Sekuyinsakavukela umchilo wesidwaba ukuthi iNingizimu Afrika iyizwe elingalingani emhlabeni wonke[i]. Bangu-41% kuphela abantu abaneminyaka yokusebenza abasebenzayo, kanti ingxenye yabantu abasebenzayo ihola ngaphansi kuka-R 2 500 ngenyanga.[Ii]. Okubi nakakhulu, ukungalingani kuyakhula namaholo njengoba ingxenye yengeniso yezwe yehla isuka ku-50% ngo-1994 yaya kuma-45% ngowezi-2009; kuyilapho inzuzo njengengxenye yemali engenayo yezwe yenyukile isuka ku-40% yaya ku-45%[Iii]. Empeleni lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba idlanzana liphila kahle - futhi linezindlu zikanokusho, amadamu okubhukuda, amabhizinisi, ukutshalwa kwezimali, kanye nezikhundla eziphakeme esifundazweni - iningi labantu lihlala emijondolo noma ezindlini ezivinjwe umoya, lizungezwe abantu abampofu, futhi bayazabalaza. nsuku zonke ukuze uthole izinto eziyisisekelo zokuphila njengokudla namanzi. Ngokunjalo, ngenkathi abaphathi, izimenenja zombuso, kanye nosopolitiki - bobabili abamnyama nabamhlophe - bezulazula begqoke amasudi kanokusho ngokukhonkotha; iningi labantu lilindeleke ukuthi likhothame, lenze njengoba litshelwa, ligwinye ukuziqhenya kwalo.
Yize kulindeleke ukuthi kuthobeke, kodwa imibhikisho ezindaweni zabasebenzi iyabhebhetheka. Abantu sebecikekile ukungasebenzi, ukuba nezindlu ezingekho ezingeni, ukuphoxeka nokucishwa amanzi nogesi. Empeleni, umuntu ngamunye iNingizimu Afrika inezinga eliphezulu lemibhikisho emhlabeni[Iv]. Kukulesi simo sokukhula kwesenzo esiqondile somphakathi, ngisho noma sisahleli ngokungadidiyelwe, lapho umbuso ukubone kufanele, okungenani ngezinga lokukhuluma, ukumemezela izinhloso zawo zokuhola impi yokulwa nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi kanye nokunciphisa ukungalingani. Ukwenza lokhu, kwethule uhlaka olusha lwezomnotho, Indlela Entsha Yokukhula (NGP), ngasekupheleni kuka-2010 ngenhloso eyamenyezelwa yokudala amathuba emisebenzi ayizigidi ezi-5 ngo-2020.[V].
Phakathi kwezikhulu ezithile zombuso kanye nosopolitiki, okuhlanganisa naphakathi komfelandawonye we-ANC - iSouth African Communist Party (SACP) - i-NGP yethulwe njengoshintsho olukhulu. Eqinisweni, yethulwe njengecilongo lombuso elizobeka izwe emgwaqeni wokulingana okukhulu nokuqashwa ngokugcwele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.[vi]. Ngisho nePhini likaNobhala-Jikelele we-SACP liyibonge i-NGP njengekhefu ku-neo-liberalism kanye โnesisekelo sezimaketheโ.[vii], ushintsho olubalulekile ukusuka ku- Inqubomgomo Yokukhula, Ukuqashwa kanye Nokwabiwa Kabusha (Igiya). Ngeshwa, njengoba kuzophikiswana ngaso engxenyeni yokuqala yephepha ngokombono we-anarchist, zonke lezi zimangalo ziyisifiso sokufisa noma ukuhlanekezela okuqondile. I-Neo-liberalism - ngendlela yempi yesigaba evela phezulu - iyaphila futhi iphilile eNingizimu Afrika. Ngakho-ke, kuzothi i-NGP yakhela phezu kwemigomo yombuso eholwa nguKhongolose eyedlule ebihlasela abasebenzi nabampofu; kuyilapho kuqhubekisela phambili izithakazelo zesigaba esibusayo futhi kugqugquzelwa ukukhula kweqembu elimnyama elitelekile phakathi kwalo.
I-anarchist critique enikezwa kuleli phepha, nokho, akukhona ukugxeka kokuqala kwe-NGP. Abanye abantu abahlukene abasele kanye nezinhlangano, zisebenzisa ingxube ye-Marx ne-Keynes, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule baphinde bagxeka i-NGP (okwenza leli phepha lihluke nakuba kuwuhlaka lwalo lwe-anarchist, oluholela eziphethweni ezahlukene). Ngenxa yohlaka lwazo lwethiyori, iziphakamiso eziphuma kulokhu kugxeka okwedlule zibize indima enkulu yombuso emnothweni. Isibonelo, iCongress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) inxuse umbuso ukuthi wenze izimboni ezibalulekile zibe ngaphansi kukahulumeni futhi uzihlanganise ngokuqinile nesigaba sabasebenzi ukuze kubhekwane nokungalingani kanye nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi. Engxenyeni yesibili yaleli phepha, kuzophikiswana ngokuthi ezinye izindlela eziphakanyisiwe ezinjalo zinephutha ngokombono wekilasi. Lokhu kungenxa yeqiniso lokuthi naphezu kokubiza lokho okufana nomnotho 'oxubile', ezinye izindlela eziphakanyiswe yi-Cosatu zigcina zihluleka ukuxazulula ngokugcwele umsuka wokuntuleka kwemisebenzi nokungalingani: ukubusa kwezigaba, unxiwankulu kanye nokungalingani. isimo Izinhlelo.
Ingabe i-NGP imele okuthile okusha?
Nakuba i-NGP ingase ithi inhloso yayo eyinhloko ukunciphisa ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kanye nokulwa nokungalingani, ngokwemigomo, ngokusobala ngokuvamile kuwukuqhutshekwa kwe-neo-liberalism. Impela, nakuba umbuso oholwa yi-ANC usukwazi ukugwema ulimi oluningi oluhlotshaniswa neo-liberalism - njengokwenza izinto ezizimele - uhlaka lwe-neo-liberal lwe-NGP ezingeni lomnotho omkhulu lucacile. Ngakho-ke, i-NGP ibeka ukuthi umbuso uzoqondiswa "inqubomgomo yezimali enemikhawulo eyengeziwe esekelwa izinyathelo zomnotho omkhulu ukuqukatha izingcindezi zokwehla kwamandla emali kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuncintisana"[viii]. Lokhu, kude nokumela ikhefu, kuphindaphinda izici eziyinhloko ze-Gear ezingeni lezomnotho omkhulu. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kuhumusha esimweni lapho ngokwemibandela yangempela, futhi esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo, ukusetshenziswa kwemali kombuso kuzoncishiswa. Nakuba ukukhula komnotho kubhekwa njengokungama-4% ngonyaka ku-NGP, kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali kuphakeme kancane, ukusetshenziswa kukahulumeni kuzokwenyuka ngama-2% kuphela ngonyaka.[ix]. Ngokuvuma kwawo, ngakho-ke, konke uhulumeni ohlose ukukwenza ukusebenzisa izinsiza zawo ngempumelelo futhi uqondise ukusetshenziswa kwawo ekutshalweni kwezimali okuzoletha ukukhula komnotho - futhi ngokwenkulumo yawo, imisebenzi emisha ehambisana naso. Ngakho-ke, esikhundleni sokwethula izidingo kwabampofu, inhloso enkulu ye-NGP ukuvumela umnotho wonxiwankulu osebenza kahle futhi ibiza ukuthi kuthathwe izinqumo ezinzima ukuze kwenzeke lokho.[X]. Ngakho-ke, ngokomnotho omkhulu i-NGP ayiyona indlela entsha noma ikhefu elibalulekile ku-Gear.
Akukhona nje kuphela ezingeni lenqubomgomo yezimali evimbelayo lapho i-NGP ihluleka khona ukuphula imigomo emaphakathi ye-Gear. Njengabanduleli bayo - i-Gear kanye ne-Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa (Asgisa) - i-NGP ibheka umnotho ogxile ekuhwebeni kwamanye amazwe, ukwanda kokuncintisana, ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqondile kwamanye amazwe, ukukhushulwa kokukhiqiza, ukunqanda amaholo, ukuncishiswa kwezindleko zamabhizinisi kanye nokukhula komnotho okuwumgogodla wokudala amathuba emisebenzi[xi]. Lokhu ikakhulukazi ikhophi yekhabhoni yezinto eziyinhloko zeGear. Eqinisweni, i-NGP ikhuthaza umbono wokuthi amaholo kufanele alinganiselwe futhi izivumelwano zokukhiqiza zisetshenziswe kabanzi. Kunjalo, izivumelwano zokukhiqiza zenza ukwenyuswa kwamaholo kube nemibandela ekukhuleni komkhiqizo; banciphisa amandla ezisebenzi okulawula ijubane lomsebenzi; futhi kuholele ekuxhashazweni okukhulu kwabasebenzi[xii]. I-NGP, ngakho-ke, iqukethe izici zakudala ze-neo-liberal kanye nezinyathelo zesigaba esimelene nokusebenza. Ibeka ngokucacile esingenisweni sayo ukuthi abasebenzi kanye nabampofu eNingizimu Afrika bahlukumezeke kanjani, kodwa bese ibiza ukuxhashazwa okukhulu kwabasebenzi nabampofu njengesinyathelo sokunqoba lokhu kuhlupheka ngendlela exakayo.
Nakuba i-NGP ikhala kakhulu mayelana nezinhloso zayo ezimenyezelwe zokudala amathuba emisebenzi kanye nokunciphisa ukungalingani, ukushiywa kwemibhalo ye-NGP, ngezindlela eziningi, kuchaza kakhulu. Uhlaka lwe-neo-liberal eNingizimu Afrika aluyona into entsha; ibekwe ngendlela ehlelekile esikhathini esiyiminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Izici ze-neo-liberalism zaqale zabekwa ngodlame umbuso kaPW Botha ngeminyaka yawo-1980. Kwakungeminyaka yawo-1980 lapho kwaqala khona umkhankaso wokuthengisa nokwenza izinsiza ezizimele kanye nezinhlaka zikahulumeni - ngaleso sikhathi abahlomuli abakhulu kwakungabantu abamhlophe abahlangene nombuso wobandlululo. Kanjalo futhi, kungalesi sikhathi lapho kwaqalwa khona umgomo wezindlu zasemalokishini we-neo-liberal futhi kwasungulwa amathaveni kamasipala namahholo omphakathi. Lokhu kwenziwa ngaphansi kwesimo sodlame olukhulu lwesigaba sabasebenzi abamnyama futhi kwakuhloswe ngayo ukukhuthaza ukwethembeka emcabangweni wempahla yangasese phakathi kwezakhamuzi zasemalokishini abansundu ukuze kuliwe nalobu budlova. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, inhloso yokuqhubekisela phambili ukukhula kwesigaba sosomabhizinisi abamnyama - ngokusungula izindawo zokucima ukoma zikamasipala emalokishini kanye nokukhuthaza imboni yamatekisi ezimele. Umbuso unethemba lokuthi uma ungakhuthaza ukukhula kosomabhizinisi abamnyama, uzozihlanganisa nombuso kanye ne-capitalism kanye nekhwelo elingaqondile le-socialism.[xiii].
Ngenkathi i-ANC ingena emandleni ombuso ngo-1994, baqhubeka futhi bajulisa i-neo-liberalism. Njengokulindelekile, izikhulu eziphezulu ze-ANC zenze lokhu ukuze zizuze zona (okuningi kuzoxoxwa ngakho ngezansi). Ngaphansi kokubusa kwe-ANC, ngakho-ke, intela yokuhweba yanqanyulwa; ukukhululeka kwezezimali kuqiniswe; ukuguquguquka kwabasebenzi kuthuthukisiwe, ukwenziwa kwezinto ezizimele kwanwetshwa, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinkampani ezingaphansi kukahulumeni kwashesha futhi kwanwetshwa. Ezinyangeni zokuqala zokubusa kwe-ANC, umgomo wezindlu ze-neo-liberal kaPW Botha wabuye wavuselelwa ngungqongqoshe omusha wezezindlu kanye ne-SACP heavyweight, uJoe Slovo.[xiv]. Impela, i-ANC yasebenzisa izicucu zayo 'zenkululeko' ukuze iqhubekisele phambili izinyathelo ze-neo-liberal uHulumeni wobandlululo, ngenxa yokuphikiswa kwabantu, owawungeke ukwazi.
Cishe iminyaka engamashumi amabili, umbuso oholwa yi-ANC wakhela phezu kwale migomo, okusho ukuthi umnotho kanye nempilo yenhlalo sekuguqulwe kakhulu ngenxa ye-neo-liberalism. Imiphumela yale migomo ibe mibi kakhulu kubasebenzi nakubantu abampofu. Kusukela ngo-1994, abantu abayizigidi eziyishumi baye banqanyulwa amanzi noma ugesi; abantu abayizigidi ezi-10 bakhishwe ezindlini zabo; izigidi zabantu zilahlekelwe yimisebenzi ngenxa yomthelela wokwenziwa kwezinkampani ezizimele noma ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwabasebenzi; futhi ukusilela emuva kwezindlu sekukhule kwaze kwafika ezingeni elikhulu kakhulu[xv]. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba abantu babenethemba elikhulu ngomphakathi wangemva kobandlululo, futhi benombono womphakathi olingana kakhulu, ukuqhubeka nokugxiliswa kwe-neo-liberalism sekuholele esimweni esibi kakhulu sabasebenzi abansundu (ababevele babenokuncane kakhulu ngenxa yobandlululo) , kuyilapho amaKhaladi, amaNdiya, nabasebenzi abamhlophe nabo becwile ebumpofu. Ngokunjalo, imvelo yobulili ye-neo-liberalism nayo ibonakale isobala, lapho abesifazane bethwele kanzima ngendlela engafanele yokuhlela kabusha kanye nokwenza izinto ezizimele.[xvi]. Ngakho-ke nakuba izikhulu ezimnyama, ngokusebenzisa umbuso, zijoyine izikhulu zabamhlophe esigabeni esibusayo ngokuwa kobandlululo, kuncane okushintshile kubantu abaningi: isigaba sabasebenzi abamnyama kungenzeka siphumelele ivoti, kodwa ngaphezu kwalokho okuncane kushintshile. futhi abantu abaphakathi kwesigaba sabasebenzi bacwile kakhulu ebuphofini. Iqiniso liwukuthi i-NGP iyehluleka ukubhekana nalokhu ngempumelelo futhi ayikuhlanganisi ukujula kobumpofu ne-neo-liberalism. Ngakho-ke, i-NGP ayilona ikhefu ku-neo-liberalism, njengoba kushiwo yi-SACP, kodwa kunalokho ithatha ukuhlelwa kabusha kwe-neo-liberal komnotho waseNingizimu Afrika kanye nomphakathi njengento enikeziwe.
Kungani-ke i-SACP ibheka i-NGP njengekhefu ne-neo-liberalism?
Mhlawumbe iphutha elikhulu elenziwa yi-SACP, uma ibheka i-NGP njengekhefu ne-Gear, ukuthi sebebone noma yiluphi uhlobo lokungenelela kukahulumeni emnothweni njengokusuka ku-neo-liberalism. Ngakho-ke, i-SACP ibheka i-NGP njengekhefu ku-neo-liberalism ngenxa yokuthi umbuso uzibeke zacaca izinhloso zawo zokuqhubeka nokutshalwa kwezimali kwawo kwingqalasizinda, nokusebenzisa izinkampani zikahulumeni ukuzama ukukhuthaza ukukhula, njengoba kwavezwa okokuqala e-Asgisa.[xvii]. Kodwa-ke, ingxenye enkulu yengqalasizinda umbuso ahlose ukutshala kuyo imali ihloselwe ukukhuthaza ukusebenza kahle komnotho wonxiwankulu. Lokhu ikakhulukazi kugxile ekwenzeni ngcono ingqalasizinda ehlobene nezokuthutha impahla kanye nokwandisa ukunikezwa kwamandla ngokutshala imali kubuchwepheshe obuluhlaza namandla enuzi.[xviii]. Abahlomuli abakhulu kulokhu, vele, kuzoba izinkampani. Njengoba kuphawulwe osomaqhinga baseNingizimu Afrika ukungenelela kombuso, kanye nokwandiswa nokugcinwa kwengqalasizinda ebalulekile, kukodwa akumele ukugqashuka ku-neo-liberalism.[xix].
Umqondo onephutha we-SACP, nokho, ukhombisa nje ukuthambekela okujwayelekile kwabaningi abangakwesokunxele. Kuvame ukuba nokucabanga okuyiphutha kokuthi i-neo-liberalism ilingana nokuncishiswa kwamandla ombuso, nokuthi ngaphansi kwe-neo-liberalism umbuso uyahoxa emnothweni. Akukho okungaba ngaphezu kweqiniso. I-neo-liberalism yavela njengempendulo yezifundazwe ekuwohlokeni komnotho womhlaba - kuhlanganisa naseNingizimu Afrika - okwaqala ukuqhuma ngeminyaka yawo-1970s.[xx]. Ngokwalokhu, i-neo-liberalism imele impi yekilasi evela phezulu yokubuyisela amazinga okukhula kanye nokwenyusa inzuzo emazingeni angaphambi kuka-1970. I-Neo-liberalism, ngakho-ke, ibandakanya uhulumeni ukulwela abasebenzi kanye nabampofu ngokugqugquzela ukuhwebelana kwabasebenzi, ukuguquguquka kwemisebenzi, imikhawulo yamaholo kanye nokunqanyulwa kwezidingo kubasebenzi. Nakuba lokhu kwenziwa kubasebenzi kanye nabampofu, njengengxenye ye-neo-liberalism umbuso uyangenelela ukuze kuhlomule isigaba esibusayo ngokusebenzisa phakathi kokunye ukutakulwa, ukuncishiswa kwentela kwabacebile, ukuvula amathuba amasha okutshalwa kwezimali kuma-corporation, ukukhishwa kwemisebenzi, ukuhlinzeka. ezezimali ezishibhile ngisho nokuxhasa izimboni ezithile ezibalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-neoliberalism ikhuthaza a eqinile sisho esingagcina โinkundla yokudlala esezingeniโ yezinkampani ezizimele futhi sisebenzise ngenkuthalo nangempumelelo amalungelo ezakhiwo ezizimele. Ngakho-ke ngaphansi kwe-neo-liberalism imibuso nayo iye yandisa imisebenzi yazo yengcindezelo, njengokuqoqana kwamaphoyisa kanye nezobunhloli, ukuzama ukuvala imibhikisho evamise ukuhambisana nokuhlaselwa kwabasebenzi nabampofu.[xxi]. Inhloso yazo zonke lezi zinyathelo, ngakho-ke, akukhona ukwehlisa amandla ombuso, kodwa kunalokho ukusebenzisa amandla ombuso ukukhulisa inzuzo nengcebo yezigaba ezibusayo, kuyilapho futhi kutholakala ukusimama kwayo ngokunciphisa izindleko zokuhlinzeka izinsizakalo kuhulumeni. mpofu[xxii]. Ngempela, izikhulu zombuso, ukuze zivikeleke ezazo isikhundla esigabeni esibusayo, zifisa umnotho oqinile - futhi esimweni samanje zicindezela i-neo-liberalism ukuzama ukuqinisekisa lokhu. Kulokhu, izithakazelo zabo zihlangana nenye ingxenye yesigaba esibusayo, onxiwankulu.
ENingizimu Afrika, ngakho-ke, ngenkathi uhlasela abasebenzi kanye nabampofu, izwe laseNingizimu Afrika elikhululekile liye lazama ngokuqhubekayo ukusiza izinkampani ekubuyiseleni nasekukhuliseni ukukhula. Lokhu kuhilela ngisho nohulumeni ukusebenzisa izinsiza zawo ukuze uhlinzekele izinkampani ngezinsizakalo ngezindleko eziphansi futhi, lapho kudingeka, uye wakhulula izinkampani.[xxiii]. Ngakho-ke, imibuso - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iseNingizimu Afrika noma emazweni omhlaba - iyaqhubeka nokubamba iqhaza elibalulekile emnothweni (eNingizimu Afrika izindleko zombuso zisengaphezu kwama-30% e-GDP.[xxiv]). Nakuba ezinye izifundazwe (kodwa ngokuqinisekile kungezona zonke) zingase zivale imali yazo, lokho ezikusebenzisayo nakho kuya ngokuya kuqondiswe ekuzuzeni isigaba esibusayo. Ngakho-ke, i-neo-liberalism, eNingizimu Afrika nasemhlabeni jikelele, ibandakanye umbuso usebenzisa amandla awo amakhulu kanye nezinsiza ukuze uguqule ukulingana kwamandla ngokuqhubekayo ukuya esigabeni esibusayo. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi i-neo-liberalism iyimpi yezigaba evela phezulu, iqiniso lokuthi umbuso waseNingizimu Afrika uhlose ukusebenzisa imali kumaphrojekthi azokhuphula ukukhula futhi ekugcineni azuze isigaba esibusayo, ngakho-ke, akukona ukuhlukana ne-neo-liberalism; kunalokho iyingxenye emaphakathi yayo.
I-SACP iphinde yancoma ukuthi i-NGP iphakamisa ukuthi umbuso ungenelele ukuze kwandiswe ukufukulwa kwabamnyama kwezomnotho (BEE). Eqinisweni, nokho, lokhu kumane kuwukuqhutshekwa kwezinqubomgomo zombuso ezedlule futhi kunikeza okuncane kakhulu esigabeni sabasebenzi abamnyama. I-NGP ikubeka kucace ukuthi ukungenelela okuhlongozwayo kuhloswe ngayo ukuhlomulisa amabhizinisi aphethwe ngabantu abamnyama. Ukukhuthaza i-BEE, ngakho-ke, i-NGP iphakamisa ukuthi umbuso unyuse ukuthengwa kwawo, ngokwemikhiqizo nemisebenzi (okuzobandakanya ukukhishwa kwemisebenzi), kosomabhizinisi abamnyama.[xxv]. Ukwengeza kulokhu, lenza iziphakamiso zokusungulwa kwe-ejensi eyodwa exhasa ngezimali ukusiza amabhizinisi aphakathi nendawo namancane ukuthi afinyelele kalula ezikweletini.[xxvi]. Nakulokhu akuyona into entsha. U-Asgisa wayigqugquzela kakhulu i-BEE, futhi wayibophela - phakathi kwezinye izinto - ukugqugquzelwa kwamabhizinisi aphakathi nendawo namancane.[xxvii]. Ngokunjalo, ngenkathi i-ANC ithatha amandla ombuso, esimweni lapho i-neo-liberalism yayinamandla emhlabeni jikelele, yafuna ukusebenzisa i-neo-liberalism ukukhuthaza ukuvela kweqembu elimnyama. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokusungulwa kwezinkampani ezizimele kanye nokukhishwa kwemisebenzi. Nakuba i-BEE yona ngokwayo ingameli inqubomgomo ye-neo-liberal; I-neo-liberalism ngakho-ke yasetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokuthuthukisa i-BEE. I-ANC iphinde yasebenzisa umbuso ngqo ukuqhubekisela phambili ukuthuthukiswa kweqembu elimnyama ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi kahulumeni ekhokhelwa kahle yamalungu eqembu eliphezulu kanye nokubolekwa kombuso kumabhizinisi okunemibandela yokuthi kube yizikhalazo ze-BEE. Empeleni nje, i-ajenda ye-ANC yobuzwe ibilokhu iwukuzama ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezigaba ezimnyama nezimnyama 'zezigaba ezimaphakathi'. Emlandweni wawo omkhulu, ubuholi be-ANC bebanesifiso sokwenza lokho ngokufaka izimboni ezibalulekile ngaphansi kohlaka lonxiwankulu.[xxviii]; ngeminyaka yawo-1990, nokho-ke, ukwenziwa kwezinkampani ezizimele, izinhlelo zokulingana, izimali zombuso kanye nokukhishwa kwemisebenzi kwathathwa njengokhiye.[xxix]. Noma kunjalo, njengengxenye yokuzibophezela kwayo ekukhuthazeni ukukhula kweqembu elimnyama, ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi izikhulu zombuso ezigxile ku-ANC (ezakha ingxenye ehlukile yesigaba esibusayo) zenze izimboni ezibalulekile esikhathini esizayo ukuze ziqhubekisele phambili ukuqinisa lezi zicukuthwane akufanele futhi. zikhishwe ngokuphelele ngaphandle, naphezu kokuzibophezela kwamanje kwe-ANC ku-neo-liberalism.
Ukugqugquzela ukukhula kwalaba abamnyama abasezingeni eliphezulu, abasebenzi kanye nabampofu, iningi labo okungabantu abamnyama, baxhashazwe futhi basazoqhubeka nokuxhashazwa ngonya futhi becindezelwe. Ngempela, ingcebo yabantu abaphezulu eNingizimu Afrika - abamhlophe nabamnyama - incike ekuxhashazweni kwesigaba sabasebenzi kanye nokuqhubeka nokucindezelwa kwabasebenzi abamnyama. Ngakho-ke, isiphakamiso se-NGP sokuqhubekisela phambili ukukhula kweqembu elimnyama elikhethekile kanye nezamabhizinisi, ngokombono wesigaba, sinikeza okuncane kakhulu kubasebenzi abamnyama nabampofu, kanye nesigaba sabasebenzi bazo zonke izinhlanga jikelele. I-SACP, ngenxa yokuzinikela kwayo embonweni wezigaba ezimbili woguquko, iyehluleka ukubhekana nalokhu - ingasaphathwa eyokukuvuma ngokukhululekile. Ngakho-ke, mayelana nokukhuthazwa kwe-NGP kwe-BEE, kuncane kakhulu okusha okuhlanganisa nezinkulumo zokuthi kufanele 'isekelwe ngokubanzi'.
Kukulesi simo futhi sokuzama ukukhulisa abantu abamnyama abasezingeni eliphezulu kanye 'nesigaba esiphakathi' lapho kufanele kubukwe khona isiphakamiso se-NGP sokwakha inkampani yezimayini engaphansi kukahulumeni, futhi mhlawumbe nebhange. Lezi ziphakamiso nazo zinconywe yi-SACP, ezibuka njengesisekelo esingase kwakhelwe phezu kweSocialism uma sekuphothuliwe isigaba seNational Democratic Republic of the 'revolution'.[xxx]. Ngenkathi inkampani yezimayini engaphansi kukahulumeni, kuxoxiswana ngayo ku-NGP futhi yanconywa kanjalo yi-SACP, 'yethulwa' ngoMeyi 2011, nokho, yayihlanganisa nokwandisa nokudayisa ibhizinisi elikhona kakade elingaphansi kukahulumeni, i-African Exploration Mining and Finance Corporation. AEMFC). Inhloso esemqoka ye-AEMFC ukumba izimbiwa phansi ezithathwa njengamasu okukhula komnotho waseNingizimu Afrika. Eqinisweni, i-AEMFC izozibandakanya kakhulu ezimayini zamalahle ukuze ihlinzeke inkampani ekhiqiza amandla kagesi i-ESKOM (ehlinzeka ngogesi ngezindleko eziphansi ezinkampanini ezinkulu eNingizimu Afrika) ngamalahle. Njengengxenye yokwandisa i-AEMFC, izinkampani ezizimele ezinezicucu ze-BEE zizobe zithola izinkontileka zokwakha izimayini zamalahle.[xxxi]. Kanjalo, ukwanda kwenkampani yezimayini yombuso kuhambisana kahle nokuzibophezela kombuso ku-BEE kanye nomgomo wayo wokuqinisekisa ukukhula konxiwankulu. Kuyacaca futhi ukuthi inkampani yezimayini kahulumeni ngokwayo izoqhutshwa ngonxiwankulu futhi mhlawumbe akuyona ingozi inyunyana enkulu yabasebenzi basezimayini yachithwa ngamabomu ngesikhathi kwethulwa imayini entsha yamalahle yakwa-AEMFC.[xxxii].
Ngokuthi izinhloso zayo ukuqeda ukungalingani kanye nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi, nokho, i-NGP izama ukufihla izinhloso zayo zangempela kanye nokufihla isimo sangempela sombuso. Lapho ingaphansi kwengcindezi, noma ukugcina isimo sikhona, imibuso iyohlale ithi iyizisebenzi zabampofu nabasebenzi; kuyilapho empeleni besiza ukuxhashazwa kanye nokucindezelwa kwabo. Yilokhu okwaholela umshoshozeli womzabalazo u-Errico Malatesta ukuba aphikise ngokuthi umbuso: โawukwazi ukuzinakekela isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokufihla ubunjalo bawo bangempela ngokuzenzisa okuwusizo okuvamile; alikwazi ukuphoqelela inhlonipho ngokuphila kwabantu abakhethekile uma lingabonakali lifuna ukuhlonishwa ngokuphila komuntu, alikwazi ukuphoqelela ukwamukelwa kwamalungelo abantu abambalwa uma lingenzi sengathi lingumnakekeli wamalungelo abo bonkeโ[xxxiii]. Nge-NGP, neminye imibhalo, ngakho-ke umbuso waseNingizimu Afrika uhlasela abasebenzi kanye nabampofu kuyilapho uthi ungumvikeli wabo. Ngakho-ke, enye yezinhloso zayo eziyinhloko ukumisa abantu ukuhlonza izwe laseNingizimu Afrika ukuthi liyini: ithuluzi lokuxhashazwa nengcindezelo. Ngalobu buzenzisi umbuso waseNingizimu Afrika awehlukile kunoma yimuphi omunye umbuso futhi, ngenxa yalokho, uwazi kahle ubuciko bepolitiki: ukuqamba amanga nokukhohlisa.
Isixazululo esivela ku-Marx? noma uKeynes lowo?
Yize iSACP inilethele indumiso kuNGP; ezinye izinhlangano ezisele bezigxeka kakhulu. Phezu kokuba bebambisene ne-ANC futhi 'betshala' izikhulu embusweni, umfelandawonye wezinyunyana ezinkulukazi, iCongress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu), nawo uyichaze kahle i-NGP njenge-neo-liberal. Ukulwisana nalokhu kukhululeka kwe-neo-liberal kuphakamise ukuthi umbuso kufanele ubambe iqhaza elikhulu emnothweni futhi uhambisane ngokuqinile nabasebenzi kanye nabampofu. Phakathi kokunye iveze ukuthi indlela entsha yokukhula kufanele, ngakho-ke, isekelwe phezu kombuso ukwandisa ukuqashwa kwawo ngqo kwabantu, umbuso wethula izinsiza zezenhlalakahle, umbuso uthatha uhlelo lokwabiwa kabusha komhlaba, umbuso uqinisekise ukuhwebelana ngendlela efanele kanye nokhiye wombuso wokwenza izwe libe ngaphansi kombuso. izimboni. Ikholelwa ukuthi ngalokhu, nangokuchema nesigaba sabasebenzi, umbuso ungadlala indima ebalulekile ekubhekaneni nasekubuyiseleni emuva ukungalingani kwezigaba, ubuhlanga nobulili eNingizimu Afrika. Ngakho-ke, ithi umbuso kufanele ungenelele ukudambisa imiphumela emibi kakhulu yonxiwankulu[xxxiv].
Nakuba ukugxeka kwayo i-NGP kuzwakala kakhulu, ngokwezinye izindlela eziphakanyisiwe, i-Cosatu iwela ogibeni oluningi. Yize iCosatu inesifiso sangempela sokubona izimpilo zabasebenzi nabampofu ziba ngcono, kodwa ayikuceli ukuhlukana ngokuphelele nobungxiwankulu. Ngakho-ke, iCosatu empeleni ifuna umnotho oxubile futhi ekugcineni ezinye izindlela eziphakanyisiwe zifana nokubiza izwe lenhlalakahle yaseKeynisenian. Kulokhu, nokho, iCosatu iyehluleka ukubhekana ngokugcwele neqiniso lokuthi nangaphansi konxiwankulu baseKeynesian, lapho umbuso unobunikazi bezimboni ezithile ezibalulekile kanye neqhaza elikhulu enhlalakahleni, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ukungalingani kanye nokuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi kusaqhubeka.[xxxv]. Ngaphansi kwazo zonke izinhlobo ze-capitalism, noma ngabe i-neo-liberalism noma uhlobo olufunwa yiCosatu, yisigaba sabasebenzi esikhiqiza yonke ingcebo, futhi yisigaba esibusayo esithatha ingxenye enkulu yawo ngohlelo lwamaholo nezintela. Okubi nakakhulu, ngoba ngaphansi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zonxiwankulu izimpahla zikhiqiza inzuzo, futhi azidingi, izisebenzi ezimbalwa eziqashiwe zingcono konxiwankulu: kwandisa inzuzo yabo.[xxxvi]. Ngakho-ke ukungalingani nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi kuyingxenye yazo zonke izinhlobo zonxiwankulu. Okunye okuphakanyiswe yi-Cosatu akukubheki ngokuphelele lokhu, futhi okunye okungenziwa - uma kwenziwa - kungafana nesimo lapho kuzoba nokuqhubeka nokupequlula imifantu; kanye nomsuka wembangela yokungalingani kanye nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ubunxiwankulu, bekuyohlala kungalungiswa. Ngokuqinisekile, kungase kube ngcono ukuphila ngaphansi kwe-capitalism yaseKeynesian kunezinhlobonhlobo ze-neo-liberal, kodwa ngaphansi kwe-Keynesianism abasebenzi basaphangwa yisigaba esibusayo futhi ukungalingani kusekhona.
Mhlawumbe inkinga enkulu ngokunye okuphakamisiwe kwe-Cosatu, ngokombono we-anarchist, ukholo lwayo lokuthi imibuso ingaletha ukulingana okukhulu, ihlangabezane nezidingo zesigaba sabasebenzi, futhi ihambisane nesigaba sabasebenzi. Zonke izifundazwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iziphi izinhlobo, ziyacindezela futhi zinobudlova ngokwemvelo. Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwazo zonke izinkulumo ezimayelana nokuba amathuluzi abantu, izifunda zibeka indawo eyodwa kanye nezikhungo ezilawulayo ezikhona ukuze ziphoqelele isimo lapho idlanzana libusa phezu kweningi.[xxxvii]. Isakhiwo sazo zonke izifundazwe sigxilisa amandla ngokungenakugwenywa ezandleni zezikhulu eziqondisayo. Izifunda kanye nokuba khona kwe-elite, ngakho-ke, kuyafana. Ngakho-ke, umbuso usebenzela abantu abambalwa abavelele futhi ngokwencazelo kufanele ubekwe endaweni eyodwa, njengoba idlanzana lingabusa kuphela lapho amandla egxiliswe ezandleni zabo nalapho izinqumo ezithathwe yibo zehla ngochungechunge lwemiyalo. Yilokhu ngqo okuvumela idlanzana elifuna ukubusa abantu (izikhulu zikahulumeni ezisezingeni eliphezulu) futhi lixhaphaze abantu (onxiwankulu) ukuze bafeze izinhloso zabo.[xxxviii]. Ngakho-ke, imibuso, kuhlanganisa nombuso waseNingizimu Afrika, ekugcineni ngeke ikwazi ukufeza izidingo zesigaba sabasebenzi, noma ibe nokuchema esigabeni sabasebenzi (njengoba iCosatu inethemba), kodwa kunalokho ziyizisetshenziswa eziyinhloko zamandla esigaba esibusayo. Njengoba u-Bakunin agcizelela, umbuso โuwukungahloniphi, nokungahloniphi ngokuphelele kwesintu . . . enqoba futhi egqilaza bonke abanyeโ[xxxix]
Ukucindezelwa nokuxhashazwa kweningi labantu kuzokwenzeka, futhi kuzokwenzeka ngisho nangaphansi kohlelo lwephalamende. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngisho ohlelweni lwephalamende idlanzana labantu lithatha izinqumo, liyalele abanye ukuthi benzeni, liphinde lisebenzise le miyalelo ngombuso. U-Bakunin waphawula ukuthi kungase kube ngcono ukuphila ngaphansi kwesimiso sephalamende kunobushiqela obumsulwa, kodwa wabuye waveza ukuthi uhlelo lwephalamende โluyindlela eqinisekile yokuhlanganisa ngaphansi kwengubo yenkululeko nobulungiswa ukubusa unomphela kwabantu ngokuba amakilasi, kulimaze inkululeko ethandwayoโ[xl]. Ngenxa yalokho, ngisho nangaphansi kohlelo lwephalamende, lapho abantu bengayilaleli imiyalelo yombuso esuka phezulu noma bengavumelani nayo, amandla ombuso asetshenziselwa ukubaphoqa kanye/noma ukubajezisa. Ngakho-ke, umbuso njengendlela emaphakathi yamandla esigaba esibusayo futhi ufuna ukubusa kwamandla asemthethweni ngaphakathi kwendawo 'yawo'; futhi izosebenzisa lawo mandla lapho ibona kudingekile - okuhlanganisa nababhikishi abaphakamisa izindaba ezinjengokuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ukuntuleka kwezindlu, amaholo ampofu kanye nokuntuleka kwezidingongqangi. Ngakho-ke, imibuso iphikisana nenkululeko.
ISoviet Union yayiyisibonelo esivelele salokhu. Kwakuwumbuso wamaSoviet, ngaphansi kobushiqela beQembu LamaBolshevik, elacekela phansi ngendluzula umkhankaso wabasebenzi, abalimi kanye nabampofu benkululeko kanye nesocialism eRussia. Lokhu kwenzeka ngemva nje kweNguquko ka-Okthoba lapho izithakazelo zesigaba sabasebenzi kanye nabalimi ziqala ukungqubuzana obala nalabo abaphezulu ngaphakathi kweQembu lamaBolshevik. Kusukela ngo-1917, lapho amaBolshevik eseqinise amandla ombuso, asebenzisa umbuso ukubukela phansi ithemba lentando yeningi eqondile phakathi kwezwe. amaSoviet; bakha amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi amasha okuchoboza ama-anarchists, abasebenzi kanye nabalimi abafuna i-socialism engenambuso; baphinde bafaka izikhundla ngaphakathi kwezempi; futhi baqeda inkululeko yokukhuluma[xli]. Ngo-1921 labo ababemelene namaBolshevik namandla ombuso baze bathunyelwa ngisho emakamu okuhlushwa. Ngokunjalo, nangaphansi kukaLenin, umbuso uphinde wabulala noma yiliphi ithemba lokulawula kwabasebenzi emnothweni. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa amaBolshevik ethatha amandla ombuso okokuqala, kwaqedwa ukuzilawula kwabasebenzi, iziteleka zenziwa zaba semthethweni, abasebenzi benziwa impi, kwabekwa ukuphathwa komuntu oyedwa, kwamukelwa i-Taylorism, futhi kwabungazwa ubudlelwano bokukhiqiza obuchaza ubunxiwankulu futhi kwagxiliswa.[xlii]. Iqiniso lokuthi umbuso wamaSoviet wenze iningi lezimboni, ezazithathwe abasebenzi bonxiwankulu ekuqaleni, kwaba nesandla kulokhu - lanika umbuso wamaSoviet amandla amakhulu owawuwasebenzise kubasebenzi. Eqinisweni, umbuso wamaSoviet awuzange uvume isinyathelo esizimele esivela kubasebenzi basezimbonini kanye nokubusa kombuso kwabonakala kungahambisani nokuzilawula kwabasebenzi, intando yeningi eqondile kanye nesocialism yangempela.[xliii]. Ngempela, ubunikazi bombuso abuzange buhunyushwe ekuxoxisaneni kwempahla nengcebo, abuzange buholele ekupheleni konxiwankulu, abubuchithanga ubudlelwano bobunxiwankulu bokukhiqiza, futhi kwaphazamisa ukulawula kwabasebenzi. Ngakho-ke, wona kanye umqondo wazo zonke izifundazwe ufakazele ukuthi ungowokubusa, ubugunyazi kanye ne-elitist. Yilokhu okudingeka kubhekwe futhi kubhekwe ngaphambi kokubeka ukholo ezifundeni, noma ukukholelwa ukuthi zingaletha ubulungiswa nenkululeko kwabacindezelwe.
Isiphetho
I-NGP idinga ukubonwa ukuthi iyini: umzamo wombuso wokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle komnotho, ukugcina ukukhula komnotho kanye nokukhulisa ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwabantu abamnyama. Ukwenza lokhu, abasebenzi kanye nabampofu eNingizimu Afrika kufanele baxhashazwe ngonya. I-NGP ngokwayo ikwenza kucace lokhu ngokubiza kwayo imingcele yamaholo kanye nezivumelwano zokukhiqiza. Ezingeni lokukhuluma i-NGP ingase ithi ifuna ukukhuthaza ukuqashwa nokulwa nokungalingani, kodwa ngenxa yonxiwankulu bayo kanye nezibalo ayikwazi ukwenza lokhu futhi kunalokho iyithuluzi elithuthukiswe isigaba esibusayo ukuze kufezeke izimfuno zesigaba esibusayo. Eqinisweni, isigaba esibusayo - ngesimo sonxiwankulu kanye nezikhulu zombuso eziphakeme - azisoze zaletha ukuqashwa kwabantu bonke nokulingana. Izikhundla zabo eziphezulu emphakathini zincike kuphela ekuxhashazweni nasekucindezelweni kwabasebenzi nabampofu. Ngakho-ke, abasebenzi kanye nabampofu abakwazi ukuthembela ezigabeni ezibusayo noma emibhalweni yabo efana ne-NGP, noma izifundazwe - okuthi ngenxa yesimo sazo esimaphakathi kanye nokubusa kwazo zisebenze futhi zikhiqize ababusi - ukuqeda ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ukungalingani, ingcindezelo kanye nokuxhashazwa.
Nakuba isigaba sabasebenzi sidinga ukuzibandakanya emzabalazweni wokulwela imisebenzi, ukuqeda ukuthengiswa kwezinkampani ezizimele, ukumisa ukuguquguquka kwabasebenzi, ukukhuphula amaholo kanye nokwenza ngcono izimo zokusebenza namuhla, ngakho-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umbuso kanye ne-capitalism iyimbangela yalokhu. ububi. Ngakho-ke, kudingeka siqale ukusebenzela ukuqinisa imizabalazo ekhona eNingizimu Afrika ibe umbutho ongase ube amandla aphikisana nombuso kanye nonxiwankulu, futhi ngokwenza lokho sidinga ukuguqula kancane kancane imizabalazo isuke ekuzivikeleni ngokwemvelo iye ekuhlaseleni. Ngakho-ke, sidinga ukusebenzisa impi yezinguquko namuhla ukuze siqale ukwakha maqondana nenguquko yomphakathi. Uguquko kwezenhlalo, nokho, akusho ukuthi umbuso uvele wenze izimboni zibe ngaphansi kukahulumeni, njengoba iCosatu, amanye amasosha ashiya kanye nabanye abashisekeli bezwe becele ukuthi kwenzeke eNingizimu Afrika. Kunalokho kusho ukususa umbuso nonxiwankulu ngokuphelele - kuphela uma lezi zinhlelo ezicindezelayo nezixhaphazayo sezingasekho lapho abasebenzi nabampofu bengathola inkululeko. Ngakho-ke, kuphela lapho abasebenzi nabampofu belawula umnotho ngokuqondile, lapho yonke ingcebo isihlanganyelwe, nalapho umbuso usuthathelwe indawo izinhlaka zedemokhrasi eqondile, ukuzilawula nokuzibusa - njengemihlangano ehlangene yomphakathi kanye nemihlangano yabasebenzi. /imikhandlu - kuzoqedwa unomphela ukungasebenzi kanye nokungalingani. Ukusho ukuthi i-NGP ihlukana ne-neo-liberalism noma ukubeka ithemba embusweni, nokho, akusisondeli kulowo mphakathi noma umzabalazo; kunalokho kuyasiphazamisa kuwo, akunikezi lutho futhi kuholela emgwaqeni ongayi ndawo.
Yize kulindeleke ukuthi kuthobeke, kodwa imibhikisho ezindaweni zabasebenzi iyabhebhetheka. Abantu sebecikekile ukungasebenzi, ukuba nezindlu ezingekho ezingeni, ukuphoxeka nokucishwa amanzi nogesi. Empeleni, umuntu ngamunye iNingizimu Afrika inezinga eliphezulu lemibhikisho emhlabeni[Iv]. Kukulesi simo sokukhula kwesenzo esiqondile somphakathi, ngisho noma sisahleli ngokungadidiyelwe, lapho umbuso ukubone kufanele, okungenani ngezinga lokukhuluma, ukumemezela izinhloso zawo zokuhola impi yokulwa nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi kanye nokunciphisa ukungalingani. Ukwenza lokhu, kwethule uhlaka olusha lwezomnotho, Indlela Entsha Yokukhula (NGP), ngasekupheleni kuka-2010 ngenhloso eyamenyezelwa yokudala amathuba emisebenzi ayizigidi ezi-5 ngo-2020.[V].
Phakathi kwezikhulu ezithile zombuso kanye nosopolitiki, okuhlanganisa naphakathi komfelandawonye we-ANC - iSouth African Communist Party (SACP) - i-NGP yethulwe njengoshintsho olukhulu. Eqinisweni, yethulwe njengecilongo lombuso elizobeka izwe emgwaqeni wokulingana okukhulu nokuqashwa ngokugcwele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.[vi]. Ngisho nePhini likaNobhala-Jikelele we-SACP liyibonge i-NGP njengekhefu ku-neo-liberalism kanye โnesisekelo sezimaketheโ.[vii], ushintsho olubalulekile ukusuka ku- Inqubomgomo Yokukhula, Ukuqashwa kanye Nokwabiwa Kabusha (Igiya). Ngeshwa, njengoba kuzophikiswana ngaso engxenyeni yokuqala yephepha ngokombono we-anarchist, zonke lezi zimangalo ziyisifiso sokufisa noma ukuhlanekezela okuqondile. I-Neo-liberalism - ngendlela yempi yesigaba evela phezulu - iyaphila futhi iphilile eNingizimu Afrika. Ngakho-ke, kuzothi i-NGP yakhela phezu kwemigomo yombuso eholwa nguKhongolose eyedlule ebihlasela abasebenzi nabampofu; kuyilapho kuqhubekisela phambili izithakazelo zesigaba esibusayo futhi kugqugquzelwa ukukhula kweqembu elimnyama elitelekile phakathi kwalo.
I-anarchist critique enikezwa kuleli phepha, nokho, akukhona ukugxeka kokuqala kwe-NGP. Abanye abantu abahlukene abasele kanye nezinhlangano, zisebenzisa ingxube ye-Marx ne-Keynes, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule baphinde bagxeka i-NGP (okwenza leli phepha lihluke nakuba kuwuhlaka lwalo lwe-anarchist, oluholela eziphethweni ezahlukene). Ngenxa yohlaka lwazo lwethiyori, iziphakamiso eziphuma kulokhu kugxeka okwedlule zibize indima enkulu yombuso emnothweni. Isibonelo, iCongress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) inxuse umbuso ukuthi wenze izimboni ezibalulekile zibe ngaphansi kukahulumeni futhi uzihlanganise ngokuqinile nesigaba sabasebenzi ukuze kubhekwane nokungalingani kanye nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi. Engxenyeni yesibili yaleli phepha, kuzophikiswana ngokuthi ezinye izindlela eziphakanyisiwe ezinjalo zinephutha ngokombono wekilasi. Lokhu kungenxa yeqiniso lokuthi naphezu kokubiza lokho okufana nomnotho 'oxubile', ezinye izindlela eziphakanyiswe yi-Cosatu zigcina zihluleka ukuxazulula ngokugcwele umsuka wokuntuleka kwemisebenzi nokungalingani: ukubusa kwezigaba, unxiwankulu kanye nokungalingani. isimo Izinhlelo.
Ingabe i-NGP imele okuthile okusha?
Nakuba i-NGP ingase ithi inhloso yayo eyinhloko ukunciphisa ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kanye nokulwa nokungalingani, ngokwemigomo, ngokusobala ngokuvamile kuwukuqhutshekwa kwe-neo-liberalism. Impela, nakuba umbuso oholwa yi-ANC usukwazi ukugwema ulimi oluningi oluhlotshaniswa neo-liberalism - njengokwenza izinto ezizimele - uhlaka lwe-neo-liberal lwe-NGP ezingeni lomnotho omkhulu lucacile. Ngakho-ke, i-NGP ibeka ukuthi umbuso uzoqondiswa "inqubomgomo yezimali enemikhawulo eyengeziwe esekelwa izinyathelo zomnotho omkhulu ukuqukatha izingcindezi zokwehla kwamandla emali kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuncintisana"[viii]. Lokhu, kude nokumela ikhefu, kuphindaphinda izici eziyinhloko ze-Gear ezingeni lezomnotho omkhulu. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kuhumusha esimweni lapho ngokwemibandela yangempela, futhi esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo, ukusetshenziswa kwemali kombuso kuzoncishiswa. Nakuba ukukhula komnotho kubhekwa njengokungama-4% ngonyaka ku-NGP, kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali kuphakeme kancane, ukusetshenziswa kukahulumeni kuzokwenyuka ngama-2% kuphela ngonyaka.[ix]. Ngokuvuma kwawo, ngakho-ke, konke uhulumeni ohlose ukukwenza ukusebenzisa izinsiza zawo ngempumelelo futhi uqondise ukusetshenziswa kwawo ekutshalweni kwezimali okuzoletha ukukhula komnotho - futhi ngokwenkulumo yawo, imisebenzi emisha ehambisana naso. Ngakho-ke, esikhundleni sokwethula izidingo kwabampofu, inhloso enkulu ye-NGP ukuvumela umnotho wonxiwankulu osebenza kahle futhi ibiza ukuthi kuthathwe izinqumo ezinzima ukuze kwenzeke lokho.[X]. Ngakho-ke, ngokomnotho omkhulu i-NGP ayiyona indlela entsha noma ikhefu elibalulekile ku-Gear.
Akukhona nje kuphela ezingeni lenqubomgomo yezimali evimbelayo lapho i-NGP ihluleka khona ukuphula imigomo emaphakathi ye-Gear. Njengabanduleli bayo - i-Gear kanye ne-Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa (Asgisa) - i-NGP ibheka umnotho ogxile ekuhwebeni kwamanye amazwe, ukwanda kokuncintisana, ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqondile kwamanye amazwe, ukukhushulwa kokukhiqiza, ukunqanda amaholo, ukuncishiswa kwezindleko zamabhizinisi kanye nokukhula komnotho okuwumgogodla wokudala amathuba emisebenzi[xi]. Lokhu ikakhulukazi ikhophi yekhabhoni yezinto eziyinhloko zeGear. Eqinisweni, i-NGP ikhuthaza umbono wokuthi amaholo kufanele alinganiselwe futhi izivumelwano zokukhiqiza zisetshenziswe kabanzi. Kunjalo, izivumelwano zokukhiqiza zenza ukwenyuswa kwamaholo kube nemibandela ekukhuleni komkhiqizo; banciphisa amandla ezisebenzi okulawula ijubane lomsebenzi; futhi kuholele ekuxhashazweni okukhulu kwabasebenzi[xii]. I-NGP, ngakho-ke, iqukethe izici zakudala ze-neo-liberal kanye nezinyathelo zesigaba esimelene nokusebenza. Ibeka ngokucacile esingenisweni sayo ukuthi abasebenzi kanye nabampofu eNingizimu Afrika bahlukumezeke kanjani, kodwa bese ibiza ukuxhashazwa okukhulu kwabasebenzi nabampofu njengesinyathelo sokunqoba lokhu kuhlupheka ngendlela exakayo.
Nakuba i-NGP ikhala kakhulu mayelana nezinhloso zayo ezimenyezelwe zokudala amathuba emisebenzi kanye nokunciphisa ukungalingani, ukushiywa kwemibhalo ye-NGP, ngezindlela eziningi, kuchaza kakhulu. Uhlaka lwe-neo-liberal eNingizimu Afrika aluyona into entsha; ibekwe ngendlela ehlelekile esikhathini esiyiminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Izici ze-neo-liberalism zaqale zabekwa ngodlame umbuso kaPW Botha ngeminyaka yawo-1980. Kwakungeminyaka yawo-1980 lapho kwaqala khona umkhankaso wokuthengisa nokwenza izinsiza ezizimele kanye nezinhlaka zikahulumeni - ngaleso sikhathi abahlomuli abakhulu kwakungabantu abamhlophe abahlangene nombuso wobandlululo. Kanjalo futhi, kungalesi sikhathi lapho kwaqalwa khona umgomo wezindlu zasemalokishini we-neo-liberal futhi kwasungulwa amathaveni kamasipala namahholo omphakathi. Lokhu kwenziwa ngaphansi kwesimo sodlame olukhulu lwesigaba sabasebenzi abamnyama futhi kwakuhloswe ngayo ukukhuthaza ukwethembeka emcabangweni wempahla yangasese phakathi kwezakhamuzi zasemalokishini abansundu ukuze kuliwe nalobu budlova. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, inhloso yokuqhubekisela phambili ukukhula kwesigaba sosomabhizinisi abamnyama - ngokusungula izindawo zokucima ukoma zikamasipala emalokishini kanye nokukhuthaza imboni yamatekisi ezimele. Umbuso unethemba lokuthi uma ungakhuthaza ukukhula kosomabhizinisi abamnyama, uzozihlanganisa nombuso kanye ne-capitalism kanye nekhwelo elingaqondile le-socialism.[xiii].
Ngenkathi i-ANC ingena emandleni ombuso ngo-1994, baqhubeka futhi bajulisa i-neo-liberalism. Njengokulindelekile, izikhulu eziphezulu ze-ANC zenze lokhu ukuze zizuze zona (okuningi kuzoxoxwa ngakho ngezansi). Ngaphansi kokubusa kwe-ANC, ngakho-ke, intela yokuhweba yanqanyulwa; ukukhululeka kwezezimali kuqiniswe; ukuguquguquka kwabasebenzi kuthuthukisiwe, ukwenziwa kwezinto ezizimele kwanwetshwa, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinkampani ezingaphansi kukahulumeni kwashesha futhi kwanwetshwa. Ezinyangeni zokuqala zokubusa kwe-ANC, umgomo wezindlu ze-neo-liberal kaPW Botha wabuye wavuselelwa ngungqongqoshe omusha wezezindlu kanye ne-SACP heavyweight, uJoe Slovo.[xiv]. Impela, i-ANC yasebenzisa izicucu zayo 'zenkululeko' ukuze iqhubekisele phambili izinyathelo ze-neo-liberal uHulumeni wobandlululo, ngenxa yokuphikiswa kwabantu, owawungeke ukwazi.
Cishe iminyaka engamashumi amabili, umbuso oholwa yi-ANC wakhela phezu kwale migomo, okusho ukuthi umnotho kanye nempilo yenhlalo sekuguqulwe kakhulu ngenxa ye-neo-liberalism. Imiphumela yale migomo ibe mibi kakhulu kubasebenzi nakubantu abampofu. Kusukela ngo-1994, abantu abayizigidi eziyishumi baye banqanyulwa amanzi noma ugesi; abantu abayizigidi ezi-10 bakhishwe ezindlini zabo; izigidi zabantu zilahlekelwe yimisebenzi ngenxa yomthelela wokwenziwa kwezinkampani ezizimele noma ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwabasebenzi; futhi ukusilela emuva kwezindlu sekukhule kwaze kwafika ezingeni elikhulu kakhulu[xv]. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba abantu babenethemba elikhulu ngomphakathi wangemva kobandlululo, futhi benombono womphakathi olingana kakhulu, ukuqhubeka nokugxiliswa kwe-neo-liberalism sekuholele esimweni esibi kakhulu sabasebenzi abansundu (ababevele babenokuncane kakhulu ngenxa yobandlululo) , kuyilapho amaKhaladi, amaNdiya, nabasebenzi abamhlophe nabo becwile ebumpofu. Ngokunjalo, imvelo yobulili ye-neo-liberalism nayo ibonakale isobala, lapho abesifazane bethwele kanzima ngendlela engafanele yokuhlela kabusha kanye nokwenza izinto ezizimele.[xvi]. Ngakho-ke nakuba izikhulu ezimnyama, ngokusebenzisa umbuso, zijoyine izikhulu zabamhlophe esigabeni esibusayo ngokuwa kobandlululo, kuncane okushintshile kubantu abaningi: isigaba sabasebenzi abamnyama kungenzeka siphumelele ivoti, kodwa ngaphezu kwalokho okuncane kushintshile. futhi abantu abaphakathi kwesigaba sabasebenzi bacwile kakhulu ebuphofini. Iqiniso liwukuthi i-NGP iyehluleka ukubhekana nalokhu ngempumelelo futhi ayikuhlanganisi ukujula kobumpofu ne-neo-liberalism. Ngakho-ke, i-NGP ayilona ikhefu ku-neo-liberalism, njengoba kushiwo yi-SACP, kodwa kunalokho ithatha ukuhlelwa kabusha kwe-neo-liberal komnotho waseNingizimu Afrika kanye nomphakathi njengento enikeziwe.
Kungani-ke i-SACP ibheka i-NGP njengekhefu ne-neo-liberalism?
Mhlawumbe iphutha elikhulu elenziwa yi-SACP, uma ibheka i-NGP njengekhefu ne-Gear, ukuthi sebebone noma yiluphi uhlobo lokungenelela kukahulumeni emnothweni njengokusuka ku-neo-liberalism. Ngakho-ke, i-SACP ibheka i-NGP njengekhefu ku-neo-liberalism ngenxa yokuthi umbuso uzibeke zacaca izinhloso zawo zokuqhubeka nokutshalwa kwezimali kwawo kwingqalasizinda, nokusebenzisa izinkampani zikahulumeni ukuzama ukukhuthaza ukukhula, njengoba kwavezwa okokuqala e-Asgisa.[xvii]. Kodwa-ke, ingxenye enkulu yengqalasizinda umbuso ahlose ukutshala kuyo imali ihloselwe ukukhuthaza ukusebenza kahle komnotho wonxiwankulu. Lokhu ikakhulukazi kugxile ekwenzeni ngcono ingqalasizinda ehlobene nezokuthutha impahla kanye nokwandisa ukunikezwa kwamandla ngokutshala imali kubuchwepheshe obuluhlaza namandla enuzi.[xviii]. Abahlomuli abakhulu kulokhu, vele, kuzoba izinkampani. Njengoba kuphawulwe osomaqhinga baseNingizimu Afrika ukungenelela kombuso, kanye nokwandiswa nokugcinwa kwengqalasizinda ebalulekile, kukodwa akumele ukugqashuka ku-neo-liberalism.[xix].
Umqondo onephutha we-SACP, nokho, ukhombisa nje ukuthambekela okujwayelekile kwabaningi abangakwesokunxele. Kuvame ukuba nokucabanga okuyiphutha kokuthi i-neo-liberalism ilingana nokuncishiswa kwamandla ombuso, nokuthi ngaphansi kwe-neo-liberalism umbuso uyahoxa emnothweni. Akukho okungaba ngaphezu kweqiniso. I-neo-liberalism yavela njengempendulo yezifundazwe ekuwohlokeni komnotho womhlaba - kuhlanganisa naseNingizimu Afrika - okwaqala ukuqhuma ngeminyaka yawo-1970s.[xx]. Ngokwalokhu, i-neo-liberalism imele impi yekilasi evela phezulu yokubuyisela amazinga okukhula kanye nokwenyusa inzuzo emazingeni angaphambi kuka-1970. I-Neo-liberalism, ngakho-ke, ibandakanya uhulumeni ukulwela abasebenzi kanye nabampofu ngokugqugquzela ukuhwebelana kwabasebenzi, ukuguquguquka kwemisebenzi, imikhawulo yamaholo kanye nokunqanyulwa kwezidingo kubasebenzi. Nakuba lokhu kwenziwa kubasebenzi kanye nabampofu, njengengxenye ye-neo-liberalism umbuso uyangenelela ukuze kuhlomule isigaba esibusayo ngokusebenzisa phakathi kokunye ukutakulwa, ukuncishiswa kwentela kwabacebile, ukuvula amathuba amasha okutshalwa kwezimali kuma-corporation, ukukhishwa kwemisebenzi, ukuhlinzeka. ezezimali ezishibhile ngisho nokuxhasa izimboni ezithile ezibalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-neoliberalism ikhuthaza a eqinile sisho esingagcina โinkundla yokudlala esezingeniโ yezinkampani ezizimele futhi sisebenzise ngenkuthalo nangempumelelo amalungelo ezakhiwo ezizimele. Ngakho-ke ngaphansi kwe-neo-liberalism imibuso nayo iye yandisa imisebenzi yazo yengcindezelo, njengokuqoqana kwamaphoyisa kanye nezobunhloli, ukuzama ukuvala imibhikisho evamise ukuhambisana nokuhlaselwa kwabasebenzi nabampofu.[xxi]. Inhloso yazo zonke lezi zinyathelo, ngakho-ke, akukhona ukwehlisa amandla ombuso, kodwa kunalokho ukusebenzisa amandla ombuso ukukhulisa inzuzo nengcebo yezigaba ezibusayo, kuyilapho futhi kutholakala ukusimama kwayo ngokunciphisa izindleko zokuhlinzeka izinsizakalo kuhulumeni. mpofu[xxii]. Ngempela, izikhulu zombuso, ukuze zivikeleke ezazo isikhundla esigabeni esibusayo, zifisa umnotho oqinile - futhi esimweni samanje zicindezela i-neo-liberalism ukuzama ukuqinisekisa lokhu. Kulokhu, izithakazelo zabo zihlangana nenye ingxenye yesigaba esibusayo, onxiwankulu.
ENingizimu Afrika, ngakho-ke, ngenkathi uhlasela abasebenzi kanye nabampofu, izwe laseNingizimu Afrika elikhululekile liye lazama ngokuqhubekayo ukusiza izinkampani ekubuyiseleni nasekukhuliseni ukukhula. Lokhu kuhilela ngisho nohulumeni ukusebenzisa izinsiza zawo ukuze uhlinzekele izinkampani ngezinsizakalo ngezindleko eziphansi futhi, lapho kudingeka, uye wakhulula izinkampani.[xxiii]. Ngakho-ke, imibuso - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iseNingizimu Afrika noma emazweni omhlaba - iyaqhubeka nokubamba iqhaza elibalulekile emnothweni (eNingizimu Afrika izindleko zombuso zisengaphezu kwama-30% e-GDP.[xxiv]). Nakuba ezinye izifundazwe (kodwa ngokuqinisekile kungezona zonke) zingase zivale imali yazo, lokho ezikusebenzisayo nakho kuya ngokuya kuqondiswe ekuzuzeni isigaba esibusayo. Ngakho-ke, i-neo-liberalism, eNingizimu Afrika nasemhlabeni jikelele, ibandakanye umbuso usebenzisa amandla awo amakhulu kanye nezinsiza ukuze uguqule ukulingana kwamandla ngokuqhubekayo ukuya esigabeni esibusayo. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi i-neo-liberalism iyimpi yezigaba evela phezulu, iqiniso lokuthi umbuso waseNingizimu Afrika uhlose ukusebenzisa imali kumaphrojekthi azokhuphula ukukhula futhi ekugcineni azuze isigaba esibusayo, ngakho-ke, akukona ukuhlukana ne-neo-liberalism; kunalokho iyingxenye emaphakathi yayo.
I-SACP iphinde yancoma ukuthi i-NGP iphakamisa ukuthi umbuso ungenelele ukuze kwandiswe ukufukulwa kwabamnyama kwezomnotho (BEE). Eqinisweni, nokho, lokhu kumane kuwukuqhutshekwa kwezinqubomgomo zombuso ezedlule futhi kunikeza okuncane kakhulu esigabeni sabasebenzi abamnyama. I-NGP ikubeka kucace ukuthi ukungenelela okuhlongozwayo kuhloswe ngayo ukuhlomulisa amabhizinisi aphethwe ngabantu abamnyama. Ukukhuthaza i-BEE, ngakho-ke, i-NGP iphakamisa ukuthi umbuso unyuse ukuthengwa kwawo, ngokwemikhiqizo nemisebenzi (okuzobandakanya ukukhishwa kwemisebenzi), kosomabhizinisi abamnyama.[xxv]. Ukwengeza kulokhu, lenza iziphakamiso zokusungulwa kwe-ejensi eyodwa exhasa ngezimali ukusiza amabhizinisi aphakathi nendawo namancane ukuthi afinyelele kalula ezikweletini.[xxvi]. Nakulokhu akuyona into entsha. U-Asgisa wayigqugquzela kakhulu i-BEE, futhi wayibophela - phakathi kwezinye izinto - ukugqugquzelwa kwamabhizinisi aphakathi nendawo namancane.[xxvii]. Ngokunjalo, ngenkathi i-ANC ithatha amandla ombuso, esimweni lapho i-neo-liberalism yayinamandla emhlabeni jikelele, yafuna ukusebenzisa i-neo-liberalism ukukhuthaza ukuvela kweqembu elimnyama. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokusungulwa kwezinkampani ezizimele kanye nokukhishwa kwemisebenzi. Nakuba i-BEE yona ngokwayo ingameli inqubomgomo ye-neo-liberal; I-neo-liberalism ngakho-ke yasetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokuthuthukisa i-BEE. I-ANC iphinde yasebenzisa umbuso ngqo ukuqhubekisela phambili ukuthuthukiswa kweqembu elimnyama ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi kahulumeni ekhokhelwa kahle yamalungu eqembu eliphezulu kanye nokubolekwa kombuso kumabhizinisi okunemibandela yokuthi kube yizikhalazo ze-BEE. Empeleni nje, i-ajenda ye-ANC yobuzwe ibilokhu iwukuzama ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezigaba ezimnyama nezimnyama 'zezigaba ezimaphakathi'. Emlandweni wawo omkhulu, ubuholi be-ANC bebanesifiso sokwenza lokho ngokufaka izimboni ezibalulekile ngaphansi kohlaka lonxiwankulu.[xxviii]; ngeminyaka yawo-1990, nokho-ke, ukwenziwa kwezinkampani ezizimele, izinhlelo zokulingana, izimali zombuso kanye nokukhishwa kwemisebenzi kwathathwa njengokhiye.[xxix]. Noma kunjalo, njengengxenye yokuzibophezela kwayo ekukhuthazeni ukukhula kweqembu elimnyama, ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi izikhulu zombuso ezigxile ku-ANC (ezakha ingxenye ehlukile yesigaba esibusayo) zenze izimboni ezibalulekile esikhathini esizayo ukuze ziqhubekisele phambili ukuqinisa lezi zicukuthwane akufanele futhi. zikhishwe ngokuphelele ngaphandle, naphezu kokuzibophezela kwamanje kwe-ANC ku-neo-liberalism.
Ukugqugquzela ukukhula kwalaba abamnyama abasezingeni eliphezulu, abasebenzi kanye nabampofu, iningi labo okungabantu abamnyama, baxhashazwe futhi basazoqhubeka nokuxhashazwa ngonya futhi becindezelwe. Ngempela, ingcebo yabantu abaphezulu eNingizimu Afrika - abamhlophe nabamnyama - incike ekuxhashazweni kwesigaba sabasebenzi kanye nokuqhubeka nokucindezelwa kwabasebenzi abamnyama. Ngakho-ke, isiphakamiso se-NGP sokuqhubekisela phambili ukukhula kweqembu elimnyama elikhethekile kanye nezamabhizinisi, ngokombono wesigaba, sinikeza okuncane kakhulu kubasebenzi abamnyama nabampofu, kanye nesigaba sabasebenzi bazo zonke izinhlanga jikelele. I-SACP, ngenxa yokuzinikela kwayo embonweni wezigaba ezimbili woguquko, iyehluleka ukubhekana nalokhu - ingasaphathwa eyokukuvuma ngokukhululekile. Ngakho-ke, mayelana nokukhuthazwa kwe-NGP kwe-BEE, kuncane kakhulu okusha okuhlanganisa nezinkulumo zokuthi kufanele 'isekelwe ngokubanzi'.
Kukulesi simo futhi sokuzama ukukhulisa abantu abamnyama abasezingeni eliphezulu kanye 'nesigaba esiphakathi' lapho kufanele kubukwe khona isiphakamiso se-NGP sokwakha inkampani yezimayini engaphansi kukahulumeni, futhi mhlawumbe nebhange. Lezi ziphakamiso nazo zinconywe yi-SACP, ezibuka njengesisekelo esingase kwakhelwe phezu kweSocialism uma sekuphothuliwe isigaba seNational Democratic Republic of the 'revolution'.[xxx]. Ngenkathi inkampani yezimayini engaphansi kukahulumeni, kuxoxiswana ngayo ku-NGP futhi yanconywa kanjalo yi-SACP, 'yethulwa' ngoMeyi 2011, nokho, yayihlanganisa nokwandisa nokudayisa ibhizinisi elikhona kakade elingaphansi kukahulumeni, i-African Exploration Mining and Finance Corporation. AEMFC). Inhloso esemqoka ye-AEMFC ukumba izimbiwa phansi ezithathwa njengamasu okukhula komnotho waseNingizimu Afrika. Eqinisweni, i-AEMFC izozibandakanya kakhulu ezimayini zamalahle ukuze ihlinzeke inkampani ekhiqiza amandla kagesi i-ESKOM (ehlinzeka ngogesi ngezindleko eziphansi ezinkampanini ezinkulu eNingizimu Afrika) ngamalahle. Njengengxenye yokwandisa i-AEMFC, izinkampani ezizimele ezinezicucu ze-BEE zizobe zithola izinkontileka zokwakha izimayini zamalahle.[xxxi]. Kanjalo, ukwanda kwenkampani yezimayini yombuso kuhambisana kahle nokuzibophezela kombuso ku-BEE kanye nomgomo wayo wokuqinisekisa ukukhula konxiwankulu. Kuyacaca futhi ukuthi inkampani yezimayini kahulumeni ngokwayo izoqhutshwa ngonxiwankulu futhi mhlawumbe akuyona ingozi inyunyana enkulu yabasebenzi basezimayini yachithwa ngamabomu ngesikhathi kwethulwa imayini entsha yamalahle yakwa-AEMFC.[xxxii].
Ngokuthi izinhloso zayo ukuqeda ukungalingani kanye nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi, nokho, i-NGP izama ukufihla izinhloso zayo zangempela kanye nokufihla isimo sangempela sombuso. Lapho ingaphansi kwengcindezi, noma ukugcina isimo sikhona, imibuso iyohlale ithi iyizisebenzi zabampofu nabasebenzi; kuyilapho empeleni besiza ukuxhashazwa kanye nokucindezelwa kwabo. Yilokhu okwaholela umshoshozeli womzabalazo u-Errico Malatesta ukuba aphikise ngokuthi umbuso: โawukwazi ukuzinakekela isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokufihla ubunjalo bawo bangempela ngokuzenzisa okuwusizo okuvamile; alikwazi ukuphoqelela inhlonipho ngokuphila kwabantu abakhethekile uma lingabonakali lifuna ukuhlonishwa ngokuphila komuntu, alikwazi ukuphoqelela ukwamukelwa kwamalungelo abantu abambalwa uma lingenzi sengathi lingumnakekeli wamalungelo abo bonkeโ[xxxiii]. Nge-NGP, neminye imibhalo, ngakho-ke umbuso waseNingizimu Afrika uhlasela abasebenzi kanye nabampofu kuyilapho uthi ungumvikeli wabo. Ngakho-ke, enye yezinhloso zayo eziyinhloko ukumisa abantu ukuhlonza izwe laseNingizimu Afrika ukuthi liyini: ithuluzi lokuxhashazwa nengcindezelo. Ngalobu buzenzisi umbuso waseNingizimu Afrika awehlukile kunoma yimuphi omunye umbuso futhi, ngenxa yalokho, uwazi kahle ubuciko bepolitiki: ukuqamba amanga nokukhohlisa.
Isixazululo esivela ku-Marx? noma uKeynes lowo?
Yize iSACP inilethele indumiso kuNGP; ezinye izinhlangano ezisele bezigxeka kakhulu. Phezu kokuba bebambisene ne-ANC futhi 'betshala' izikhulu embusweni, umfelandawonye wezinyunyana ezinkulukazi, iCongress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu), nawo uyichaze kahle i-NGP njenge-neo-liberal. Ukulwisana nalokhu kukhululeka kwe-neo-liberal kuphakamise ukuthi umbuso kufanele ubambe iqhaza elikhulu emnothweni futhi uhambisane ngokuqinile nabasebenzi kanye nabampofu. Phakathi kokunye iveze ukuthi indlela entsha yokukhula kufanele, ngakho-ke, isekelwe phezu kombuso ukwandisa ukuqashwa kwawo ngqo kwabantu, umbuso wethula izinsiza zezenhlalakahle, umbuso uthatha uhlelo lokwabiwa kabusha komhlaba, umbuso uqinisekise ukuhwebelana ngendlela efanele kanye nokhiye wombuso wokwenza izwe libe ngaphansi kombuso. izimboni. Ikholelwa ukuthi ngalokhu, nangokuchema nesigaba sabasebenzi, umbuso ungadlala indima ebalulekile ekubhekaneni nasekubuyiseleni emuva ukungalingani kwezigaba, ubuhlanga nobulili eNingizimu Afrika. Ngakho-ke, ithi umbuso kufanele ungenelele ukudambisa imiphumela emibi kakhulu yonxiwankulu[xxxiv].
Nakuba ukugxeka kwayo i-NGP kuzwakala kakhulu, ngokwezinye izindlela eziphakanyisiwe, i-Cosatu iwela ogibeni oluningi. Yize iCosatu inesifiso sangempela sokubona izimpilo zabasebenzi nabampofu ziba ngcono, kodwa ayikuceli ukuhlukana ngokuphelele nobungxiwankulu. Ngakho-ke, iCosatu empeleni ifuna umnotho oxubile futhi ekugcineni ezinye izindlela eziphakanyisiwe zifana nokubiza izwe lenhlalakahle yaseKeynisenian. Kulokhu, nokho, iCosatu iyehluleka ukubhekana ngokugcwele neqiniso lokuthi nangaphansi konxiwankulu baseKeynesian, lapho umbuso unobunikazi bezimboni ezithile ezibalulekile kanye neqhaza elikhulu enhlalakahleni, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ukungalingani kanye nokuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi kusaqhubeka.[xxxv]. Ngaphansi kwazo zonke izinhlobo ze-capitalism, noma ngabe i-neo-liberalism noma uhlobo olufunwa yiCosatu, yisigaba sabasebenzi esikhiqiza yonke ingcebo, futhi yisigaba esibusayo esithatha ingxenye enkulu yawo ngohlelo lwamaholo nezintela. Okubi nakakhulu, ngoba ngaphansi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zonxiwankulu izimpahla zikhiqiza inzuzo, futhi azidingi, izisebenzi ezimbalwa eziqashiwe zingcono konxiwankulu: kwandisa inzuzo yabo.[xxxvi]. Ngakho-ke ukungalingani nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi kuyingxenye yazo zonke izinhlobo zonxiwankulu. Okunye okuphakanyiswe yi-Cosatu akukubheki ngokuphelele lokhu, futhi okunye okungenziwa - uma kwenziwa - kungafana nesimo lapho kuzoba nokuqhubeka nokupequlula imifantu; kanye nomsuka wembangela yokungalingani kanye nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ubunxiwankulu, bekuyohlala kungalungiswa. Ngokuqinisekile, kungase kube ngcono ukuphila ngaphansi kwe-capitalism yaseKeynesian kunezinhlobonhlobo ze-neo-liberal, kodwa ngaphansi kwe-Keynesianism abasebenzi basaphangwa yisigaba esibusayo futhi ukungalingani kusekhona.
Mhlawumbe inkinga enkulu ngokunye okuphakamisiwe kwe-Cosatu, ngokombono we-anarchist, ukholo lwayo lokuthi imibuso ingaletha ukulingana okukhulu, ihlangabezane nezidingo zesigaba sabasebenzi, futhi ihambisane nesigaba sabasebenzi. Zonke izifundazwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iziphi izinhlobo, ziyacindezela futhi zinobudlova ngokwemvelo. Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwazo zonke izinkulumo ezimayelana nokuba amathuluzi abantu, izifunda zibeka indawo eyodwa kanye nezikhungo ezilawulayo ezikhona ukuze ziphoqelele isimo lapho idlanzana libusa phezu kweningi.[xxxvii]. Isakhiwo sazo zonke izifundazwe sigxilisa amandla ngokungenakugwenywa ezandleni zezikhulu eziqondisayo. Izifunda kanye nokuba khona kwe-elite, ngakho-ke, kuyafana. Ngakho-ke, umbuso usebenzela abantu abambalwa abavelele futhi ngokwencazelo kufanele ubekwe endaweni eyodwa, njengoba idlanzana lingabusa kuphela lapho amandla egxiliswe ezandleni zabo nalapho izinqumo ezithathwe yibo zehla ngochungechunge lwemiyalo. Yilokhu ngqo okuvumela idlanzana elifuna ukubusa abantu (izikhulu zikahulumeni ezisezingeni eliphezulu) futhi lixhaphaze abantu (onxiwankulu) ukuze bafeze izinhloso zabo.[xxxviii]. Ngakho-ke, imibuso, kuhlanganisa nombuso waseNingizimu Afrika, ekugcineni ngeke ikwazi ukufeza izidingo zesigaba sabasebenzi, noma ibe nokuchema esigabeni sabasebenzi (njengoba iCosatu inethemba), kodwa kunalokho ziyizisetshenziswa eziyinhloko zamandla esigaba esibusayo. Njengoba u-Bakunin agcizelela, umbuso โuwukungahloniphi, nokungahloniphi ngokuphelele kwesintu . . . enqoba futhi egqilaza bonke abanyeโ[xxxix]
Ukucindezelwa nokuxhashazwa kweningi labantu kuzokwenzeka, futhi kuzokwenzeka ngisho nangaphansi kohlelo lwephalamende. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngisho ohlelweni lwephalamende idlanzana labantu lithatha izinqumo, liyalele abanye ukuthi benzeni, liphinde lisebenzise le miyalelo ngombuso. U-Bakunin waphawula ukuthi kungase kube ngcono ukuphila ngaphansi kwesimiso sephalamende kunobushiqela obumsulwa, kodwa wabuye waveza ukuthi uhlelo lwephalamende โluyindlela eqinisekile yokuhlanganisa ngaphansi kwengubo yenkululeko nobulungiswa ukubusa unomphela kwabantu ngokuba amakilasi, kulimaze inkululeko ethandwayoโ[xl]. Ngenxa yalokho, ngisho nangaphansi kohlelo lwephalamende, lapho abantu bengayilaleli imiyalelo yombuso esuka phezulu noma bengavumelani nayo, amandla ombuso asetshenziselwa ukubaphoqa kanye/noma ukubajezisa. Ngakho-ke, umbuso njengendlela emaphakathi yamandla esigaba esibusayo futhi ufuna ukubusa kwamandla asemthethweni ngaphakathi kwendawo 'yawo'; futhi izosebenzisa lawo mandla lapho ibona kudingekile - okuhlanganisa nababhikishi abaphakamisa izindaba ezinjengokuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ukuntuleka kwezindlu, amaholo ampofu kanye nokuntuleka kwezidingongqangi. Ngakho-ke, imibuso iphikisana nenkululeko.
ISoviet Union yayiyisibonelo esivelele salokhu. Kwakuwumbuso wamaSoviet, ngaphansi kobushiqela beQembu LamaBolshevik, elacekela phansi ngendluzula umkhankaso wabasebenzi, abalimi kanye nabampofu benkululeko kanye nesocialism eRussia. Lokhu kwenzeka ngemva nje kweNguquko ka-Okthoba lapho izithakazelo zesigaba sabasebenzi kanye nabalimi ziqala ukungqubuzana obala nalabo abaphezulu ngaphakathi kweQembu lamaBolshevik. Kusukela ngo-1917, lapho amaBolshevik eseqinise amandla ombuso, asebenzisa umbuso ukubukela phansi ithemba lentando yeningi eqondile phakathi kwezwe. amaSoviet; bakha amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi amasha okuchoboza ama-anarchists, abasebenzi kanye nabalimi abafuna i-socialism engenambuso; baphinde bafaka izikhundla ngaphakathi kwezempi; futhi baqeda inkululeko yokukhuluma[xli]. Ngo-1921 labo ababemelene namaBolshevik namandla ombuso baze bathunyelwa ngisho emakamu okuhlushwa. Ngokunjalo, nangaphansi kukaLenin, umbuso uphinde wabulala noma yiliphi ithemba lokulawula kwabasebenzi emnothweni. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa amaBolshevik ethatha amandla ombuso okokuqala, kwaqedwa ukuzilawula kwabasebenzi, iziteleka zenziwa zaba semthethweni, abasebenzi benziwa impi, kwabekwa ukuphathwa komuntu oyedwa, kwamukelwa i-Taylorism, futhi kwabungazwa ubudlelwano bokukhiqiza obuchaza ubunxiwankulu futhi kwagxiliswa.[xlii]. Iqiniso lokuthi umbuso wamaSoviet wenze iningi lezimboni, ezazithathwe abasebenzi bonxiwankulu ekuqaleni, kwaba nesandla kulokhu - lanika umbuso wamaSoviet amandla amakhulu owawuwasebenzise kubasebenzi. Eqinisweni, umbuso wamaSoviet awuzange uvume isinyathelo esizimele esivela kubasebenzi basezimbonini kanye nokubusa kombuso kwabonakala kungahambisani nokuzilawula kwabasebenzi, intando yeningi eqondile kanye nesocialism yangempela.[xliii]. Ngempela, ubunikazi bombuso abuzange buhunyushwe ekuxoxisaneni kwempahla nengcebo, abuzange buholele ekupheleni konxiwankulu, abubuchithanga ubudlelwano bobunxiwankulu bokukhiqiza, futhi kwaphazamisa ukulawula kwabasebenzi. Ngakho-ke, wona kanye umqondo wazo zonke izifundazwe ufakazele ukuthi ungowokubusa, ubugunyazi kanye ne-elitist. Yilokhu okudingeka kubhekwe futhi kubhekwe ngaphambi kokubeka ukholo ezifundeni, noma ukukholelwa ukuthi zingaletha ubulungiswa nenkululeko kwabacindezelwe.
Isiphetho
I-NGP idinga ukubonwa ukuthi iyini: umzamo wombuso wokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle komnotho, ukugcina ukukhula komnotho kanye nokukhulisa ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwabantu abamnyama. Ukwenza lokhu, abasebenzi kanye nabampofu eNingizimu Afrika kufanele baxhashazwe ngonya. I-NGP ngokwayo ikwenza kucace lokhu ngokubiza kwayo imingcele yamaholo kanye nezivumelwano zokukhiqiza. Ezingeni lokukhuluma i-NGP ingase ithi ifuna ukukhuthaza ukuqashwa nokulwa nokungalingani, kodwa ngenxa yonxiwankulu bayo kanye nezibalo ayikwazi ukwenza lokhu futhi kunalokho iyithuluzi elithuthukiswe isigaba esibusayo ukuze kufezeke izimfuno zesigaba esibusayo. Eqinisweni, isigaba esibusayo - ngesimo sonxiwankulu kanye nezikhulu zombuso eziphakeme - azisoze zaletha ukuqashwa kwabantu bonke nokulingana. Izikhundla zabo eziphezulu emphakathini zincike kuphela ekuxhashazweni nasekucindezelweni kwabasebenzi nabampofu. Ngakho-ke, abasebenzi kanye nabampofu abakwazi ukuthembela ezigabeni ezibusayo noma emibhalweni yabo efana ne-NGP, noma izifundazwe - okuthi ngenxa yesimo sazo esimaphakathi kanye nokubusa kwazo zisebenze futhi zikhiqize ababusi - ukuqeda ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ukungalingani, ingcindezelo kanye nokuxhashazwa.
Nakuba isigaba sabasebenzi sidinga ukuzibandakanya emzabalazweni wokulwela imisebenzi, ukuqeda ukuthengiswa kwezinkampani ezizimele, ukumisa ukuguquguquka kwabasebenzi, ukukhuphula amaholo kanye nokwenza ngcono izimo zokusebenza namuhla, ngakho-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umbuso kanye ne-capitalism iyimbangela yalokhu. ububi. Ngakho-ke, kudingeka siqale ukusebenzela ukuqinisa imizabalazo ekhona eNingizimu Afrika ibe umbutho ongase ube amandla aphikisana nombuso kanye nonxiwankulu, futhi ngokwenza lokho sidinga ukuguqula kancane kancane imizabalazo isuke ekuzivikeleni ngokwemvelo iye ekuhlaseleni. Ngakho-ke, sidinga ukusebenzisa impi yezinguquko namuhla ukuze siqale ukwakha maqondana nenguquko yomphakathi. Uguquko kwezenhlalo, nokho, akusho ukuthi umbuso uvele wenze izimboni zibe ngaphansi kukahulumeni, njengoba iCosatu, amanye amasosha ashiya kanye nabanye abashisekeli bezwe becele ukuthi kwenzeke eNingizimu Afrika. Kunalokho kusho ukususa umbuso nonxiwankulu ngokuphelele - kuphela uma lezi zinhlelo ezicindezelayo nezixhaphazayo sezingasekho lapho abasebenzi nabampofu bengathola inkululeko. Ngakho-ke, kuphela lapho abasebenzi nabampofu belawula umnotho ngokuqondile, lapho yonke ingcebo isihlanganyelwe, nalapho umbuso usuthathelwe indawo izinhlaka zedemokhrasi eqondile, ukuzilawula nokuzibusa - njengemihlangano ehlangene yomphakathi kanye nemihlangano yabasebenzi. /imikhandlu - kuzoqedwa unomphela ukungasebenzi kanye nokungalingani. Ukusho ukuthi i-NGP ihlukana ne-neo-liberalism noma ukubeka ithemba embusweni, nokho, akusisondeli kulowo mphakathi noma umzabalazo; kunalokho kuyasiphazamisa kuwo, akunikezi lutho futhi kuholela emgwaqeni ongayi ndawo.
[i]Sibonga iZabalaza Anarchist Communist Federation (ZACF) amaqabane ngokuphawula nempendulo ngesihloko
[Ii]www.treasury.gov.za/documents/national%20budget/โฆ/chapter%203.pdf
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[Iv]Bond, P. Izinjongo zentuthuko yaseNingizimu Afrika ngeke zifezwe. https://znetwork.org/south-african-development-goals-will-not-be-met-by-patrick-bondI-29th Septhemba 2010
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[vii]Cronin, J. Lets sihlanganise ukwesekwa kwendlela entsha yokukhula. Umsebenzi Online. Vol. No. 2 http://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?include=pubs/umsebenzi/2011/vol10-02.html 19th January 2011.
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[xv]Van der Walt, L. 2007. Ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi ye-Gear: Cosatu, ukuqulwa kwecala likaZuma kanye nabangasekho baqeda ipolitiki yombimbi. Zabalaza: Ijenaliye-Southern African Revolutionary Anarchism, Cha 7. http://zabnew.wordpress.com/2010/11/30/zabalaza-7-december-2006/
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[xix]Van der Walt, L. 2008. Asgisa: i-critique yesigaba sabasebenzi. Zabalaza: Ijenaliye-Southern African Revolutionary Anarchism, Cha 8. http://zabnew.wordpress.com/2010/11/30/zabalaza-8-february-2008/
[xx]Hattingh, S. Inkinga yezomnotho emhlabeni wonke kanye neMpi Yezwe Yesine. www.zcomm.org/the-global-economic-crisis-and-the-fourth-world-war-by-shawn-hattingh 15th April 2009
[xxi]Inani, W. 2001. Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke konxiwankulu kanye nombuso kazwelonke. www.utopianmag.com/files/in/1000000048/globalization.pdf
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[xxiii]Hattingh, S. Uxhaso lwabacebile, ukunqanyulwa kwabampofu. www.zcomm.org/subsidies-for-the-rich-cut-offs-for-the-poor-by-shawn-hattinghI-30th Ngo-Ephreli 2010
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[xxvi]UMgcinimafa waseNingizimu Afrika. 2010. Indlela Entsha Yokukhula, www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=135748, iphe. 21
[xxvii]Van der Walt, L. 2008. Asgisa: i-critique yesigaba sabasebenzi. Zabalaza: Ijenaliye-Southern African Revolutionary Anarchism, Cha 8. http://zabnew.wordpress.com/2010/11/30/zabalaza-8-february-2008/
[xxviii]IZabalaza Anarchist Communist Front (ZACF). Osozigidi be-BEE eMbeki-stan: Inkulumompikiswano ye-BEE ikhombisa ubunjalo be-SA yangemva kobandlululo, kanye nemikhawulo yokugxeka 'kwesokunxele'. . Zabalaza: Ijenaliwe-Southern African Revolutionary Anarchism, No. 6. http://zabnew.wordpress.com/2010/11/29/zabalaza-6-april-2005/
[xxix]McKinley, D. Umlando wangempela kanye nomlingiswa wesimanje Wokufukulwa Kwabamnyama Kwezomnotho (Ingxenye 2). www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/617.1I-9th February ngo-2011
[xxx]Uhlelo lweQembu LamaKhomanisi aseNingizimu Afrika. 1962. Indlela Eya Enkululekweni YaseNingizimu Afrika. Farleigh Press Ltd: United Kingdom
[xxxi]http://www.businesslive.co.za/incoming/2011/02/26/zuma-launches-new-state-owned-mine 26th February 2011
[xxxii]http://www.businesslive.co.za/incoming/2011/02/26/zuma-launches-new-state-owned-mine 26th February 2011
[xxxiii]Malatesta, E. 1974. I-Anarchy. Freedom Press: Britain, p. 10.
[xxxiv]ICongress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu). 2011. Uhlaka Lukahulumeni Olusha Lwendlela Yokukhula: Isinyathelo Esisodwa Esiya Phambili, Izinyathelo Ezimbili Ezibuyela Emuva. www.Cosatu.org.za/docs/subs/2011/ngp_response.html
[xxxv]Van der Walt, L. 2010. Impendulo ye-Cosatu kule nkinga: Umbono we-anarcho-synidicalist. Zabalaza: Ijenaliye-Southern African Revolutionary Anarchism, Cha 11.
[xxxvi]Berkman, A. 1989. Iyini i-Communist Anarchism. Phoenix Press: Britain
[xxxvii]Bakunin, M. Ukuziphatha Okubi Kombuso. http://libcom.org/library/immorality-of-the-state-mikhail-bakunin
[xxxviii]Van der Walt, L. & Schmidt, M. 2009. Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism. I-AK Press: United States.
[xxxix]Bakunin, M. Ithiyori yoMbuso kaRousseau. www.libcom.org/library/rousseau-i-theory-ye-isimo-mikhail-bakunin
[xl]Dolgoff, S (ed.). 2002. Bakunin on Anarchism. I-Black Rose Books: United States, p. 224
[xli]Chattopadhyay, P. Ingabe ukuthatha amandla kwamaBolshevik kwasungula iNguquko yezenhlalo? Umbuzo kaMarxian. http://libcom.org/library/did-bolshevik-seizure-power-inaugurate-socialist-revolution-marxian-inquiry-paresh-chatt
[xlii]Brown, T. 1995. Lenin kanye nokulawulwa kwabasebenzi. I-AK Press: United States
[xliii]Brinton, M. 1970. AmaBolsheviks kanye Nokulawulwa Kwabasebenzi. I-Black Rose Books: eCanada
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