Njengoba ngike ngaveza ku ukubuyekezwa kwangaphambilini, U-Icarus, umsabalalisi wamafilimu waseNew York, ukude nokude umthombo obaluleke kakhulu wamadokhumentari amelene nonxiwankulu. Ngokuhambisana nokuzibophezela kwabo ebhayisikobho yomzabalazo wekilasi, “Amasela Esikhathi”, yabo yakamuva, bacija izindlela uhlelo lonxiwankulu olusenza izigqila zewashi.
Ngenkathi ngisebenza ebhange laseBoston ekuqaleni kwawo-70s, ngagcina amazwi ka-Marx enamathiselwe odongeni lwekhibhile yami:
Ngakho-ke isisebenzi sizizwa singaphandle komsebenzi waso kuphela, futhi emsebenzini waso sizizwa singaphandle kwaso. Uzizwa esekhaya uma engasebenzi, futhi uma esebenza akazizwa esekhaya. Ngakho-ke umsebenzi wakhe awukona okokuzithandela, kodwa uphoqelelwe; kungumsebenzi ophoqelelwe. Ngakho-ke akukhona ukwaneliseka kwesidingo; kumane kuyindlela yokwanelisa izidingo ezingaphandle kwayo.
-Imibhalo Yesandla Yezomnotho Nefilosofi ka-1844
Ekuqaleni “kwezigebengu zesikhathi”, sibona abantu bayo yonke iminyaka bengcebeleka bezijabulisa. Ngemva komzuzu noma ngaphezulu, sibona enye ingxenye yesintu idonsa kanzima iya emsebenzini noma esikoleni njengoba umlandeli uSarah Davidson ephawula: “Ngaphansi konxiwankulu, isikhathi sesiphenduke insiza enenani elikhulu kwezomnotho. Futhi labo abazuza kuyo bafuna isikhathi sethu esiningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Baze basintshontshele.”
Umqondisi u-Cosima Dannoritzer uqala ngokubonisa isiphithiphithi esiba khona lapho kuvulwa indawo yokudlela entsha ekhokhiswa njengengenabasebenzi ngokuphelele. Abaxhasi bonga imali ngokuzilungiselela bona ukudla, baqhubekele phambili ngesinyathelo esisodwa kunama-automat ajabulela usuku oluhle ngeminyaka yawo-30s kuya kuma-50s. Ekhishini, kuyisimangaliso ukuthi labo ababoshwe ekuzameni lokhu abazange balahlekelwe umunwe noma bashise okwesithathu. Ngithi ngiphoxekile ngoba sisheshe sathola ukuthi inyunyana yabasebenzi bezindawo zokudlela yahlela yonke le nto ukuze ikhombise ukubaluleka kokuba nochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe abenza umsebenzi.
Nakuba lokhu kuyisimo esibucayi, sikude kangakanani nenguqulo ka-Jeff Bezos ezenzakalelayo ye-Whole Foods kuyilapho okudingayo nje i-smartphone kanye nokuzimisela ukwenza umsebenzi ovame ukuwenza omabhalane kodwa ngaphandle kwenkokhelo? Ngithole ukunambitheka kwami kokuqala kwaleli kusasa elingasebenzi lapho ngiyobona zakamuva zikaTarantino e-multiplex e-West 23rd Isitaladi. Kwakunemishini yokukhipha amathikithi kuphela endaweni yokwamukela izivakashi eyayibukeka njengama-ATM. Kungase kungisindise ngimi kulayini ukuze ngithenge ithikithi kodwa ngangingaholi ngomsebenzi wami, njengoba kwakunjalo.
Lena cishe indlela engenacala kakhulu lapho umsebenzi wakho wamahhala wengeza khona inzuzo yonxiwankulu. Ifilimu esele inikezelwe ekuboniseni izibonelo ezimbi kakhulu.
Sifunda ngamahora amade abanye onjiniyela abasebenzela inkampani yaseJapane abawafaka ukuze bahambisane nomsebenzi wabo. Le nkampani yaze yanquma ukukhululeka lapho abasebenzi beza bebuka ingilazi futhi bemangele ekuseni ngemva kokufaka isikhathi esengeziwe esingakhokhelwa ngezikhathi zasekuseni bezama ukuqeda umsebenzi ngesikhathi. Ukuze akhiqize kakhudlwana phakathi namahora okusebenza avamile, inkampani inqamule ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi nogesi ngemva kuka-7pm. Lokhu akuzange kuvimbe izisebenzi ziphelelwe yithemba lokuqhubeka. Beza namathoshi namarutha aphathwayo baqhubeka.
Nakuba onjiniyela nabahleli bezinhlelo zamakhompiyutha bedume kabi ngokuthi ama-gung-ho, ezinye izisebenzi emisebenzini ehlukanisayo kakhulu zathatha ezinye izinyathelo zokukhipha umshini wokunyathelisa, okungukuthi ukuzibulala. AmaJapane abiza lokhu karoshi, noma ukufa ngokusebenza ngokweqile. Umphathi wesitolo sokudlela ophoqwe ukuthi asebenze amahora angu-18 izinsuku akakwazanga ukuzibamba wabe esephuma ngewindi lesitezi esiphezulu sebhilidi lehhovisi.
Sihlangana nabasebenzi abafuya izinkukhu bokufika e-USA abebeqashwe njalo umzuzu nomzuzu besemsebenzini, okuhlanganisa nokubonwa kuma-CCTV beya endlini yangasese, lapho imizuzu yabo ibiqashwe ngeso lokhozi. Lokhu bekuyingxenye yohlelo lokukhiqiza olwakhelwa ukugcina kokubili izisebenzi nezilwane ezizihlabayo zilawulwa ngokuqinile njengalezo ezise "Metropolis" kaFritz Lang, ifilimu ngaphambi kwesikhathi sayo.
Ukubeka abasebenzi kumthetho wensimbi wewashi, kuyadingeka kusengaphambili ukwenza ukuzigcina kube isithasiselo sohlelo lonxiwankulu. Ingilazi yehora ayifanele umsebenzi wokulinganisa ku-19th ikhulu leminyaka laseManchester textile mill.
Phakathi kongoti, esizwa ngabo kule filimu evula amehlo nguRobert Levine, umbhali wencwadi ethi “A Geography of Time”. Uveza ukuthi isikhathi esimisiwe asizange sibe khona kwaze kwaba ngu-1883. Amadolobha ahlukene ayenezikhathi zawo. Lokhu akubanga nandaba kangako kulabo abahlala edolobheni elithile kodwa njengoba izinhlelo zokuthutha ezinqamula izwe noma eziwela ulwandle zaba inkambiso njengoba ubunxiwankulu buthuthuka, kwaba yisithiyo emiphumeleni ebikezelwayo nephumelelayo. Kwesinye isigameko, isitimela ebesisuka e-Chicago sishayisane sisuka eNew York engxenyeni yethrekhi evumela ukuthi ithrafikhi yendlela eyodwa ihlanganiswe ngocingo. Ngonyaka owodwa omubi kakhulu, kwaba nezingozi ezinjalo ezingu-180. Njengengxenye yamandla okulandisa efilimu, sibona izithombe ezigciniwe ezigciniwe zomphumela weyodwa.
Ekugcineni, kwaba nokuqashelwa ukuthi isikhathi kwakufanele silinganiswe emhlabeni wonke. I-Eiffel Tower ikhanyise isignali yokuthi lolu suku luqale ngo-12:00 ekuseni emhlabeni wonke futhi ababambiqhaza basendaweni kule sistimu baluqophe “ebhola lesikhathi” elalibonakala kulo lonke idolobha. Ungabona eyodwa e-Titanic Memorial, i-lighthouse empambanweni ye-Fulton ne-Pearl eManhattan engezansi.
Namuhla, ukuphathwa kwesikhathi kwenziwa ngamawashi e-athomu anembe kuze kufike engxenyeni eyisigidi yomzuzwana.
Esahlukweni se-10 se-Capital, esinesihloko esithi "Usuku Lokusebenza", u-Marx uchaza ukubaluleka kokulawula isikhathi izisebenzi ezisichitha ezimbonini zezindwangu zesihogo zeminyaka yakhe.
Inkunzi iyimisebenzi efile, leyo, efana ne-vampire, ephila kuphela ngokumunca umsebenzi ophilayo, futhi iphila kakhulu, kulapho idonsa kanzima. Isikhathi lapho isisebenzi sisebenza, yisikhathi lapho usonxiwankulu edla amandla okusebenza awathenge kuye.
Uma isisebenzi ezisebenzisela isikhathi sakhe esisebenzisekayo, sigebenga usonxiwankulu.
Njengoba amashumi eminyaka ayekhula kusukela ngesikhathi uMarx ebhala la mazwi, onxiwankulu batshala imali eningi ezindleleni “zesayensi” ezingalola amazinyo e-vampire.
Enye yempumelelo enkulu kwakuyiwashi lesikhathi elasungulwa eminyakeni emihlanu kuphela ngemva kokwamukelwa kwesikhathi esivamile emhlabeni jikelele. Intuthuko emibili yokulawulwa konxiwankulu yahlangana kahle. Isikhathi esijwayelekile senza kwaba nokwenzeka ukulawula ezohwebo nezokuthutha emhlabeni wonke futhi iwashi lesikhathi lenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukulawula abantu abakhiqiza izimpahla ezithuthwa yimikhumbi ye-steam kanye nezitimela.
Abaphathi babehlale befuna izindlela zokwenza abasebenzi bafane namarobhothi. Kube kuFrank noLilian Gilbreth ukuthi beze nezindlela eseziphenduke umhlaba wonke ekukhiqizweni ngobuningi namuhla, kuze kube sezingeni lokwenza izisebenzi zase-Amazon zizizwe sengathi zise-9.th indilinga yesihogo. "Babeyizingcweti ezisebenza kahle" ukucwaninga kwabo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwaholela ekuzuzeni ukukhiqiza kumphathi ngisho noma kushiya abasebenzi abane-carpal tunnel syndrome, imizwa ephukile, izingozi zegazi kanye nakho konke okunye. AbakwaGilbreths babenethemba lokunciphisa ukunyakaza okungaphandle kwezindawo zokusebenza eziklanywe ngendlela ehlelekile kodwa onxiwankulu abethula izindlela zabo abazange basicabangele isidingo sokuvumela abasebenzi ukuthi benze umsebenzi ngesikhathi esanele. Uma uke wabona uCharlie Chaplin ehamba ngobuhlanya emgwaqeni ephethe isikrufu senkawu esandleni ngasinye ezama ukuqinisa izinkinobho zengubo yowesifazane ku-“Modern Times”, uzothola umbono wemiphumela engavezwa yizifundo zokunyakaza kwesikhathi. .
Ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi uma ubona “Amasela Esikhathi”, uzokhunjuzwa ukuthi lezi zinto zisebenza kanjani noma kuphi lapho uhlala khona. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980, ngathatha uhambo olumbalwa lokuya eNicaragua ukuze ngiyohlola izidingo ze-Tecnica, iphrojekthi yosizo lwezobuchwepheshe yokusiza amaSandinista. Uma simisa umhlangano wesikhulu senkonzo ngo-10 ekuseni, sizoqonda ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi basebenza "ngesikhathi saseNicaragua", okusho ukuthi bangavela ngo-10:15 noma ngisho nangemuva kwalokho. Abazange baxolise njengoba kwakuyindlela izinto ezazisebenza ngayo eNicaragua, lapho izifundo zokunyakaza kwesikhathi, amawashi esikhathi, njll. zingazange zibe khona emphakathini wezolimo. Lapho umhlangano usuqalile, nokho, babebucayi njengokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo njengoba uMichael Urmann, umsunguli weTecnica, ayevame ukusho.
Lapho ngibuyela e-NY, ngabika emsebenzini wami njengomphathi wesizindalwazi e-Goldman-Sachs. Lapho, isikhathi sasilingana nemali. Ngagqoka i-beeper futhi ngajwayela izingcingo ebusuku kakhulu. Ngakwazi ukubekezelela lokho kodwa angikaze ngijwayele abanye abadidiyeli bohlelo ababengigqolozela uma ngiphuma ngo-5 ntambama. Njengonjiniyela baseJapane, babenomoya wokwenza owafika ngokuhlonzwa kwabo nenkampani engangiyizonda. Ngishiya eceleni imizwa yami ngenkampani, ngase ngineminyaka engu-20 ngisezinhlelweni zokwaziswa ngaleso sikhathi futhi ngifake isikhathi esengeziwe esingakhokhelwa ngaphezu kweminyaka engangisibeke njengabahleli bohlelo. Ngangiseqophelweni lokuphila lapho isikhathi sokuzilibazisa sisho lukhulu kimi, ikakhulukazi lapho sinikelwa ekubuthweni konjiniyela nabahleli bezinhlelo ukuba bayosebenza eNicaragua.
Ngo-1967, u-E.P. UThompson ubhale indatshana ephephabhukwini elithi “Past and Present” enesihloko esithi “Isikhathi, Isiyalo Somsebenzi, kanye ne-Industrial Capitalism” lokho ngokubonga kungafundwa lapha. Inikeza ukubuka konke komlando kokuthi sigcine kanjani kule treadmill.
Okokuqala nje, imiphakathi yangaphambi kwekilasi ibe nokuqonda okuhlukile kwesikhathi esinakho. AmaNuers aseTopiya, abantu abafuya izinkomo abayimizulane, “banewashi lezinkomo”, umjikelezo wemisebenzi yokwelusa echaza usuku lwabo. Abantu bakwaNandi baseKenya, nabo abangabafuyi bezinkomo abayimizulane, bahlukanisa usuku lwabo lube yisigamu sehora ngo-5-5:30 ekuseni kuqondwe njengokungathi izinkabi ziyoklaba, u-7-7:30 ekuseni uma izimbuzi ziyoklaba. , njll. Abomdabu baseCross River eNigeria kwabikwa ukuthi basho izinto ezinjengokuthi “le ndoda yafa esikhathini esingaphansi kwesikhathi lapho ummbila ungakashiswa khona ngokuphelele.” (Ngaphansi kwemizuzu eyi-15).
Ngokushesha phambili ku-18th ikhulu leminyaka futhi yonke into isishintshile, okungenani lapho abalimi beguqulwe baba ama-proletarians ngenxa yoMthetho Wokubiyelwa noma, e-Afrika, ngokuphoqelela amadoda nabesifazane ezimayini nasemasimini bekhonjwe ngezibhamu.
ENgilandi, kulapho ukweba kwakuthuthuke kakhulu. Indoda eyayiphethe i-Crowley Iron Works yakuthola kudingekile ngo-1700 ukubhala ikhodi yenhlawulo yangaphakathi yamagama angu-100,000 ukuze igcine abasebenzi besendleleni.
Kusuka ku-oda 40:
Mina ngibe nabantu abahlukahlukene abasebenza emini ngokuhlanganyela nomabhalane ngikhohliswe kabuhlungu futhi ngikhokhelwa isikhathi esiningi kunonembeza omuhle ebengifanele futhi kube ubuwula kanye nokukhohlisa komabhalane abahlukahlukene ukuthi bafihle ukudelela nokunganaki. abakhokhelwa ngosuku….
Kusuka ku-oda 103:
Abanye baye benza sengathi banelungelo lokukhohlisa, becabanga ngokulungela kwabo nekhono labo lokwenza okwanele ngesikhathi esincane kunabanye. Abanye babe nobuwula kakhulu ukucabanga ukuthi ukuya nje ngaphandle kokuqashwa ebhizinisini kwanele…. Abanye badelela kangangokuba bazigqaje ngobubi babo futhi bancome abanye ngokukhuthala kwabo….
Ukuze kutholakale ukuthi ubuvila kanye nobuqili kufanele bubonwe futhi abalungile nabakhuthele bavuzwe, ngicabange ukuthi ngihlangane ukuze ngenze i-akhawunti yesikhathi nguMonitor, futhi ngenze i-oda futhi ngalokhu kuyayalwa futhi kumenyezelwe kusukela ku-5 kuye ku-8 futhi kusuka ku-7 kuya ku-Io. amahora ayishumi nanhlanu, ngiphuma kuwo? ngesidlo sasekuseni, isidlo sakusihlwa, njll. Kuyoba khona amahora ayishumi nantathu nengxenye yenkonzo ehlanzekile….
Akukho okuningi okushintshile ngobufakazi be-warehouse yase-Amazon:
Abasebenzi base-Amazon baphoqeleka ukuthi bachame emabhodleleni noma bashiye amakhefu abo okugeza ngokuphelele ngoba izidingo zokugcwalisa ziphezulu kakhulu, ngokusho kwentatheli uJames Bloodworth, owacasha njengesisebenzi sase-Amazon encwadini yakhe, Uqashiwe: Izinyanga Eziyisithupha Ngaphansi Kokufihla eBrithani Ehola kancane. Okuhlosiwe kubikwa ukuthi kukhuphuke kakhulu, kusho abasebenzi ku-a Ucwaningo olusha kwembulwe ngempelasonto, futhi ngenxa yalokho, bazizwa becindezelwe futhi becindezelekile ukuze bafinyelele imigomo emisha.
"Amasela Esikhathi" kubalulekile ukubuka ukuze uqonde ukuthi konke lokhu kwenzeka kanjani. Njengamanje, ifilimu imakethwa ezikhungweni ezifana namanyuvesi nemitapo yolwazi ngokusho kwayo I-Icarus. Nginxusa labo abasethubeni lokuthenga okunjalo ukuba benze kanjalo njengoba ifilimu izoba wusizo olukhulu kubafundi besayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu kanye nesayensi yezepolitiki abazama ukuthuthukisa ukuhlaziya kwekilasi komphakathi ophenduke ukubola. Mhlawumbe ifilimu izotholakala ekugcineni I-Ovid, inhlanganisela yabasabalalisi bamafilimu anjalo ahlanganisa i-Icarus. I-Ovid iyisevisi yokusakaza enenani eliphansi kakhulu yamadokhumentari, amafilimu ezilimi zakwamanye amazwe kanye nemikhiqizo ye-indie engaba nentshisekelo enkulu kuma-CounterPunchers. Ngibuyekeze amafilimu amaningi angaqashwa lapho phakathi neminyaka edlule futhi angikwazanga ukuwancoma kakhulu.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela