kunezidakamizwa.
Siqhubeka manje nabameli, osopolitiki, abanamandla bomhlaba kodwa besondela eduze kwe-APPO kanye namamashi ka-2006, cabanga ngalokho okwenzeka ohlelweni olukhohlakele, olucindezelayo lapho umuntu ompofu kanye nomuntu ocebile bemi phambi kwejaji. futhi alindele ukwahlulela kwakhe, noma lapho kunokungqubuzana phakathi komuntu ompofu nephoyisa, noma lapho umqashi esola umuntu ompofu ngokweba. Okwenzekayo, vele, ukulahlekelwa umuntu ompofu. Uhlulwa yicala enkantolo, ulahlekelwa yimali yakhe, uphelelwa umsebenzi.
Nokho, umuntu ompofu akakukhohlwa ukulahlekelwa kwakhe futhi akazikhohlwa izizathu zalokho futhi ngolunye usuku kufika ithuba, ithuba lokuhlangana nezinkulungwane zabanye abantu abampofu nabathukuthele emigwaqweni, amadoda nabesifazane bememeza, bephethe izimpawu, becula. izingoma, ukuhamba ndawonye nokuhlambalaza uhlelo.Indoda empofu nayo enesizathu futhi enesizathu indoda ethukuthele ihamba emigwaqweni ngalolo suku futhi imashe nezinkulungwane zabantu bakubo beqhumisa uhlelo kanye nombusi futhi befuna ukuthi asuswe uma kungenjalo ikhanda lakhe.
Ukuze uqonde ukuvela kwenhlangano ethandwayo endaweni yesehlakalo sase-Oaxacan kulo nyaka, kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi amadoda nabesifazane abazwelayo nabathukuthele bebelokhu behlela, bakhe amanethiwekhi, bekholisa omakhelwane, bebhikisha futhi befundisa izizukulwane ngezizukulwane. Okwenzeke kuleli hlobo ukuthi ngokokuqala ngqa abesifazane nabesilisa abahlobene nezinhlangano ezihlukene ezingaba ngu-350 ezinezimpande ezijulile zomlando balandela othisha futhi bavala izikhundla kumfelandawonye obanzi, omusha befuna ushintsho lwesikhathi eside ekubuseni kwentando yeningi e-Oaxaca.
Ake uReyna Perez Hernandez enze isibonelo. Wazalelwa ezintabeni zase-Oaxaca, uyise uyi-campesino futhi umphakathi wakubo ulawulwa imihlangano emincane lapho bonke bahlanganyela khona. Uphinde abe ngowokuqala emndenini wakhe ukuthola imfundo yasenyuvesi. Eminyakeni yakhe yamashumi amabili, uyakwazi ukukhuluma, uyazethemba futhi uyaphuma, ungumkhulumeli wenhlangano yomdabu.
Ukhule enokuqonda okuqinile komphakathi kanye nombono wokuthi noma iliphi ikusasa elibalulekile lingafinyelelwa ngokusebenzisana nabanye, umsebenzi lapho umuntu ngamunye enikela ngokukhululekile futhi esebenza ngaphandle kokubala umuntu futhi alawule inqubo.
Umsebenzi wakhe omningi ube nabesifazane. I-La Jornada yangoMeyi 14, 2002 yamkhomba njengomunye “wabaxhumanisi” bemibhikisho yoSuku Lomama edolobheni lase-Oaxaca lapho abesifazane abangaphezu kuka-800 bahlangana khona bezobhikishela udlame olwenziwa osopolitiki.
Ngesikhathi sombhikisho, uReyna unxuse abantu base-Oaxaca ukuthi basebenzisane ukuze bathole amalungelo abesifazane: ilungelo lokuphathwa ngokulinganayo ekhaya nasemsebenzini, ilungelo lezempilo nemfundo, ilungelo lokuthatha izikhundla zomthwalo wemfanelo emphakathini, ilungelo lokungalinyazwa kanye nelungelo lokunquma ukuthi zingaki izingane ezizozala. Ngemizamo enjalo, abesifazane abanjengoReyna Perez Hernandez bahlanjalazwa esidlangalaleni, baphangwe amakhaya kanye nezinsongo ezimpilweni zabo.
Bavelaphi abantu abafana nalaba? Yini ebenza baqhubeke?
Umndeni, abangani, esisebenza nabo, kunjalo. Amathonya amaningi kanye nemithombo yamandla. Empilweni kaPerez ithonya elilodwa, elinamandla ngaphezu komndeni wakhe kanye no-pueblo kube nguRicardo Flores Magon, i-Oaxacan revolucionary yasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Yena nenhlangano yakhe bakholelwa ukuthi uMagon ukhombisa ukuthi “kungenzeka ukuthi abantu baphuphe futhi benze izimpilo zabo zibe ukumelana. Usikhuthaza ukuba sibe ngabantu ngokuphelele, sihlonipheke, futhi sizinikele emzamweni wenkululeko, ubuzalwane, ukusizana, kanye neqiniso. Indlela yakhe ingeyomzabalazo wokulwa nazo zonke izinhlobo zokubusa. Sikholelwa ukuthi ukusizana, ubumbano, isinyathelo esiqondile, ukuzimela nokuziqondisa kuyindlela eya enkululekweni.â€
URicardo Flores Magon wazalelwa e-Oaxaca ngo-1874. UReyna Perez Hernandez wazalelwa esifundeni sase-Oaxaca eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva. UMagon uyaqhubeka engomunye wokhokho ababalulekile benhlangano manje esebenzela ukuguqula lesi sifundazwe esiseningizimu yeMexico.
Amanye ama-Oaxacans azinikele ngokulinganayo kuntando yeningi kanye nobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle afuna amanye amathonya ayinhloko kanye nemibono. Ngakho-ke i-Asemblea Popular Pueblo Oaxaca (APPO) ayimeleli ithonya elilodwa lomlando noma umbono wepolitiki. I-APPO iwubunye bemisinga yomlando eyahlukahlukene ethathe umsebenzi onzima wokuhlela uhlobo olusha lokubusa kwentando yeningi e-Oaxaca naseMexico.
Emaphephandabeni aseMexico nase-United States, i-APPO ijwayele ukuhlotshaniswa nezithiyo zasemgwaqweni, imililo ebusuku, izingxoxo nohulumeni wobumbano, imashi ebheke enhlokodolobha, iziteleka zendlala kanye nesidingo sokuthi uMbusi akhishwe esikhundleni.
Ukuqonda okuphelele kwe-APPO kanye nezinjongo zayo ezibanzi kunikezwa yimibhalo yayo futhi ikakhulukazi ngezinqumo ezaphasiswa eMhlanganweni wawo Wokuqala Wesifunda owawusedolobheni lase-Oaxaca ngoSepthemba 27, 28 kanye no-29, 2006. Umbhalo ogcwele walowoMkhandlu manje itholakala ngeSpanishi kuwebhusayithi ye-Oaxaca Study/Action Group (OSAG). Okukhethiwe okulandelayo kulowo mbhalo kuphakamisa izinjongo ezibanzi, zokuqala okufanele zicatshangelwe, zihlungwe futhi zithuthukiswe ku-APPO Congress ehlelelwe uNovemba 10-12, 2006. Into ebalulekile okufanele siyiqaphele okwamanje ukuthi i-APPO izinikezele kokungaphezu kakhulu ukususwa kombusi. I-APPO ihlose ukwakha inhlangano yezwe nekazwelonke engenalo udlame, emelene nonxiwankulu ekwazi ukudala intando yeningi yangempela lapho abantu bebusa khona ngempela. Okulandelayo kukhona iziqinisekiso ezikhethiwe kulo mbhalo wokuqala okhombisa isiqondiso esijwayelekile somnyakazo:
* “Umzabalazo wethu awukona nje ukususa u-Ulisses Ruiz njengoMbusi kodwa uwukufaka esikhundleni sezinhlaka ezikhona zomnotho nezombusazwe, umgomo okufanele ufezwe kuphela ngokubamba iqhaza okukhulu kwabantu emazingeni endawo nawezwe.
* “I-APPO izoba ngentando yeningi, idume, ibandakanye abantu bonke, imelene nama impiriyali, imelene nobufascist, futhi imelene nonxiwankulu. Izinqumo zizokwenziwa ngokuvumelana ngemva kokuxoxisana okuphelele nokuhlaziywa kwamalungu ayo, wonke alingana namalungelo afanayo nezibopho ngaphandle kokubheka isivumokholo, ubulili noma isimo senhlalo.
*†I-APPO ibona abantu bomdabu njengesisekelo sesizwe.â
*†I-APPO iqinisekisa ukuzimisela okukhululekile kwabantu, ubumbano lwezizwe, kanye nokuxazululwa ngokuthula kwezingxabano phakathi kwamazwe.
*†Ukuze iphinde ithole ubukhosi nokuzimela kwe-Mexico, i-APPO yenqaba ukuzithoba kwezwe kwezomnotho, kwezombusazwe nakwezempi e-United States nasezikhungweni zezimali zamazwe ngamazwe njengeBhange Lomhlaba kanye ne-International Monetary Fund. Ngakho-ke i-APPO yenqaba Izivumelwano Zokuhweba Ngokukhululekile ezikhona kanye ne-Plan Pueblo Panama.â
*†I-APPO ifisa ubudlelwano obuvuselelwe bokubambisana, ubumbano kanye nobuzalwane nabo bonke abantu bomhlaba ukuze kwakhiwe umphakathi wesintu wangempela lapho izidingo ezingokwenyama nezingokomoya zaneliswa khona.
*†I-Mexico idinga imodeli yentuthuko entsha ehlinzekela izidingo eziyisisekelo zabantu, eqinisekisa ubunikazi besizwe nokulawula imithombo yaso yemvelo, ibuyise amabhizinisi nezimboni ezizimele, yenza izimboni zamasu zibe zikazwelonke; futhi abele kabusha umhlaba kwabampofu.â
*†Ukuze kwakhiwe izwe elisha lentando yeningi umthethosisekelo omusha uyadingeka oqinisekisa izinhlobo ezintsha zentando yeningi ngqo eziqinisekisa ukubamba iqhaza kwabantu kuzo zonke izinqumo ezibalulekile ngokusebenzisa imihlangano emikhulu, izinhlelo ezithandwayo, izinhlolovo kanye nokunika amandla imiphakathi ekhona.I-APPO ikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwemiphakathi ekhona. amaqoqo azibusayo kanye nokwabiwa kabusha kwamandla akhona ezinkampanini zasendaweni ezikhulisa ukubamba iqhaza okuqondile kwabantu†.
Labo abangathanda ukuhambisana nezimo ze-Oaxacan ezishintsha ngokushesha bangakwenza lokho ngokuya kuwebhusayithi ye-OSAG (Oaxaca Study Action Group), insiza ebalulekile eyasungulwa nguNancy Davies noGeorge Salzman nangokufunda iphephandaba likaStan Gottlieb's RealOaxaca. . Kulabo abafunda iSpanishi, iphephandaba laseMexico i-Jornada-on-line liyanconywa.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela