Kunezinkulumo eziningi ngesikhathi sikaTrump mayelana "nempi yesayensi." Kepha le mpi, njengoba injalo, idlulela ngalรฉ kokuhlaselwa kweRiphabhlikhi engaziwa ngesayensi yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu noma inhlamba kaDonald Trump kaGreta Thunberg, isishoshovu sesimo sezulu esesemusha esicishe sibe neminyaka engama-60 insizwa endala. Le mpi ayibandakanyi nje ukuphika okuqondile kwesayensi, kodwa izindlela eziningi isayensi yonakaliswa ngayo ukuze isebenzele izithakazelo zezinkampani esikhundleni sokusiza umphakathi.
Enye yezindaba zakamuva yafika kulo Disemba odlule lapho i-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), ngaphansi kobuholi bomgqugquzeli wemboni yamalahle oqokwe uTrump, icela inkantolo yombuso yokudlulisa amacala ukuthi iguqule isinqumo senkantolo ephansi esasibambe uBayer AG, manje ongumnikazi weMonsanto's. I-Roundup herbicide, ebhekene nomdlavuza wendoda yaseCalifornia. I-conglomerate esekwe eJalimane ithenge iMonsanto ngo-2018 ngamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-63.
The umngani wenkantolo kafushane, efakwe ngokuhlanganyela noMnyango Wezobulungiswa wase-U.S., ithi umthetho wezwe laseCalifornia odinga ilebula yesixwayiso sezempilo yemithi yokubulala ukhula esekelwe ku-glyphosate wawungadingekile njengoba i-EPA ingafaki i-glyphosate ngokwezigaba njenge-carcinogen. Eqinisweni, i-Bayer AG isivele ilahlekelwe amacala amathathu akamuva afakwe abantu abahlakulele i-non-Hodgkin lymphoma, umdlavuza wamasosha omzimba, ngemuva kokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside komkhiqizo we-Roundup. Le nkampani manje ibhekene namacala angaphezu kuka-40,000 mayelana nobungozi bezempilo obungaba khona be-Roundup.
Izinselelo ezingokomthetho zemithi yokubulala ukhula esekelwe ku-glyphosate zisekelwe ebufakazini obukhulayo bezifo obuxhumanisa ukuchayeka ku-non-Hodgkin lymphoma neminye imiphumela yezempilo. Okuphawuleka kakhulu, i-International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), inkampani esebenzisana neWorld Health Organisation, yanquma ngo-2015 ukuthi i-glyphosate "Mhlawumbe i-carcinogenic kubantu."
Isikhundla se-ejensi sasisekelwe ezifundweni ezingaba ngu-1,000 zokuchayeka kwe-glyphosate phakathi kwabasebenzi abaningi bezolimo, njengabalimi nabafaka izibulala-zinambuzane, ikakhulukazi e-United States, Canada, naseSweden, kanye nobufakazi obuvela ezifundweni zezilwane. Isixhumanisi kubantu abanomdlavuza sasisekelwe kulokho i-IARC ekuchaza ngokuthi โokunomkhawulo,โ kodwa ubufakazi โobubalulekile ngokwezibaloโ. Umbiko we-IARC uphawule nobunye ubufakazi bokuthi i-glyphosate idale ukulimala kwe-DNA kanye ne-chromosomal kumaseli omuntu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Environmental Working Group (EGW), ngo-Aug. 21, 2019 isitatimende ku-EPA, icaphuna ubufakazi obuvela ezifundweni ezinhlanu kweziyisishiyagalombili ze-epidemiological zengozi ephakeme ye-non-Hodgkin lymphoma phakathi kwalezo ezichayeke emithini yokubulala ukhula esekelwe ku-glyphosate. Olunye lwakamuva cwaningo, i-meta-analysis yango-2019 eyenziwe abacwaningi base-University of California, Berkeley kanye nase-University of Washington, bathole labo abachayeka kakhulu ku-glyphosate, njengabasebenzi bezolimo, babesengozini enkulu engamaphesenti angama-41 yokuba ne-non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
I-Herbicide Ehamba phambili Emhlabeni
Namuhla, ama-herbicides asekelwe ku-glyphosate atholakala yonke indawo emhlabeni. Ukusetshenziswa kwaleli qembu lemikhiqizo yokubulala ukhula kukhule cishe ~100-izikhathi selokhu yethulwa okokuqala ngo-1974. Ngokusho kwe I-US Geological Survey, ivolumu ye-glyphosate-based herbicides esetshenziswa e-United States inyuke isuka ngaphansi kwamaphawundi ayizigidi ezingu-25 ngo-1992 yaya ngaphezu kwamaphawundi ayizigidi ezingu-250 ngo-2016. Ngokuphawulekayo, ukufika ngo-1996 kwezitshalo ze-Monsanto "Roundup Ready" ezakhiwe ngofuzo, zibekezelela izitshalo. I-Roundup herbicide, isheshise ukusetshenziswa kokhula.
Yebo, imvelo inendlela yokujwayela ngisho nokungenelela komuntu okuphumelelayo. Njengoba nje ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwemithi elwa namagciwane kuholele entweni yokumelana nama-antibiotic, okwenza ukuthi imithi eminingi enjalo ingasebenzi ekulweni nezifo ezithathelwanayo, ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwezohwebo kwe-Roundup nemikhiqizo efanayo kuye kwabangela ukuvela kokhula olubekezelela i-glyphosate. Ukuphendula, kuze kube manje kube nokukhuphuka okuyisinxephezelo kumthamo wezicelo zentengiso zomuthi wokubulala ukhula.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-EPA empeleni yayihlukanise i-glyphosate njenge-carcinogenic ngo-1985. Ngemva kwalokho, inkampani yachitha iminyaka eminingana elandelayo isebenzela ukunxenxa i-EPA ukuthi ihlehlise isikhundla sayo ku-glyphosate, okwagcina ikwenzile ngo-1991, ubhala Isazi-mlando sesayensi u-Elena Conis, PhD, we The Washington Post (April 9, 2019).
โEmashumini eminyaka alandela, inkampani yagunyaza isayensi yayo kososayensi eyayibathanda futhi yacela abalawuli bakahulumeni ukuba basekele izinqumo kuleyo sayensi,โ kubika uConis, osebenzisana neCenter for Science, Technology, Medicine and Society eNyuvesi California, Berkeley. โKwesinye isikhathi, i-EPA yavumela imboni ukuthi ikhiphe usosayensi othile ephanelini lokubuyekeza ukuphepha kwe-glyphosate. Kwesinye, usosayensi we-EPA wathembisa iMonsanto ukuthi izovimba ukubuyekezwa okuhleliwe kokuphepha kwe-glyphosate. Umongameli i-EPA yakhe eyenza lesi sithembiso? Barack Obama.โ
Iphuzu lokugcina liyisikhumbuzo sokuthi isayensi esebenzela inzuzo yebhizinisi ayiyona into egcinwe ama-Trump Republicans kuphela. Eqinisweni, njengoba uConis esikhumbuza, kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970 i-EPA ivumele izinkampani ukuba zibhalise imikhiqizo emisha yezibulala-zinambuzane โngokwemibandela; ngamanye amazwi, ngaphandle kokuhambisa yonke imininingwane edingekayo yokuphepha nokuhlola. Ukuqaphela, izinqubo ezinjalo zihambisana nokuxega okufanayo ezinkambisweni zokulawula embonini yezemithi nemishini yezokwelapha. Ngokuqondene nemboni yezibulala-zinambuzane, uConis uphawula ukuthi ngaphezu kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezibulala-zinambuzane ezingu-16,000 ezisetshenziswa e-United States ekuqaleni zazibhaliswe ngaphansi kwesimo esinemibandela. Lokhu kuhlanganisa i-glyphosate.
Ngokuchayeka kwabantu ku-glyphosate kukhula, abacwaningi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kunesidingo esibalulekile sokuhlolwa okubuyekeziwe kwezingozi ezinobuthi ezingaba khona ezihlobene nemikhiqizo esekelwe ku-glyphosate. Ngempela, ucwaningo oluningi luye lwahlola umthelela wokuchayeka kwezinga eliphezulu kubantu, ngedatha elinganiselwe kuphela etholakalayo kumthelela wokuchayeka okude, okusezingeni eliphansi, okungase kwenzeke ngokufakwa kotshani bezindawo zokuhlala noma ezinsalela zokudla, emanzini, nomoya.
Eqinisweni, kunzima kubacwaningi ngisho nokutadisha imiphumela yezempilo yemikhiqizo yokubulala ukhula esekelwe ku-glyphosate njengoba abakhiqizi bengadingeki ukuba banikeze ukudalulwa okugcwele kwezithako zabo. Lokhu kuntuleka kwedatha kuwumthwalo ezifundweni ze-toxicology, kusho ochwepheshe. Njengoba uVanessa Fitsanakis, PhD, i-neurotoxicologist eNortheast Ohio Medical University, etshela Usosayensi ngo-2018, "Ngokombono wocwaningo, angikwazi ukusho ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye engase idinge ukushintshwa [ukunciphisa ubuthi obungaba khona] kulawo mafomu ngoba angazi ukuthi yiziphi ezinye zalezo zingxenye."
Lokhu ukukhathazeka njengoba imikhiqizo esekelwe ku-glyphosate, ehlanganiswe nezinye izinto "ezingenayo", ibonisa ubufakazi bokuthi inamandla kakhulu kune-glyphosate iyodwa, ngokusho kukaFitsanakis nabanye abacwaningi. Lokhu kuthinta ikakhulukazi abacwaningi abafuna ukuqonda kangcono amandla alokho okuchazwa njengemiphumela yezempilo โecashile futhi eqongelelekayoโ phakathi neminyaka yokuchayeka kule mikhiqizo yokuthengisa. Kunento eyodwa eqinisekile. Isayensi ehilelekile endabeni yemiphumela yezempilo yesikhathi eside isekude ukuxazululeka.
Intando Yeningi Esekelwe Ekukholweni?
Ukuqala unyaka omusha, i-ejensi yezempilo nemvelo yaseFrance kumemezela ukuvinjelwa kwenqwaba yemithi yokubulala ukhula esekelwe ku-glyphosate, echaza ukuthi kwakungekho idatha eyanele ukuze kutholakale ukuthi ayinabungozi empilweni yabantu. Ukuvinjelwa kuze kube manje kuhlanganisa cishe izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zevolumu yemikhiqizo ye-glyphosate ethengiswa minyaka yonke eFrance. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, amazwe angaphezu kweshumi nambili athuthele kuwo ngokufanayo vala noma khawula ama-herbicides asekelwe ku-glyphosate.
E-United States, izinto ziyaqhubeka nokusebenza ngokuhlukile. โLolu wuhlelo lwethu lokuqinisekisa ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane ziphephile,โ kuphetha uConis. โBamsulwa futhi basemakethe kuze kutholakale ukuthi banecala. Ubudlelwano obuseduze phakathi komkhakha nama-ejensi ethu alawulayo busiza ukubagcina lapho. Ngesikhathi isayensi ezimele eyanele isikhiqize ubufakazi bokulimala, sekwephuze kakhulu ukuthi singahlehlisa umonakalo owenziwe.โ
Iphi intando yeningi kulokhu? Kungani abantu, izilwane zasendle, kanye nendawo ezungezile kufanele kubekwe engcupheni ukungcoliswa okude, okunensayo kweplanethi yizinkampani zamakhemikhali ezolimo, okuyinhloko yazo eyinhloko ukuzinothisa kanye nenzuzo yazo? Ngokukhanya kwamacala abanye abamangaleli bomphakathi ukuthi iMonsanto ubufakazi obucindezelwe ngezingozi ezaziwayo zezempilo, le ndaba ingena nangokwengeziwe emkhakheni wobugebengu bezinkampani.
Impela, ukubuyekezwa okuzimele kwesayensi kwemikhiqizo ye-agrochemical, engenalo ithonya lebhizinisi noma inhlanganisela, kufanele kufunwa kuyo yonke imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwayo okubalulekile ngaphambi kokuba iqale ukusetshenziswa. Impilo yomphakathi, okuhlanganisa impilo yabasebenzi, kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo kufanele kuze kuqala.
Emnothweni oqhutshwa โimakethe yamahhalaโ ubungxiwankulu, ukuphila okunempilo nokuvikelwa kwemvelo kuhlala kusengozini. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ubungxiwankulu bezimboni buye bachaya abantu kuphethroli onomthofu, i-asbestos, ugwayi, i-DDT, intuthu, amakhemikhali anobuthi emanzini nasekudleni, kanye nokungcoliswa kwamafutha ezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi manje okusongela ukululaza isimo sezulu kuze kube sekupheleni. Konke lokhu nokunye kwalethwa kithi ngezilokotho zokuqinisekisa ukuphepha komkhiqizi kanye nokusekelwa kwesayensi "egunyaziwe".
Ngeshwa, lapho laba abalandelayo beqashwe embonini ezimele, futhi ama-ejensi ezempilo kahulumeni asebenza, nokho ngobuqili noma ngokungaqondile, ukuze aqhubekisele phambili izintshisekelo zemakethe yebhizinisi phezu kwezempilo yomphakathi, labo abangebona ososayensi bashiywa endaweni yokulindela. ukuze nje ube nokholo ezinhlosweni ezinhle zabenzi benzuzo kanye nochwepheshe babo.
U-Mark Harris ungumbhali ozinze e-Portland, e-Oregon. Ukubhala kwakhe kuvele ku-Common Dreams, Counterpunch, Truthout, The Oregonian, Utne magazine, Z magazine, nokunye okushicilelwe namasayithi ezindaba. U-Harris ungumhlanganyeli ofakiwe ku-โThe Flexible Writer,โ uhlelo lwesine, kaSusanna Rich (Allyn & Bacon/Longman, 2003); kanye nethi โUmhlahlandlela Wokufunda Ekolishi,โ uhlelo lwesithupha, ka-Kathleen McWhorter (Addison-Wesley, 2003). Uyilungu le-Association of Health Care Journalists (AHCJ). Iwebhusayithi: www.harrismedia.org. I-imeyili: [i-imeyili ivikelwe]
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