Ngomhla zingama-25 kuMfumfu ama-Argentina aya e- poll okhethweni lukazwelonke oluzololonga ikusasa lomnotho wesithathu ngobukhulu eLatin America. Ngemva kokushona kuka-Hugo Chávez naphakathi kwezinxushunxushu ezikhulayo ezweni elingumakhelwane iBrazil, intuthuko e-Argentina iba nokubaluleka okwengeziwe esifundeni.
Ngaphezu komongameli wokuqala wezwe ongeyena uKirchner eminyakeni eyishumi nambili, abavoti bazokhetha ababusi bezifundazwe, izigele, kanye nabamele ukhongolose, kanye nabamele iphalamende kwinhlangano yezohwebo yaseNingizimu Melika. UMERCOSUR.
Imiqhudelwano yakamuva yesifundazwe iholele ekunqobeni kwabangenele ukhetho lukaMongameli ophumayo uCristina Fernández de Kirchner's Front for Victory (Itholakala kuVictoria) kuzo zombili i-Chaco ne-Tucumán. E-Tucumán, umphumela waphikiswana nawo abalandeli bamaqembu aphikisayo phakathi nodlame olubhekiswe kubamele amaqembu aphikisayo kanye nezinsolo zokukhwabanisa okhethweni. Noma kunjalo imibhikisho okubandakanya ukungqubuzana namaphoyisa umphumela waba ngemuva kwalokho isekelwe yiNkantolo Ephakeme yaseTucumán.
Ama-primaries ango-August asungula abantu abathathu abazongenela ukhetho lobumongameli: owalandela i-Kirchner in the Front for Victory coalition kanye nombusi ophumayo wesifundazwe saseBuenos Aires, uDaniel Scioli; ophikisana noPeronist uSergio Massa weRenewal Front (I-Frente Renovador); kanye nemeya yaseBuenos Aires uMauricio Macri we-centre-right Let’s Change (I-Cambiemos). Ukuvota kwakamuva bonisa uScioli eqophelweni eliphezulu ngevoti elingu-40% kanye nomphetho ongu-10% kunombangi wakhe oseduze okudingekayo ukuze kugwenywe ukugijima okungalindelekile ngoNovemba 22.nd. Nokho-ke isemuva kakhulu kuma-54% kaKirchner ngo-2011.
Imajini engabaleki kahle ka-Scoli ngokwengxenye ingenxa yokulungiswa kabusha kokhetho kusukela ngokhetho lwezomthetho lwase-Argentina lwango-2013. Ukuvela kwakhe njenge-Front for Victory candidate kungalandelelwa ngqo empumelelweni yeRenewal Front kaSergio Massa. Isikhulu sekhabhinethi kaCristina Kirchner kusukela ngo-2008-09, uMassa wahlukana ngokusobala ngo-2013 ukuze akhe umfelandawonye ogxile kosozimboni kanye nezimeya zesifundazwe saseBuenos Aires.
Umfelandawonye kaMassa uzuze ukunqoba okubalulekile kwamaphakathi nonyaka lokho waphika uKirchner i-Congressional supermajority edingekayo ukuze isekele ukuchitshiyelwa komthethosisekelo obekungamvumela ukuthi angenele ihlandla lesithathu elilandelanayo likamongameli. Ukhetho luphinde lwembula igebe kwesokunxele sikaKirchner, njengeTrotskyist Workers' Left Front (Frente de la Izquierda y de los Trabajadores) uthole izihlalo ezintathu kuKhongolose kaZwelonke kanjalo nabamele izifundazwe kanye nabamele izishayamthetho zomasipala ezweni lonke, okugqamisa ukuthi izifundo zokuvukela umbuso wase-Argentina ngo-2001-02 azikhohliwe.
Ngakho-ke umgijimi ophambili uScioli ubelokhu enxenxa izinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nophiko lwesokunxele lweqembu lakhe - ehambisa uhlelo lukaPapa uFrancis lwezenhlalo ekumemezeleni ukuthi uma ekhethwa uzophumelela. dala i-Ministry of Popular Economy - ngenkathi futhi ifuna ukuheha ama- $ 30 billion ngonyaka ekutshalweni kwezimali kwamanye amazwe ukwenza i-Argentina ibe "ipharadesi elikhiqizayo."
Ukuhlelwa kabusha kokhetho akugcinanga nje ngokuvula indlela futhi kwabeka esimweni sokuqokwa kukaScoli, sekusondeze abamele amaqembu aphikisayo uMassa noMacri eduze komunye nomunye. Nokho kuze kube manje kumile kushoda ekukhiqizeni umfelandawonye wokhetho phakathi kwalokhu.
Ngaphansi kwezinguquko esimweni sokhetho kunezinselelo ezijulile zesakhiwo ezibhekene ne-Kirchnerism. Ukukhula komnotho kwakhula kusukela ngo-2004-10 ngaphansi kuka-Néstor Kirchner nangesikhathi sethemu yokuqala ka-Cristina. Yize abagxeki beshesha ukukuchitha ukukhula komnotho okubabazekayo njengoba kusekelwe enhlanhleni eyisimungulu yokukhula kwezimpahla - ikakhulukazi isoya - U-Mark Weisbrot Wesikhungo Socwaningo Lwenqubomgomo Yezomnotho iveza ukuthi izinkomba zokuthekelisa zesoya ekukhuleni kwe-GDP azikusekeli ukulandisa okunjalo.
Nakuba izimangalo zokuthembela ngokuphelele kusoya zingase zeqiwe, imithelela yayo yesakhiwo ayinakuphikiswa. Ngenxa yokuthi isoyi cishe ayinayo imakethe yasekhaya, ukuvela kwayo njengokhiye wokuthekelisa kwavumela abaphathi be-Kirchner ukuthi bagweme ukungqubuzana kwesikhathi esidlule mayelana namanani entengo yenyama yenkomo nokolweni, imikhiqizo ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe nasekusetshenzisweni kwasekhaya yimikhakha edumile yasemadolobheni. Nokho, ukukhula kwesoya kuye kwadala ezinye izingxabano zezombangazwe. Iqhaza layo elibalulekile ekuxhaseni ngezimali ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kombuso ezinhlelweni zomphakathi kuholele ekutheni a ukuma nenzalo ye-agro-export ngenkathi kuphakanyiswa ukwenyuka kwezintela zokuthekelisa ngo-2008.
Ukukhula kwesoya nakho kugqugquzele ukukhuphuka kwentengo yomhlaba kanye nobunikazi obugxile ezandleni zezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe. Lokhu kunciphise ngokwengxenye izinzuzo zezezimali zesoya, njengoba imali engenayo ixhase ngendlela exakayo izinhlelo zezenhlalo ezihlanganisa izidingo eziyisisekelo zalezo. baxoshwe emaphandleni ngokwanda kokukhiqizwa kwayo.
Umphumela "ezolimo ngaphandle kwabalimi" ukhumbula i "ama-pampas ngaphandle kwabahlali" esetshenziswa isazi-mlando uJames Scobie ukuchaza ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kukakolweni ngekhulu le-19. Ukunanela okunjalo kwesikhathi esidlule sokuthengiswa kwezolimo e-Argentina kugcizelela ukuguquguquka - okuvamile esifundeni - kusuka ezinhlelweni zokulungiswa kwesakhiwo se-Washington kuya kulokho isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu uMaristella Svampa esikubiza ngokuthi "imvumelwano yezimpahla" ukuthembela kabusha ekumbiweni kwezimbiwa kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezolimo okugxile kwamanye amazwe.
Njengenhloko ye-Argentina umthombo wemali yangaphandle, i-soy dovetails nezinye izithiyo ezinkulu zangaphandle emnothweni wase-Argentina, okuyisikweletu. Kungemva kwengxabano ebuhlungu yango-2010 nenhloko yeBhange Elikhulu lase-Argentina lapho uCristina Kirchner eqhubeka khona. ukufinyelela okuphephile ezindaweni ezibekiwe okudingekayo ukuze ukhokhe isikweletu esizimele, okuxoxiswene ngaso kabusha ngemva kokungakhokhi kahle ngo-2001.
Ngenkathi a isivuno esikhulu sesoya ngo-2014 yasiza ukugcwalisa izimali zangaphandle zeBhange Elikhulu, zihlala ngaphansi kwengcindezi. UNgqongqoshe Wezomnotho u-Axel Kicillof umemezele ekuqaleni kwale nyanga ukuthi cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha azokhokhela abanikazi bamabhondi ase-Argentina e-Boden 6. Ngaleso sikhathi, izikhulu zamemezela ngokunqoba inkokhelo ye-Boden 2015 “ukuphela kwenqubo ende yokungabi nazikweleti” – ukuswayipha okucacile ekubambeni “izimali zamanqe” ezimangalelayo njengamanje eNew York ukuze kubuyiselwe imali egcwele yamabhondi emakethe yesibili athengwe ngemuva kokuzenzakalelayo kwe-Argentina ka-2001.
Impi nezimali zamanqe, ikakhulukazi, isiphenduke indawo yokuhlangana yezepolitiki ku-Kirchner onyakeni wakhe wokugcina esikhundleni. I I-General General Assembly isanda kwamukela izimiso eziyisishiyagalolunye mayelana nokuhlelwa kabusha kwezikweletu ezizimele okuqalwe yisinqumo senkantolo Ephakeme yangoJuni 2014 yase-US esivimbela i-Argentina ekukhokheleni abakweletwayo ababevumelene nokuhlelwa kabusha kwangaphambilini. Nakuba imigomo ye-UN ingabophi, u-Kirchner no-Kicillof baye bababeka njengokunqoba okukhulu, futhi babathumela kuKhongolose wase-Argentina ukuze ibhalwe emthethweni wasekhaya.
Ingxoxo yalezi zingqinamba zesakhiwo ithulisiwe kakhulu emikhankasweni kamongameli. UScioli, eveza uhlelo lwakhe lwezomnotho, ugxile kakhulu kulo ukwehla kwamandla emali kube yidijithi eyodwa ngaphandle kwe-austerity, kodwa akazange akhulume ngengxabano yezikweletu. Lezi zinkinga zesakhiwo nazo zazingekho kakhulu engxoxweni kamongameli yangomhla zizi-4 kuMfumfu – eyokuqala emlandweni wase-Argentina – lapho uScioli engazange azimisele ngisho nokubamba iqhaza.
Kodwa izingcindezi zezomnotho bezilokhu zanda. NgoJanuwari 2014, i-Central Bank yamemezela i- Ukwehla kwamandla emali okukhulu kakhulu kusukela ngo-2002. Ebhekene nokubuya kwe-inflation ephezulu, indiza enkulu, ukwehla kwezimali zakwamanye amazwe, kanye ne-peso ehlayo, u-Kirchner usephendukele kukho. lwemali futhi intengo izilawuli. Izinyathelo ezinjalo zihlangabezane nempumelelo eyisivivi, njengoba i-inflation ye-de facto iqhubekile nokukhuphuka futhi idola "eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" noma elingekho emthethweni lifike phezulu kwe-16.08 pesos ngasekupheleni kukaSepthemba.
Abagxeki beKirchnerism bakhomba ezinkingeni zezomnotho ezijwayelekile, kanye nokukhula inkohlakalo futhi ukungavikeleki. Noma kunjalo i-Peronism - ifa lezepolitiki likaMongameli uJuan Perón owabusa phakathi kuka-1946-55 kanye no-1973-74 - usalokhu unamandla ezombusazwe e-Argentina. Ngisho noMacri, umsebenzi wakhe wezepolitiki usekelwe ekubeni a igorila (Igama labantu base-Argentina labangewona ama-Peronists), muva nje bamukele u-Perón. Ubekwe eceleni uKirchner ally kanye nenhloko yeGeneral Confederation of Labor (I-Confederación General de Trabajo) Hugo Moyano, Macri uvule isifanekiso sikaJuan Perón edolobheni laseBuenos Aires ngethemba lokuthi ezinye zemilingo yabantu abaningi zizomthinta.
Ngisho nanjengoba womathathu amakhandidethi abalulekile efuna ifa likaPerón, abavoti bazonquma ngemibono yendima yezwe ehlukana ngokusobala. Ukuhlukana kugqama kakhulu phakathi kukaScoli noMacri, okucishe kube yibo bobabili abazongenela ukhetho ngoNovemba 22 uma ukhetho luqhubeka. Ngenkathi owangaphambili ethembisa ukuqhubeka okuyisisekelo nemodeli yaseKirchnerist, uMacri, edweba izingathekiso kusukela ezinsukwini zakhe njengomongameli wekilabhu yebhola lezinyawo iBoca Juniors, uthi umbuso kufanele usebenze kuphela "njengomgcini sisekelo" emkhakheni lapho izinkampani ezizimele zingabadlali beqiniso. I-Macri's plan kusho ukuqina kwezimali kanye nokubuya okuvamile kumodeli yezomnotho yango-1990 eyaholela ekuweni kwe-Argentina ngo-2001. Esimeni somjikelezo wesibili phakathi kwalaba ababili, uSergio Massa uzoba ngumenzi wenkosi, eqinisa isikhundla sakhe isikhathi eside.
Ukunqoba kukaScoli ngo-Okthoba 25th noma ngemuva akuqinisekisiwe. Uma kwenzeka ephumelela uzodla ifa lezwe eseliluleme kakhulu ekuhlulekeni kwezikweletu kanye nenkinga yokumelwa yipolitiki eyafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngo-2001-02, njengoba sekubonakale izinselelo zesakhiwo. Lokhu kuzinza kuhlanganiswe ngaphansi kwe-Peronism phakathi neminyaka engaphezu kweshumi yokuphatha kwe-Kirchner. Iqembu le-Radical (the I-Unión Cívica Radical), i-Peronism's counterweight yomlando, isihlotshaniswe nokwengamela i-hyperinflation ngo-1989 kanye nenkinga yezomnotho nezombusazwe ngo-2001. Amasosha awavunyelwe ngokuphelele. Umfelandawonye we-Macri oqala phezulu u-Let's Change awunakufinyelela okuncane ngaphandle kweFederal Capital yaseBuenos Aires.
Kulo mkhakha wezepolitiki, i-avatar ye-Kirchnerist ye-Peronism ibonakala imile phakathi kokuqhubeka nokuhlukana. Isishoshovu esiqavile samalungelo abantu u-Estella de Carlotto, okujabulise kakhulu abagxeki bakaScoli bemithombo yezindaba, muva nje ukubiza ngaye njengomuntu ongase akwazi. umongameli "wenguquko". ukugcina isihlalo sifudumele ku-Cristina Kirchner ukuthi aphinde agijime ngo-2019. Nokho, ukuvela kukaMassa ngaphakathi kwe-Peronism kukhomba ukukhukhuleka kwesokudla phakathi komkhakha obalulekile womnyakazo. Ukubusa kwe-Kirchnerism kwezombusazwe kanye nomphakathi wase-Argentina, ngokuxakayo, kungase kube umthombo wakho omkhulu wokungazinzi.
UCharles Dolph ungumfundi we-PhD ku-anthropology e-CUNY Graduate Center eNew York. Njengamanje use-Argentina uqhubeka nocwaningo lwakhe lwemibuzo yezikweletu, udlame lwezepolitiki kanye nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela