Wonke amehlo akwesobunxele abheke eGrisi. Hhayi ngenxa yentshisekelo ejwayelekile yokungqubuzana konxiwankulu phakathi kwale nkinga ethile kodwa ngenxa I-Syriza. Ngeshwa, esikubonayo akukhona okwaseSyriza kuphela. Indaba isike yaxoxwa, futhi nakanjani indaba izophinde yenzeke uma singafundi kuyo. Kunokuba siphikisane ngezimpikiswano zabantu (abaningi babo abangamaqabane alungile) abangase babe nemibono ehlukene, ngicabanga ukuthi kubalulekile ukuzama ukuqonda ukuthi lokhu kwenzeke kanjani nokuthi kungani.
Ake ngiqale ngokubeka indawo yami, okungenzeka yanele ukudweba umugqa obomvu phakathi kwengxabano yami neyabanye:
1. Iminyaka eminingana, iSyriza ibilokhu iyithemba lesigaba sabasebenzi eGreece, eYurophu nakuwo wonke amazwe ahlushwa i-neoliberalism kanye nokuba lukhuni. Kwakuthumela umlayezo wokuthi ukuphikiswa okungcono kwakungenzeka; futhi ngenxa yalokho kwaba ugqozi emizabalazweni efanayo yokulwa nobuvila (ikakhulukazi, leyo yePodemos eSpain).
2. Inhloko-dolobha yaseYurophu neyamaGreki yayizimisele ukusibulala leso sithunywa. Ngakho-ke, kwaba njalo futhi akuyekethisi ekuzimiseleni kwayo ukuthumela umlayezo ohluke kakhulu: TINA, ayikho enye indlela ye-neoliberalism kanye ne-austerity.
3. Ngaphandle kohlelo lwayo njengeqembu, inkundla elakhethwa kuyo ukuphatha kanye nevoti elidumile elivumela ukwenqaba kwayo izimfuno zenhloko-dolobha yaseYurophu, uhulumeni waseSyriza wavuma ngokuphelele futhi wamukela isimo sobukoloni saseGreece.
4. Akukephuzi kakhulu (noma maduze) ukukhulula amandla okudala oquqaba.
Ukwakhiwa kweSyriza
USyriza akazange awe esibhakabhakeni. Kube wumphumela wenqubo okwathi ngayo amaqembu ezepolitiki ahlukene athola ulwazi ekusebenzeni ngokubambisana. Kusukela ikakhulukazi nge-Space for Dialogue ekuqaleni kwekhulunyaka nokuqhubeka nentuthuko kanye nemibhikisho ku-Social Forum kanye nomzabalazo ofanayo wokulwa ne-neoliberalism kanye ne-austerity, kwavela i-Coalition of the Radical Left (Syriza) - enye lapho. I-Synaspismos (ukwakheka kwe-eurocommunist endala), ukwakheka kwezemvelo, i-Trotskyist kanye ne-Maoist yathola isithakazelo esifanayo ekusebenzeni ndawonye. Futhi lowo mfelandawonye waheha abantu abasha ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokweseka kwawo imizabalazo emigwaqweni ngokwengqikithi ye-Social Forum (ehlanganiswe iziqubulo ezithi 'abantu ngaphambi kwenzuzo' kanye 'nomunye umhlaba ungenzeka'), futhi yavela ngokuqhubekayo njengenhlangano. ukukhanga njengoba abantu benqaba amaphakheji we-neoliberal kanye ne-austerity abekwa uhulumeni wentando yeningi we-right-wing kanye nenhlalakahle kulandela iziyalezo ze-Troika. Kwe Ukhetho lwangoJuni 2012, i-Syriza ithole cishe amaphesenti angama-27 evoti futhi yaba yiqembu eliphikisayo elikhulu kumfelandawonye ophethe wamaqembu alwela amalungelo kanye nenhlalakahle yentando yeningi.
I-Syriza nayo ayizange yehle esibhakabhakeni ngoba umbono wayo ubonisa imibono ye-socialism yekhulu lama-21. Umbhalo wayo wokusungula njengeqembu elihlangene UJulayi 2013 umemezele ukuthi elinye izwe elingenzeka liyizwe lezenhlalakahle elinentando yeningi nenkululeko, umhlaba lapho izidingo zabantu ziza ngaphambi kwenzuzo. Kwakukhona ukwenqatshwa okusobala konxiwankulu kodwa futhi nokugcizelela ukuthi enye indlela yesocialist 'iboshelwe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nentando yeningi' - umqondo wentando yeningi lapho abasebenzi bengahlela, baphathe futhi balawule ngenhloso yokwanelisa izidingo zomphakathi, intando yeningi hhayi nje ehlelekile kodwa. ngempela ukufaka intando yeningi eqondile nokubamba iqhaza okubonakalayo kwabo bonke.
Umgomo wethu, iCongress eyasungula i-Syriza yamemezela, i-socialism yekhulunyaka lama-21, futhi isimemezelo sayo sibonisa ukuqonda ukuthi lo mgomo udinga ukuthi uhambe ngemilenze emibili - kokubili ukuze ubambe umbuso okhona futhi uhlehlise izinqubomgomo ezisekela imali kanye nokwakha nokukhulisa. izici zombuso omusha wezenhlalakahle osekelwe phezu kokuzibusa kusuka ngezansi.[1] Ikakhulukazi, okwakuphuthuma, kwakuyisidingo sokunqoba amamemorandamu enqubomgomo kanye nokushintsha uhulumeni, uma kubhekwa usizi olwalubangelwa yilezi kubantu baseGreece. Ngakho-ke, esinqumweni sayo sezombangazwe, iSyriza yamemezela ukuthi izokhansela imemorandamu kanye nemithetho yokuqalisa, izobeka uhlelo lwamabhange ngaphansi kobunikazi bomphakathi, izokhansela ukugcinwa kwangasese okuhleliwe kanye nokuphangwa kwengcebo yomphakathi, izoqasha kabusha bonke abasebenzi bakahulumeni abaye baxoshwa, futhi izoxoxisana kabusha ngezinkontileka zokubolekwa imali futhi ikhansele imigomo yazo enzima kulandela ukucwaningwa kwamabhuku esikweletu. Siyazibophezela, u-Syriza uthembisile, ukuthi sizobhekana nanoma yiziphi izinsongo ezingase zibe khona kanye nokukhwabanisa okuvela kubabolekisi ngazo zonke izindlela esingakwazi ukuzihlanganisa, futhi siyaqiniseka ukuthi abantu baseGreece bazosisekela. Njengoba isiqubulo sayo sakudala esithi, โakukho ukuzidela nge-euro,โ kwabonisa, into ebaluleke kakhulu yeSyriza kwakuwukuvimbela inhlekelele yobuntu kanye nokufeza izidingo zomphakathi, futhi hhayi ukuzithoba ezibophweni ezithathwa abanye.
Ukwakha umnotho omusha osekelwe phezu kobumbano lomphakathi, nokho, kwakudingeka ngaphezu kokuqhekeka kwezinqubomgomo zezwe elibusayo ngeziqu zikahulumeni. Kwakudingeka ukuqhekeka okujulile ukuze kuvuselelwe kabusha i-socialist - ukuqhekeka nomphakathi obonakala ngobukhosi, ukuqhekeka okuhambisana nokubhujiswa kwemvelo, ukuqhekeka ngokubeka yonke into emakethe. Futhi, lesi kwakuyisifundo esafundiswa inhlangano yezenhlalakahle nezombusazwe ngokusebenzisa imizabalazo yayo emigwaqweni, imibukiso yayo, amanethiwekhi okubumbana komphakathi kanye nezinhlelo ezisekelwe ekungalalelini. I-Syriza, uhlelo olumenyezelwe, ifundile ngokubamba iqhaza kwayo namandla ayo kuzo zonke lezi zinhlobo zezinhlangano zomphakathi. Isifundile isidingo senhlangano ebanzi ezibusayo lapho intando yeningi eqondile idlondlobala, futhi iyasibona isidingo sokuguqula wonke uhulumeni wasekhaya kanye nokukhulisa izinhlobo zokuzibusa ezidumile ezingacindezela izikhungo ngendlela ehlelekile. Ukwakha indawo lapho ukubusa okuvela ngaphansi kungachuma khona, isinqumo sezombusazwe samemezela ukuthi uhulumeni waseSyriza uzokwethula umqondo nokusebenza kwentando yeningi nokulawulwa komphakathi kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni omkhulu nowasekhaya nokuthi uzothuthukisa intando yeningi emsebenzini imikhandlu yabasebenzi eyakhiwe ngabamele abakhethwe ngabasebenzi nababuye babuyiselwe emuva. Nanku umlenze wesibili uSyriza ayehlose ukuqhubekela phambili kuwo - ukukhuthaza amaseli ezwe elisha lezenhlalakahle kusuka ngezansi.
Kodwa i-Syriza iphinde yafunda esinye isifundo ngokubamba iqhaza kwayo ngqo emiphakathini yezenhlalakahle nezombusazwe - ukubaluleka kweqembu elibumbene, eliningi, lentando yeningi, elinokuthambekela okuningi. Isebenzisa amakhomanisi, ama-radical, avuselelayo, ama-anticapitalist, ama-radical feminist, ezemvelo, ama-revolutionary kanye nama-libetarian streams, i-Syriza igcizelele ukubaluleka kokuhlonipha ukuhlukana okungenakugwenywa kwangaphakathi futhi ngaleyo ndlela isidingo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwezombusazwe okuhlukile kuzomelwa ngentando yeningi yangaphakathi. Njengoba lalifundile ngokubamba iqhaza emikhankasweni yokuhlonipha ngokugcwele imibono ephikisanayo, liphinde lafuna ukusebenzisa lokhu ngaphakathi. I-Syriza, inkongolo eyasungula yamemezela, "izama ngokuhlelekile ukuba yisibonelo somphakathi efuna ukuwakha."
Indlela Yentando Yeningi Yezenhlalakahle
Kukhona okwenzekile, nokho, mayelana nokhetho olusha. NgoSepthemba 2014, iSyriza yethula uhlelo lwayo lokhetho, i Uhlelo lwaseThessaloniki. Njengasezikhundleni zalo zangaphambili, lolu hlelo lugcizelele isidingo sikahulumeni omusha ozophonsela inselelo izimfuno ze-neoliberal austerity zeTroika futhi, ikakhulukazi, ezonciphisa isikweletu. Nokho, kwakunomehluko osobala. Besingekho isifungo sokuhoxiswa kwamamemorandamu kanye nemithetho esetshenziswayo, akukho sicelo sobunikazi bomphakathi bamabhange, akukho simemezelo sokuthi kuzokhanselwa ukwenziwa kwezinto ezizimele kanye nokuphangwa kwengcebo yomphakathi. Ngempela, kwakungekho ukugxeka okucacile kobunxiwankulu.
Esikhundleni sanoma yiziphi izinyathelo ezimelene nonxiwankulu (ingasaphathwa eyesocialist) kwakuwuHlelo Lukazwelonke Lokwakha Kabusha olwalugxile ekuqaliseni kabusha umnotho waseGreece ngokutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi kanye nokwehliswa kwentela kwabaphakathi. Ukubuyiswa nokukhula (kanye nokumiswa okuxoxiswana mayelana nokukhokha izikweletu) kwakuzohlenga umnotho waseGreece futhi kuwuvumele ukuba โkancane kancaneโ uhlehlise konke ukungabi nabulungisa kwememorandamu, โkancane kancaneโ kubuyiselwe amaholo nezimpesheni futhi kwakhiwe kabusha isimo senhlalakahle. Ngokomnotho, Uhlelo lwaseThessaloniki belusekelwe phezu kwethiyori ye-Keynesian (hhayi ngisho ne-post-Keynesian), futhi lwengeza ukugxila kwalo ekugqugquzelweni kwesidingo esiphelele ngezinyathelo ezihlongozwayo zokubhekana nenkinga yobuntu (isb., uxhaso lokudla, ugesi, ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kanye nezokuthutha zomphakathi. kwabampofu nabangasebenzi).
Nakuba bekunophawu oluncane lokuzimisela kwangaphambilini ukusebenzisa umbuso ukuze kungene imali eningi, Uhlelo lwaseThessaloniki luphakamise ukuthi kungenzeka kube khona izindlela ezingakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwamaseli wombuso omusha. Uhulumeni waseSyriza, wathembisa, uzonika amandla ukuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi ngentando yeningi (okuhlanganisa nezikhungo zentando yeningi eqondile) futhi uzokwethula izinyathelo zentando yeningi ezifana ne-veto yabantu kanye nesinyathelo sabantu sokubiza inhlolovo. Ukuvulwa kwentando yeningi okubalulekile kwathembisa kodwa, futhi, akukho mali eyinselele (njengoba bekuyoba nesidingo semikhandlu yabasebenzi nokulawulwa kwabasebenzi). Yonke into ohlelweni lokhetho ibihambisana nokwesekwa kwemali. Isiphakamiso esasiqukethwe kulolo hlelo bekuwukuhamba ngemilenze emibili kuya kuntando yabantu.
Abanye bangase bancome โiqinisoโ leSyriza lamaqhinga kuyilapho abanye beligxeka ngokuphambuka ohlelweni lwayo lwesocialist. Akuyona indaba eyinhloko. Okubaluleke nakakhulu yilokho okwalandela iThessaloniki - isibonelo sakudala sokuncika endleleni. Nakuba kungase kube nengxoxo enwetshiwe yezinyathelo eziqhubekayo ('amaphutha' kanye 'namaphutha' ahlonziwe) kanye nezambulo ezintsha ezijabulisayo mayelana nezehlakalo nezinsongo, kufanele kuvunywe ukuthi, kusukela ekuhoxisweni kwayo kokuqala ezingxoxweni zangemva kokhetho ne-Troika kuya kuye. Ngokulandelana kokuzinikela enkambisweni nasekuthunjweni kwayo, iSyriza ilandele umkhondo ojwayelekile wentando yeningi yenhlalo. Futhi, yiqiniso, indlela eyalandelwa ngaphambili yi-PASOK nayo eyathembisa intando yeningi yezenhlalakahle futhi yagcina ngokuphoqelela i-neoliberalism kanye ne-austerity i-Syriza manje esesivumelene ngayo. Kulokhu, uhulumeni waseSyriza wengeze isinyathelo esiyingqayizivele sokubiza inhlolovo ethandwayo ephikisana neziphakamiso zokungabi nalutho bese uphika ukuphikiswa kwabantu baseGreece.
Yiqiniso, i-Syriza (njenge-PASOK ngaphambi kwayo) ibhekane nesimo esinzima kakhulu uma kuziwa ebuhlotsheni nababolekisi bayo baseYurophu - ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuzibophezela kwayo kokuhlala e-eurozone. Kodwa kukhona njalo ukukhetha. Enkulumweni eyayiseCuba ngo-2004, ngaphakamisa ukuthi โuma imali ingena esitelekeni, kunezindlela ezimbili ongakhetha kuzo, vuma noma ungene.โ Ngeshwa, ngiphawule, โuma imali isiteleka, impendulo yenhlalakahle yentando yeningi kube wukuvumaโ futhi umphumela uwukuqinisa umqondo wemali.[2] Ngemuva kwalokho, ekuxoxisaneni kwangasese nesishoshovu saseSyriza ngoMeyi 2013, ngabuyela kule ngqungquthela futhi ngabhala: โlapho amabutho ahleliwe enhloko-dolobha yezezimali ye-European Union efuna ukuzidela kubasebenzi baseGreece (hhayi iGreece kuphela kodwa futhi. Portugal, Spain, njll.) futhi inamandla ngaphansi kwesethi ekhona yezikhungo, kukhona ukukhetha okubili: ukuvuma noma ukuphuma. Futhi, nokho lezi zinketho zingase zifakwe udaka emiqondweni yabo bobabili uquqaba kanye nobuholi baseSyriza, njengoba inkinga iqhubeka ukudansa okukhaliphile kobuholi baseSyriza kuzoncipha kancane kancane.
Khona-ke, ingabe kwakugxilwe okufanele lapho siphuma? โNgingacela ukuthi kusuke ngokushesha i-euro? Lokho bekungeke kube ukuhlakanipha kakhulu,โ ngiphikisa, โuma kuqhathaniswa nenye indlela yokuvula izincwadi ukuze kuqinisekiswe intela โefanelekileโ, ukukhansela isikweletu, ukulawulwa kwezimali ezinkulu, ukwenziwa kwamabhange kuzwelonke, njll. okungukuthi, izinqubomgomo ezingabonakala ngokucacile ezethulwa njengezinqubomgomo ezizuzisa abasebenzi, izinqubomgomo zesigaba. Lokhu kuzodala isimo lapho ukuhlala ngaphakathi kwendawo ye-euro kungeke kwenzeke noma, ngempela, kuvunyelwe. Kodwa-ke, ukuhamba kwakungeke kube umphumela wokuphephezeliswa kwefulegi lesizwe kodwa kwakuyoba umphumela wepolitiki yomzabalazo wezigaba. Ngamafuphi, ngicabanga ukuthi lokhu kungaholela ekuphumeni kwe-euro futhi ngicabanga ukuthi lokho kufanele kulindelwe futhi kuhlelwe. "
Njengoba kwakuhlala kubonakala (kubo bobabili abangane nezitha), nokho, ubuholi baseSyriza banquma ukuthi iGreece ingaphumi ku-eurozone futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, yayizibophezele ukwenza konke okusemandleni ukuyivimbela. Ngakho-ke, ivumile kodwa hhayi ngaphambi kokuthi ama-euro aphume eGreece.
Enye Indlela Ingenzeka
Noma yiliphi izwe elingase liphonsele inselelo i-neoliberalism nakanjani lizobhekana nezikhali ezahlukene zezimali ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe. Umbuzo obalulekile-ke owokuthi uhulumeni โuzimisele yini ukuhlanganisa abantu bakhe egameni lezinqubomgomo ezihlangabezana nezidingo zabantu.โ[3] Futhi lona bekuwumbuzo engawubuza mayelana ne-Syriza ngo-2013: โingabe izimo ezithathwe ubuholi be-Syriza (isb. ukunyakaza kusuka ngezansi? Ukukhathazeka kwami, njengoba ungase ucabange, ukuthi lokhu kwakamuva kuyiqiniso. "
Ngeshwa, kwakuyiqiniso. Uhulumeni angayinqoba impi yokulwa ne-neoliberalism, ngaphikisa ngo-2004, kodwa kuphela uma "ulungele ukwehlukana nemibono nepolitiki ngemali enkulu, kuphela uma uzimisele ukwenza abadlali bezinhlangano zomphakathi ekufezekisweni kwethiyori yezomnotho esekelwe phezu komqondo. amandla omuntu.โ Uma kungenjalo, โuhulumeni onjalo nakanjani uzodumaza futhi adilize bonke labo abafuna enye indlela esikhundleni se-neoliberalism; futhi, futhi, umkhiqizo wayo osheshayo uzoba isiphetho sokuthi ayikho enye indlela.โ[4] Uhulumeni waseSyriza wawungazimisele ukwehlukana nemibono nepolitiki ngemali enkulu, futhi wawungazimisele ukuhlanganisa uquqaba.
Kukhona njalo ukukhetha. Singathatha indlela โyokunqotshwa ngaphandle kwenkazimuloโ (i-Badiou) ewuphawu lwentando yeningi yenhlalo noma singahamba sibheke kuhulumeni wentando yeningi oguquguqukayo owakha amakhono esigaba sabasebenzi. Umnyombo walokhu kokugcina ukuthi wamukela ukubaluleka komqondo wokwenza izinguquko - "ukuqondana kokushintsha kwezimo nomsebenzi womuntu noma ukuzishintsha." Iqala, ngamafuphi, ngokubamba โisixhumanisi esiyisihluthuleloโ sokuthuthukiswa komuntu nokwenza lokho uMarx ayekugcizelela njalo. Idemokhrasi eguquguqukayo ibona ukuthi yonke imisebenzi abantu abazibandakanya kuyo iyabakha. Ngakho, kunemikhiqizo emibili yawo wonke umsebenzi - ukushintsha kwesimo noma izinto kanye nomkhiqizo womuntu.
Ukubona ukubaluleka โkomkhiqizo wesibiliโ, umkhiqizo womuntu, kubaluleke kakhulu kuhulumeni ozimisele ngokwakha i-socialism ngoba ugcizelela isidingo sokwakha amakhono esigaba sabasebenzi. Ephepheni engalibhalela uChavez ngoDisemba 2006, ngabuza:
โKuyini ukubaluleka kokuqaphela le nqubo yokukhiqiza abantu ngokusobala? Okokuqala, kusisiza ukuba siqonde ukuthi kungani izinguquko kufanele zenzeke kuzo zonke izigaba - njalo umzuzu lapho abantu benza phakathi kobudlelwane obudala kuyinqubo yokukhiqiza imibono emidala nezimo zengqondo. Ukusebenza ngaphansi kobudlelwano bezikhundla, ukusebenza ngaphandle kokukwazi ukwenza izinqumo emsebenzini nasemphakathini, ukugxila ekuzifuneni kwakho esikhundleni sobumbano emphakathini - le misebenzi ikhiqiza abantu nsuku zonke; kungukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-conservatism yokuphila kwansuku zonke.
โUkuqaphela lolu hlangothi lwesibili kuphinde kusiqondise ukuthi sigxile ekwethulweni kwezinyathelo ezibambekayo ezibhekelela ngokusobala umphumela walezo zinyathelo ekuthuthukisweni komuntu. Ngakho, esinyathelweni ngasinye imibuzo emibili kumelwe ibuzwe: (1) lokhu kuzishintsha kanjani izimo futhi (2) lokhu kusiza kanjani ukukhiqiza izifundo eziguquguqukayo nokwandisa amakhono azo?โ[5]
Naphezu kwakho konke okwenzekile, intando yeningi yoguquko iseyindlela evulekele uhulumeni waseSyriza. Njengohulumeni, ingethula izinyathelo ezingasiza ekukhiqizeni izifundo ezishintshashintshayo futhi iveze amandla okudala oquqaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingasebenzisa amandla ayo njengohulumeni hhayi nje ukweseka ukuthuthukiswa kombuso omusha kusuka ngaphansi kodwa futhi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi umbuso okhona (namandla awo amaphoyisa, ezobulungiswa, ezempi, njll) awekho ngaphansi komyalo oqondile wemali. Lawa amathuba okuthi iSyriza isenguhulumeni, futhi kungaba yinhlekelele uma indaba yayo ingaphela njengokuhlulwa ngaphandle kwenkazimulo.
Kodwa, njengoba indaba ye-PASOK ibonisa, lokhu bekungeke kube okokuqala kwesiphetho esinjalo. Yilokho okwenza ukuhlonishwa kwe-Syriza kube 'umzuzu ofundisekayo.' amandla ezepolitiki kanye nendlela ukwenqaba kwayo ukugqashula ngokwemibono nangokwepolitiki ngenhloko-dolobha kwashiya kuphela amaKeynesia emivimbo eyahlukene exoxisana ngemibandela yokuzinikela kwawo kanye nezixuku ezidumele.
Impela, kunesifundo lapha kohulumeni bakusasa (futhi mhlawumbe ngisho nohulumeni wamanje waseSyriza) - isidingo esiphelele sokufunda ukuhamba ngemilenze emibili. Kodwa kukhona futhi isifundo esisitholayo - thina esingenabo ubukhazikhazi bamanje bukahulumeni. Iqembu le-socialist kufanele futhi lihambe ngemilenze emibili. Yebo, kumele kube nzima ukuthatha umbuso okhona emalini ukuze umbuso ukwazi ukufeza izidingo zabasebenzi esikhundleni sokusebenzisa imali. Kodwa-ke, kufanele futhi โikhuthaze ngazo zonke izindlela izikhungo ezintsha zentando yeningi ezingase zibe khona, izikhala ezintsha lapho abantu bengathuthukisa khona amandla abo ngokusebenzisa i-protagonism yabo.โ Ngokuthuthukiswa kwemikhandlu yemiphakathi kanye nemikhandlu yabasebenzi (amangqamuzana abalulekile ombuso omusha wezenhlalakahle), isigaba sabasebenzi sithuthukisa amakhono aso namandla okuphonsela inselelo imali kanye nombuso omdala.[6]
Isifundo se-Syriza kufanele kube ukungalokothi ukhohlwe umqondo wokwenza izinguquko - ukushintsha ngesikhathi esisodwa kwezimo kanye nomsebenzi womuntu noma ukuzishintsha. Akukephuzi kakhulu ukukhumbula nokusebenzisa lokhuโฆ futhi akukaze kube maduzane kakhulu. โข
UMichael A. Lebowitz ungusolwazi osekhulile wezomnotho e-Simon Fraser University e-British Columbia. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva ithi Ukungqubuzana kwe "Real Socialism".
Imibhalo engezansi:
1. Bona ingxoxo yezwe elidala kanye nezwe elisha eMichael Lebowitz, Ukwakha I-Socialism Yekhulu Leminyaka Lama-21: I-Logic Yombuso, Isifundo Sesine Sonyaka SeSikhumbuzo sikaNicos Poulantzas, 8 December 2010 (eshicilelwe yi-Poulantzas Institute ngo-2011). Le nkulumo ivele enguqulweni enwetshiwe njengokuthi โUmbuso kanye Nekusasa Le-Socialism"Ku Irejista yeSocialist 2013 futhi ifakwe njengeSahluko 10 sencwadi yami entsha, I-Socialist Imperative: kusukela e-Gotha kuze kube manje (Ukubuyekezwa Kwanyanga zonke, 2015).
2. Le nkulumo, yethulwa eNgqungqutheleni Yaminyaka yonke Yokuhwebelana Kwembulunga yonke eHavana ngoFebhuwari 2004, yanyatheliswa kuMichael A. Lebowitz, Yakha Manje: I-Socialism yekhulu lama-21 (Iphephandaba Lokubuyekeza Inyanga, 2006), 39.
3. Lebowitz, Yakhe Manje, 40.
4. Lebowitz, Yakhe Manje, 42.
5. "Ukuphakamisa Indlela Yokudlelana Nezenhlalakahle: Amaphepha Amabili Ka-Hugo Chavez" akhiqizwa kabusha njengeSahluko 5 I-Socialist Imperative.
6. Bheka ingxoxo yeqembu le-socialist kanye nokuhlobana kwalo nezinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nemizabalazo kokuthi โEnd the System,โ Isahluko 11 I-Socialist Imperative.
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