UGilbert Achcar, umbhali wencwadi entsha Abantu Abafunayo kuxoxwa naye uTerry Conway.
I-TC: Ungakwazi yini ukuhlola isimo samanje sokuvukela kwama-Arabhu ngokujwayelekile ngaphambi kokuba sigxile kakhulu eSyria?
GA: Okwenzekayo manje kuwukuqinisekisa okungashiwo zisuka; iqiniso lokuthi okwaqala ngoZibandlela wezi-2010 eTunisia, kwakungeyona 'iNtwasahlobo' njengoba abezindaba bayibiza kanjalo, isikhathi esifushane soshintsho lwezombangazwe lapho kuketulwa khona isikhulu esisodwa noma esinye, okuvula indlela yentando yeningi enhle ephalamende, futhi kunjalo. . Izibhelu zavezwa 'njengenguquko kaFacebook', okunye kwalokhu 'kuguquguquka kwemibala'. Mina, okokuqala, ngagcizelela kwasekuqaleni ukuthi lokhu kwakuwukuhlanekezela okungeyikho kweqiniso. Okwaqala ukuvela ngo-2011 kwakuyinqubo yesikhathi eside yoguquko, eyayizokhula eminyakeni eminingi, eminingi uma kungengamashumi eminyaka, ikakhulukazi uma sicabangela ukunwetshwa kwayo kwezindawo.
Kulowo mbono, esibe nakho kuze kube manje yisigaba sokuqala sohlelo. Kwamanye amazwe bakwazile ukweqa isigaba sokuqala sokuketula ohulumeni abakhona; kwakunjalo e-Egypt, Tunisia naseLibya - amazwe amathathu lapho imibuso yaketulwa khona ngenxa yokuvukela umbuso. Futhi uyabona ukuthi la mazwe asesenkingeni, ukuntengantenga, okuyinto evamile ngezikhathi zoguquko.
Labo abamagange ukukholelwa ukuthi ukuvukela kwama-Arab sekuphelile noma kwase kushonile bagxile ekunqobeni kokuqala kwamabutho amaSulumane okhethweni lwaseTunisia naseGibhithe. Ngokumelene nababikezeli bembubhiso abanjalo, ngagcizelela iqiniso lokuthi lokhu kwakungeke kugwemeke njengoba ukhetho olwalubanjwe ngemuva nje kokuketulwa kombuso wobushiqela lwalungabonisa kuphela ukulingana kwamabutho ahleliwe ayekhona kulawa mazwe. Ngaphikisa ngokuthi isikhathi sama-Islamic fundamentalists 'ekundleni ngeke sithathe isikhathi eside, uma sibheka izimpande zangempela zenqubo yoguquko.
Le nqubo yesikhathi eside yoguquko isekelwe eqinisweni lenhlalo yesifunda, ebonakala emashumini amaningi eminyaka entuthuko emile - izinga eliphezulu lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ikakhulukazi ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kwentsha, kunanoma yisiphi esinye isifunda emhlabeni phakathi namashumi eminyaka ambalwa. Lezi kwakuyizimbangela zangempela eziyisisekelo zokuqhuma, futhi inqobo nje uma lezi zimbangela zingalungiswa, inqubo izoqhubeka. Noma yimuphi uhulumeni omusha ongenazo izixazululo zalezi zinkinga zezimpande uzohluleka. Kwakubikezelwa ukuthi i-Muslim Brotherhood izohluleka: encwadini yami Abantu Abafunayo, okwabhalwa ngaphambi kokuketulwa kukaMorsi e-Egypt, ngaphikisa ngokuthi i-Muslim Brotherhood izohluleka nakanjani. Ngabhala okufanayo nge-Ennahda yaseTunisia, manje ebhekene nenhlangano yokubhikisha enamandla kakhulu ebeka ikusasa likahulumeni embuzweni.
Ngakho-ke kunenqubo eqhubekayo kuso sonke isifunda, okuthi, njenganoma iyiphi inqubo yoguquko emlandweni, ibe nezikhathi ezimnandi nezingezinhle, izinkathi zokuthuthuka kanye nezikhathi zokuhlehla emuva - futhi kwesinye isikhathi izinkathi ezingaqondakali. Umcimbi ongaqondakali kakhulu kulo lonke lolu hlelo kuze kube manje kube yisigameko sakamuva e-Egypt lapho sibone khona lokhu kuhlangana kwabantu abaningi ngokumelene no-Morsi mhla zingama-30 kuNhlangulana, okwakuyisipiliyoni esithuthuke kakhulu kuhulumeni wentando yeningi ngobuningi benhlangano ecela ukuthi kubuyiselwe esikhundleni umongameli okhethiwe. owayekhaphele izithembiso ayezenza ebantwini. Kodwa ngasikhathi sinye, futhi nakhu ukungaqondakali kweqiniso, ube nokuketulwa kwezempi kwezempi kanye nemicabango esabalele yokuthi amasosha angadlala indima eqhubekayo, okuhlanganisa phakathi kwezigaba ezivelele kwesokunxele esibanzi kanye naphakathi kwama-liberals.
TC: Ngakho-ke ukuhlaziya kwakho isimo eSyria namuhla kungena kanjani kulolu hlaka oluphelele lwalokho okwenzeka esifundeni sonke?
I-GA: Akungabazeki ukuthi okwaqala eSyria ngo-2011 kuyingxenye yenqubo yoguquko efanayo namanye amazwe. Kuyingxenye yesimo esifanayo futhi eqhutshwa yizimbangela ezifanayo eziyisisekelo - zokuma kwentuthuko, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi futhi ikakhulukazi ukungasebenzi kwentsha. I-Syria nayo ayihlukile - empeleni ingesinye sezimo ezimbi kakhulu zezinkinga zezenhlalo nezomnotho esifundeni. Lokhu kwenzeke ngenxa yemigomo ye-neo-liberal eyasetshenziswa ngabakwa-Assads - ubaba nendodana, kodwa ikakhulukazi indodana selokhu yaqala ukubusa eminyakeni eyishumi nambili edlule ngemuva kokushona kukayise.
ISyria yizwe elibone ubumpofu obukhulu kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya; izinga lobumpofu belilokhu likhuphuka futhi lafinyelela esimweni lapho cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabantu ibingaphansi komugqa wezwe wobumpofu, nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi kuyanda. Ngosuku olwandulela lo mbhikisho izibalo ezisemthethweni ezingachazwanga kahle zokuntuleka kwemisebenzi bezingu-15% sezizonke, kanti zingaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kubantu abasha abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-15-24.
Konke lokhu kwakwenzeka ngenxa yokungalingani okukhulu kwezenhlalo, umbuso okhohlakele kakhulu - lapho umzala ka-Bashar Assad aba yindoda ecebe kakhulu ezweni, elawula - okukholelwa kakhulu - ngaphezu kwesigamu somnotho. Futhi lelo yilungu elilodwa kuphela leqembu elibusayo - wonke amalungu awo ayezuza izinzuzo ezinkulu zezinto ezibonakalayo. Umndeni usebenza njenge-mafia yangempela, futhi usubusa izwe amashumi eminyaka ambalwa.
Lokhu kwenza umnyombo ojulile walokhu kuqhuma, kuhlanganiswe neqiniso lokuthi umbuso waseSyria ungomunye wemicikilisho kakhulu esifundeni. Uma iqhathaniswa neSiriya ka-Assad, iGibhithe likaMubarak laliyisibani sentando yeningi nenkululeko yezombangazwe!
Ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi ngemuva kweTunisia neGibhithe, iLibya, iYemen njll., iSyria nayo yangena kule nhlangano. Futhi akuzange kumangalise ngokufanayo, kulabo abafana nami ababejwayelene nesimilo sombuso waseSyria, ukuthi inhlangano ayikwazanga ukufeza lokho eyakuzuza eTunisia naseGibhithe ngemibhikisho emikhulu.
Okucacile kulo mbuso ukuthi uyise ka-Assad uselungise kabusha futhi wakha kabusha izinsiza zombuso, ikakhulukazi i-hard nucleus - amasosha - ukuze azakhele unogada wasePitoli. Ibutho, ikakhulukazi amabutho alo asezingeni eliphezulu, liboshelwe kumbuso ngokwawo ngezindlela ezahlukene, ezigqama kakhulu ngokusebenzisa amahlelo. Ngisho nabantu ababengakaze bezwe ngeSyria phambilini bayazi manje ukuthi umbuso usekelwe eqenjini elilodwa elincane ezweni - cishe u-10% wabantu; ama-Alawites.
Ngebutho lezempi elithembeke ngokuphelele embusweni, noma yikuphi ukukhohlisa (futhi kwakukhona imibono eminingi ekhohlisayo ekuqaleni) ukuthi umbuso wawungaketulwa nje ngokubhikisha kwabantu abaningi kwakungamanga. Kwakungeke kugwemeke ukuthi ukuvukela umbuso kungaphenduka impi yombango ngoba ayikho indlela yokuketula umbuso walolu hlobo ngaphandle kwempi yombango.
Emlandweni wamavukelambuso, ukuvukela umbuso okunokuthula empeleni kuyinto ehlukile, hhayi umthetho. Iningi lamavukelambuso, uma lingaqali ngempi yombango njengenguquko yaseShayina, laholela ngokushesha ezimpini zombango ezifana namaFulentshi, amaRussia, njll.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi umbuso waseSyria ungomunye wemibhikisho ebhekene nokuvukela umbuso waseSyria, yize kuyiyona ebulala kakhulu. I-counterrevolution yesibili yenziwa ama-Gulf monarchies, isisekelo esikhulu sokusabela kuso sonke isifunda. Lawa ma-monarchies asabela ekuvukeleni kwama-Arab ngendlela kuphela ayengenza ngayo, ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa ukuthi unkulunkulu wawo, i-US imperialism, wayengekho esimweni sokungenelela njengebutho eliphikisa ukuvukela umbuso. Ngakho-ke bazama ukubahlanganisa, ukuze balulame ukunyakaza. Futhi kuma-monarchies aseGulf, lokhu kwakusho ukulwela ukuguqula ukuguquguquka kwezenhlalo nentando yeningi kube ukunyakaza okuholwa amandla angelona usongo kuwo ngokwemibono. Lokho kuya ku-Muslim Brotherhood eyasekelwa kakhulu yi-Emirate yaseQatar kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zamaSalafist - kusukela 'kumaphakathi' kuya kumajihadist - esekelwa umbuso waseSaudi noma amanethiwekhi ahlukahlukene e-Wahhabi-Salafi emazweni aseGulf.
Lama-monarchies enze konke okusemandleni ukusiza kanye nokukhuthaza umphumela ozuzisa wona phakathi nokuvukela umbuso waseSyria; lokho kuguqula uguquko lwentando yeningi - okungaba usongo kubo - kube impi yamahlelo. Lapha unokuhlangana kwangempela phakathi kwabo kanye nokuvukela umbuso wokuqala - lowo umbuso.
Ekuqaleni lokho enaninakho eSiriya kwakuyimibhikisho njengendawo yonke esifundeni; ihlelwe futhi iholwa abantu abasha, inethiwekhi ngokusebenzisa izinkundla zokuxhumana, izinhlangano ezinesibindi kakhulu ezinezidingo ezicacile zenhlalo, intando yeningi kanye nokuphikisana namahlelo. Kodwa kusukela ngosuku lokuqala umbuso wathi baholwa yi-Al Qaeda, njengoba nje uGaddafi ayezenzisa eLibya; kuzo zombili lezi zimo, lowo kwakuwumyalezo obhekiswe emazweni aseNtshonalanga. Babethi kuWashington: 'Ungalenzi iphutha - singabangane bakho, silwa nesitha esifanayo, silwa ne-Al Qaeda, ngakho akufanele ume ngokumelene nathi, kodwa esikhundleni salokho sisekele'.
Umbuso waseSyria wenza okungaphezu kokulwa impi yenkulumo-ze - wadedela ama-jihadists emajele awo ukuze kuthuthukiswe intuthuko yalesi sikhathi phakathi nokuvukela umbuso. Emaqenjini aphikisayo aseSyria kunenkolelo esabalele kakhulu yokuthi amaqembu e-Al Qaeda angena ngesinyenyela futhi asetshenziswa wumbuso. Lokhu akuwona umbono ongenakuqhathaniswa empeleni - kunezinga elithile lokubandakanyeka ngokuqinisekile, noma ngabe akekho ongasho ukuthi kungakanani.
Bese-ke, kusenebutho lesithathu eliphikisayo elisebenza ngokumelene nokuvukela umbuso waseSyria: vele yi-US - futhi ngingangeza u-Israel. I-US iphikisana nezinguquko ngomqondo ogcwele wegama maqondana neSyria njengoba ihlobene nawo wonke amanye amazwe esifundeni. IWashington ayifuni lutho isimo ukudilizwa. Ifuna lokho elikubiza ngokuthi 'inguquko ehlelekile'; amandla okushintsha izandla kodwa ngaphakathi kokuqhubeka okuyisisekelo kwesakhiwo sombuso. EWashington naseLondon, balokhu bekhuluma 'ngezifundo zase-Iraq' futhi bechaza ukuthi babenephutha ukuhlakaza izwe le-Baathist. 'Bekufanele sisigcine leso simo futhi sivele simkhiphe uSaddam Hussein, futhi ukube senze njalo ngabe asizange sibhekane nenkinga enkulu kangaka.'
Ungase ubuze: kuthiwani ngeLibya? Hhayi-ke, ngaphambi kokuwa kukaGadhafi, ngabhala isiqeshana eside ngichaza ukuthi ukungenelela kweNATO eLibya kwakuwumzamo wokuhlanganisa ukuvukela umbuso, ukuyiqondisa futhi ilawule ngenkathi bebambe iqhaza ezingxoxweni noSaif al-Islam, indodana kaGadhafi, owabonwa ngabaseNtshonalanga njengelungu elihle lomndeni obusayo. Babefuna ukuthi enze uyise ehle esikhundleni esivuna yena obekuzofaneleka kakhulu iWashington, London, Paris kanye nabanye. Kodwa-ke ukuvukela kweLibya kwedlula lokho lapho ukuvukela umbuso eTripoli kwaholela ekuweni kwawo wonke umbuso.
ESyria, iWashington isho ngokucacile - ngisho nangenkathi yenhlekelele yakamuva mayelana nezikhali zamakhemikhali - 'Asifuni umbuso uketulwe, sifuna isisombululo sezombusazwe', lokho u-Obama aphinde akubiza ngokuthi 'isixazululo sase-Yemen' ngonyaka owodwa odlule. Kwenzekani eYemen? UMongameli, u-Ali Abdullah Saleh, ngemuva konyaka owodwa wokuvukela umbuso, unikeze amandla ngokumamatheka okukhulu ebusweni bakhe kusekela-mongameli futhi wahlala kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ezweni lapho esadonsa izintambo eziningi. Lokhu kuwukugcona nje, ukukhungatheka kwangempela kwamabutho anamandla akuleliya lizwe. Yingakho kukude naseYemen, noma ungezwa ngayo ezindabeni zalapha eNtshonalanga. Ukunyakaza kuyaqhubeka eYemen, njengoba kwenzeka eBahrain nakuso sonke isifunda.
Yilolu hlobo lwesixazululo i-USA elufuna ngeSyria. Ayifuni ukungenelela kwezempi njengoba yenza eLibya. Ukuqubuka kwakamuva kungenxa yokuthi iWashington yazizwa ingaphansi kwengcindezi, 'nokwethembeka' kwayo kusengozini ngemva kokuba u-Obama ebeke phansi 'umugqa obomvu' mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali. Kodwa noma becabanga ngeziteleka, bachaza ukuthi kuzoba neziteleka ezincane kakhulu ezingeke ziphazamise ukulingana kwamandla. I-New York Times ibhale indatshana ende ebika ukuthi i-Israel ifisa okufanayo ncamashi: iziteleka ezilinganiselwe ezingeke ziguqule ibhalansi yamandla ngaphakathi kwe-Syria.
Amazwe aseNtshonalanga angeke anikeze ukwesekwa okukhulu - ikakhulukazi ukwesekwa kwezempi - kunoma ngubani, ngoba awathembi noma yimaphi amandla phakathi kwamaqembu aphikisayo. Njengoba uSihlalo we-United Chiefs of Staff, u-Martin Dempsey, ekubeka ngokubhala: 'I-Syria namuhla ayiphathelene nokukhetha phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili kodwa imayelana nokukhetha eyodwa phakathi kwezinhlangothi eziningi. Kuyinkolelo yami ukuthi uhlangothi esilukhethayo kumele lulungele ukukhuthaza izimfuno zabo kanye nezethu uma ibhalansi ishintsha ivuna bona. Namuhla, abanjalo.'
TC: Awuzange ukhulume ngeRussia lapho ukhuluma ngamabutho aphikisayo. Kungaba okunembile yini ukuwachaza njengekholomu yesine kulesi simo?
GA: Angizange ngibalule ngoba kusobala ukuthi bangamandla abalulekile asekela umbuso wakwa-Assad. Ngalowo mqondo, iRussia kaPutin iyingxenye yekholomu yokuqala, hhayi eyesine.
I-TC: Akulona yini iqiniso ukuthi ukubandakanyeka kwabo akunawo umthelela obalulekile wezinto ezibonakalayo ngokunikela kwabo izikhali ku-Assad kodwa futhi kuwumbono obalulekile wokuthi badukisa abanye obungalindela ukusekela ukuvukela?
GA: Ekugcineni, ukuvukela kweSiriya kunabangane abambalwa kakhulu. Ngisho naphakathi kwabantu ongalindela ukuba nobungane kumavukelambuso ungabona izimo zengqondo ezinobutha, abantu abathathwe inkulumo-ze yombuso waseSyria eveza konke ukuvukela njenge-jihadist kanye neyaseMoscow. Futhi abanye abantu babheka eRussia njengokungathi kuseyiSoviet Union, nakuba ngokomlingiswa wayo wezombangazwe nezenhlalo i-United States ibonakala inenqubekela phambili uma iqhathaniswa nalokho okuyikho iRussia kaPutin: uhulumeni wobushiqela, ubunxiwankulu obungalawuleki, intela yemali engenayo ephansi. izinga lika-13%, abaphangi abaphangi, njalonjalo. Kunomhlaba omningi wokubheka iRussia njengezwe lama-imperialist kunelinye elimelene nama-imperialist.
Kulabo abakholelwa ukuthi umbuso waseSyria 'uphikisana nama-imperialist', bavele bawushaye indiva umlando walo mbuso kanye nethuba eliphelele osekelwe kulo inqubomgomo yawo yezangaphandle. I-Assad's Syria yangenela ngo-1976 ukuze iqede ukuphikiswa kwamaPalestine kanye namaLebanon ashiye eLebanon futhi avimbele ukunqoba kwawo iLebanon kwesokudla. Ngo-1983-5, yalwa noma yasekela izimpi ngokumelene namakamu asePalestine eLebanon. Ngo-1991, umbuso waseSyria walwa ne-Iraq ngaphansi komyalo we-US; yayiyingxenye yomfelandawonye owawuholwa yi-US; kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1990 kuya ku-2004, umbuso waseSyria wawungumvikeli kahulumeni we-neoliberal pro-US Hariri eLebanon; futhi phakathi nayo yonke le minyaka, umngcele waseSiriya ubulokhu uthule futhi ulondeke kunayo yonke imingcele yakwa-Israyeli. Ngakho-ke awukho umqondo wokuthi umbuso waseSyria ungachazwa ngokuthi 'uphikisana nama-imperialist': uwumbuso ongosomathuba onganqikazi ukushintsha izinhlangothi kanye nemifelandawonye ukuze uqhubekisele phambili izintshisekelo zawo.
I-TC: Ungakwazi yini ukusho okuthile mayelana nokulingana kwamandla ngaphakathi kweqembu eliphikisayo laseSyria?
I-GA: Kusukela emibikweni yabangane engibethembayo futhi abavakashele zonke izindawo ezilawulwa abaphikisayo, amaqembu amabili e-Al Qaeda awameleli ngaphezu kwe-10% yabalwi, kuyilapho amaSalafist cishe amelela cishe u-30%. Lokhu kushiya iningi lamabutho asebenza ngaphansi kwesibhengezo se-Free Syrian Army (FSA), nakuba ingxenye yawo nayo incike kwi-Islamic. Lona umphumela weqiniso lokuthi imithombo eyinhloko yokuxhasa amabutho aseSiriya aphikisana nombuso kube yi-Islamic futhi isekelwe eGulf, kusukela ebukhosini kuya ezinkundleni ezihlukahlukene zenkolo.
Lokhu kukhuluma ngamaqembu ahlomile - mayelana nokuphikisana okudumile, iningi labo abantu abanandaba nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lombuso wamaSulumane kodwa ezifisweni zentando yeningi nezenhlalakahle ebeziyizinjongo zokuvukela umbuso kusukela ekuqaleni.
TC: Ungakwazi yini ukusho okuthile mayelana nendlela ukuphikiswa okuhlela ngayo nokuthi ziyini izimfuno zayo eziyinhloko?
I-GA: Ukumelana kuhluke kakhulu. Ezinyangeni zokuqala zokuvukela umbuso, abaholi bokuqala, njengoba babeyikho yonke indawo esifundeni, iningi labo kuyintsha exhumanisa nge-inthanethi. Bazihlela ngamakomiti okudidiyela endawo (LCCs) base bechaza kabanzi ngohlelo oluqhubekayo: lwentando yeningi, olumelene namahlelo, kanye nezwe. Sekukonke isethi yezidingo eziqhubekayo eziqhubekayo, ongeke wehluleke ukusekela uma ungakwesobunxele.
Isigaba sesibili kwaba umthethosisekelo weSyrian National Council (SNC) - phesheya. Lona umehluko omkhulu neLibya lapho kwabunjwa khona uMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezinguquko ngaphakathi kwezwe futhi wamukelwa njengesemthethweni iningi lokuvukela umbuso waseLibya, nakuba nalapho zazikhona izinkinga. I-SNC yasungulwa phesheya ngabantu ababengenalo iqhaza langempela ebuholini balo mbhikisho uqobo, kodwa ababexhumene nabo. Yadalwa ngokuphazanyiswa kweTurkey, kanye neQatar. I-Emirate yaxhasa ngezimali i-SNC, ikakhulukazi i-Muslim Brotherhood eyayiyingxenye ebalulekile futhi iseyingxenye ebalulekile yalokhu kuphikisa okusemthethweni ekudingisweni.
Kodwa kuyona le SNC wawuthola abantu abangamalunga eSyria besala njengePeople's Democratic Party, edabuka ekuhlukaneni neSyrian Communist Party. Futhi ama-LCC nawo amelwe kwi-SNC futhi abona ubuholi bayo bamaqembu aphikisayo. Nalapha futhi umuntu angavumelana nenqwaba yohlelo lwe-SNC ngokombono ongakwesokunxele โ lunentando yeningi, olumelene namahlelo futhi lugxile kakhulu kwezenkolo. Yebo singasho ukuthi akuhlali kahle kodwa lokhu akukho ebuholini obunhlangothi kwesokunxele, ukuqiniseka.
I-SNC manje isithathelwe indawo yiSyrian National Coalition. Ihlala ngokuyisisekelo imbumba yamabutho uhla lwawo lufana nalolo lwamabutho ayehileleke ekuvukeleni kwaseGibhithe naseTunisia. Umuntu akufanele akhohlwe ukuthi e-Egypt umthombo, i-Muslim Brotherhood kanye namaSalafist ayekhona, ekuvukeleni, kanye nama-liberals nangakwesokunxele.
Ngemuva kwalokho njengoba impi yomzabalazo, ukuguqulwa kokuvukela kwaba yimpi yombango okwenzeka kancane kancane kusukela ekwindla ka-2011 kuqhubeke, sibone ukuvela kwamaqembu aqinile angama-jihadist amaSulumane okuhlanganisa namaqembu amabili asebenza ngaphansi kwe-Al Qaeda umehluko phakathi kwabo, namaqembu amaSalafi. Kulezi zinhlangano ezimbili ezingaphansi kwe-Al Qaeda, eyodwa inamasosha amaningi aqhamuka ngaphandle kwaseSyria kanti enye ingowaseSyria futhi kunokungezwani phakathi kwawo. Kube nokungqubuzana okukhulayo phakathi kwe-FSA, uphiko oluhlomile lweqembu eliphikisayo elisemthethweni, namaqembu e-Al Qaeda.
Kuyasiqinisa idolo ukubona amajihadist anomugqa oqinile enqatshwa kakhulu yiqembu eliphikisayo elijwayelekile kodwa futhi uyaqonda ukuthi laba bakamuva abakwazi ukulwa nezinhlangothi ezimbili - sebevele benezinkinga ezanele ngokungalingani okukhulu kwamandla phakathi kwabo neqembu. umbuso. Ngeshwa abukho uphiko lwesokunxele emzabalazweni wezikhali. I-radical kwesokunxele eSiriya noma kunjalo incane kakhulu. Futhi okubanzi kwesobunxele akuzamanga ukuhlela ngokwehlukana ngaphakathi kwe-FSA.
TC: Amaqembu aphikisayo aphendule kanjani emizamweni yombuso yokubaveza njengamahlelo?
I-GA: Baphendule ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene - ngezitatimende nezimemezelo, izibhengezo emibonisweni, besebenzisa amagama ezibalo ze-Alawite noma zobuKristu noma zama-Druze zomlando ekugqugquzeleni kwabo ngoLwesihlanu, njll.
Iqiniso liwukuthi akukho ukuqhathanisa okungenzeka phakathi kokubulawa kwamaqembu okwenziwa umbuso kanye nama-shabbihas awo - amasosha awo - abulala iningi lamahlelo, kanye nokubulawa kwamahlelo amabutho aphikisana nombuso. Lokhu kokugcina kwenziwa ikakhulukazi ama-jihadist, engiwathatha njengelinye ibutho eliphikisana noguquko.
Yebo kukhona ukusabela okungalawuleki kwabantu abanomqondo ophusile kwezepolitiki abasabela ngendlela yamahlelo ngesihluku sombuso. Awu, yini oyilindele? Leli akulona ibutho lezihlakaniphi zeMarxist elibhekene nombuso; kuwukuvukela umbuso, futhi ngaphandle kobuholi bepolitiki obukwazi ukufundisa abantu. Ngakho-ke kunezenzo zamahlelo ohlangothini lwamaqembu aphikisayo ekuphenduleni ukuhlukana okukhulu kombuso. Saba okufanayo empini yombango yaseLebanon enokulingana okuphezulu kakhulu ekubulaweni kwamahlelo phakathi kwezinhlangothi zombili - ukube lokho bekuyimibandela, wonke umuntu bekufanele anqabe ngokulinganayo izinhlangothi zombili empini yombango yaseLebanon.
Yebo kufanele sizisole zonke izenzo zamahlelo noma nini lapho zenzeka - futhi empeleni zilahlwa abaphikisayo kanye ne-FSA. Kodwa akumele singene ogibeni lokuziba umehluko phakathi kokubulawa kwabantu abaningi bamaqembu ombuso kanye nalokho okwenziwa amabutho amelene nombuso.
TC: Buyini ubudlelwano nomzabalazo wamaKurd?
I-GA: Kokubili umbuso kanye nabaphikisayo bathanda amaKurds ekuqaleni. Umbuso wakwenza lokhu ngoba wawungafuni ukuthi amaKurds ahlanganyele ekuvukeleni, futhi ukuvukela umbuso kwakwenza lokho ngoba befuna ukuwafaka emkhunjini. I-SNC yafaka ohlelweni lwayo ukuqashelwa kwamalungelo abantu abambalwa - hhayi ngokwezinga lokuvuma ilungelo lokuzikhethela - kodwa-ke lokho akusona ngisho isidingo esivumelana ngazwi linye samaKurds eSyria, noma-ke ngingakusekela ngokuqinile ukuvikela. leli lungelo.
Inhlangano yaseSyria yamaKurdish yabamba leli thuba futhi yalawula izindawo zamaKurdish. Amandla amakhulu phakathi kwamaKurds aseSyria axhumene ne-PKK, ekhonya engxenyeni elawulwa yiTurkey yaseKurdistan futhi iye yahlakulela ukuxhumana nombuso waseSyria eminyakeni edlule. Kodwa amaKurds awagxambukeli ngokuqondile empini yombango; bamatasa balawula indawo yabo, basungula ukuzimela ngokweqiniso njengoba kwenzeka e-Iraq. Bengingacabangi ukuthi bazolahlekelwa yilokhu esikhathini esizayo โ ngakho lokho kuyimpumelelo yabo. Bahlala kude nempi yombango ngaphandle kokungqubuzana nama-jihadists njalo nje.
TC: Ungasichaza kanjani isimo ezindaweni ezilawulwa yi-FSA? Kuyacaca ukuthi isimo sobuntu siyinhlekelele kodwa ungasichaza kanjani ngokwepolitiki?
GA: Yebo isimo sobuntu siyashaqisa impela. Ezindaweni eziningi lapho amaqembu aphikisayo athathe izintambo futhi aqeda umbuso we-Baathst, sibonile ukwakhiwa kwamakomiti endawo yentando yeningi, nokhetho oluthile. Lokhu kuhle impela, kodwa kujwayelekile ukuthi uma igunya linyamalala endaweni ukuzama ukuhlela okuthile okuzothatha indawo yalo. Akufanele umuntu aveze amakomiti anjalo 'njengamasoviet' nanoma yini efana naleyo - lokho kungaba phezulu ngokuphelele. Lezi zakhiwo zingamela amandla athakazelisayo esikhathi esizayo, kodwa okwamanje ziyizinyathelo zokuzihlela ukuze kushintshwe isikhala samandla esidalwe ukuwa kwama-ejensi wombuso wendawo.
TC: Ungafingqa kanjani okufanele ngabe kwesokunxele maqondana neSyria?
I-GA: Kubaluleke ngempela ukuphuma ngokubambisana nokuvukela umbuso waseSiriya futhi ungabi namahloni ngakho. Uma sikholelwa elungelweni labantu lokuzikhethela, uma sikholelwa elungelweni labantu lokuzikhethela ngokukhululekile noma ngubani abamfunayo, noma ngabe besinokuvukela umbuso lapho amabutho amaSulumane ayehola khona, lokhu akufanele kuguqule isimo sethu - njengoba akwenzanga ngokwesibonelo ngeGaza neHamas, noma ngokumelana ne-Iraqi engingakhumbuza abantu ukuthi kwakungaphansi kokulawulwa kwamaSulumane kunanoma yini onayo eSyria.
Ngenxa yazo zonke lezi zizathu ngicabanga ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuveza ubumbano noguquko lwaseSyria, ukwakha izixhumanisi nabathuthukayo phakathi kwamaqembu aphikisayo aseSyria, ukulwa nenkulumo-ze yombuso kanye neyaseMoscow, nokugxeka ukuhambisana kweWashington neNtshonalanga. ebugebengwini obubhekiswe kubuntu obenziwa eSyria.
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Nikela