Ukuwa kweMexico ngo-1982, kanye nokusabela okuqinile kwenqubomgomo ye-US kanye ne-IMF, kwaphawula ukuzalwa kokuvumelana kwe-elite okusaqhubeka nokuhlupha iYurophu namuhla.
Njengo-Nick Dearden, uMqondisi Womkhankaso weJubilee wokukhansela izikweletu nje wabhala Okwe New Statesman, leli sonto liphawula “isikhumbuzo seminyaka yonke yesehlakalo sokuduma okukhulu”. Kuleli sonto cishe eminyakeni engama-30 edlule lapho iMexico yamisa okwesikhashana ukukhokhwa kwayo kwezikweletu kubabolekisi bangaphandle, lokho kwaba ukuqala kwalokho okwakuzogcina kudlulele enkingeni yokuqala yezikweletu zomhlaba wonke esikhathini se-neoliberal. Izinto zazingeke ziphinde zifane.
Okwaba khona akubanga nje kuphela ukuwohloka okudabukisayo kwamazinga okuphila kuwo wonke amazwe asathuthuka kanye neminyaka eyishumi elahlekile kubantu baseMexico kanye nezigidi zabantu abampofu eGlobal South - ikakhulukazi eLatin America, eMpumalanga Yurophu nase-Afrika - kodwa futhi ushintsho oluyingqophamlando ebudlelwaneni bamandla. phakathi kwabakweletayo nabakweletwayo emnothweni wezepolitiki okhulayo womhlaba. Ngempela, u-1982 waphawula ukukhuphuka komhlaba wonke kwe-Wall Street. Njengesazi sokuma kwezwe esidumile uDavid Harvey yibeke:
Okwaboniswa yicala laseMexico kwaba umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwenkululeko kanye ne-neo-liberalism: ngaphansi kwababolekisi bangaphambili bathatha ukulahlekelwa okuvela ezinqumweni ezimbi zokutshala izimali kuyilapho ngaphansi kwalokho ababolekayo bephoqwa amandla ombuso kanye namazwe ngamazwe ukuthi bathathe izindleko zesikweletu. ukubuyisela kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imiphi imiphumela empilweni kanye nenhlalakahle yabantu bendawo.
Ngaphambi kwenkinga yezikweletu yawo-1980, amabhange aseWall Street ayeboleke kakhulu ohulumeni bamazwe asathuthuka. Inkinga kawoyela ngeminyaka yawo-1970 yaholela emalini enkulu enqwabelene emazweni akhiqiza uwoyela, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho kwatshalwa kabusha leyo nsalela ngamabhange aseMelika. Njengoba udonga lwemali engenayo lugcwala izimakethe zezimali zomhlaba wonke, izilinganiso zenzalo zehla kakhulu. Amazwe afana neMexico aqhubekile nokuboleka. Futhi amabhange ayejabule kakhulu ngaleli lungiselelo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, njenge-CEO yeCiticorp uWalter Wriston yibeke, “amazwe awahambi kahle.”
Ngaso sonke leso sikhathi, uhulumeni wase-US wayemile engenzi lutho njengoba amabhange aseMelika eboleka izigidigidi zamarandi, ikakhulukazi kohulumeni baseLatin America. Lapho i-US ekugcineni ibhekene nenkinga yezomnotho ngokwayo, ngenxa yenkinga kawoyela yama-1970s kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu ukwehla kwesikhathi eside kwezinga lenzuzo yomkhakha wayo wezimboni, uSihlalo we-Fed, uPaul. U-Volcker, unqume ukukhuphula amanani enzalo ngendlela emangalisayo ukuze aqede ukuzuma futhi aphule ukuvumelana kwezomnotho (okubizwa ngokuthi i-Keynesian compound of i-liberalism egxilile) eyayibuse ngokuphakeme kusukela kuWWII.
Lokhu-ke kwafaka ngokushesha amazwe asathuthuka enkingeni yezimali. Ngenxa yokuthi iningi lemalimboleko la mazwe ayeyithathile yayingama-dollar, ukunyuka kwezinga lenzalo yase-US - eyaziwa ngokuthi I-Volcker Shock - ngokushesha inyuse izinkokhelo zenzalo kulaba hulumeni. IMexico kwaba yizwe lokuqala kuphela elazithola lingakwazi ukukhokhela izikweletu zalo. Eminyakeni ezayo, inqwaba eyengeziwe izolandela ngemva kwayo.
Kepha uhulumeni wase-US, efisa ukugwema ukulahleka kweWall Street, wahlanganisa ngokushesha i-IMF kanye neBhange Lomhlaba ukuthi likhiphe ibheyili enkulu kohulumeni bamazwe asathuthuka emhlabeni jikelele. Kusukela ekutakulweni kweMexico ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine, i-IMF kanye neBhange Lomhlaba babona ukwanda kwabo kwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokungamangalisi, bamangalelwa ngokushesha ngokunakekela amabhange amakhulu - hhayi amazwe ampofu ababethi "awakhiphe ngebheyili".
Phela, enye yezinto zokuqala "i-troika" yoMgcinimafa wase-US, i-Fed ne-IMF eyaqinisekisa ukuthi iyayenza, kwakuwukubeka imibandela ephawulekayo ekubolekeni kwayo emazweni asathuthuka. Akugcinanga lapho iMexico, iBrazil, i-Argentina, iPoland, iGibhithe kanye namanye amazwe amaningi aphoqeleka ukuthi abeke ngokushesha izinyathelo ezicindezelayo; bekulindeleke futhi ukuthi benze lokho uThomas Friedman azokubiza kamuva ngokuthi “I-Golden Straitjacket” ye-neoliberal free-market ideology.
Ngakho unyaka ka-1982 waphawula ukuvela kwalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi “Ukuvumelana kweWashington“. Leli gama, elaqanjwa isazi sezomnotho saseMelika u-John Williamson, libhekise ohlwini lwemiyalelo yenqubomgomo eyakhiwe izikhulu zase-US ngokubambisana nochwepheshe be-IMF kanye neBhange Lomhlaba, futhi ngokushesha laba nedumela elibi kuwo wonke amazwe asathuthuka. Njengosomnotho waseHarvard uDani Rodrik wabhala, “ukuzinzisa, ukukhululeka kanye nokwenza izinto ezizimele kwaba amazwibela esizukulwane sochwepheshe abagawula amazinyo emazweni asathuthuka, nakubaholi bezombangazwe ababeluleka.”
Umphumela walokhu kuvumelana kwe-neoliberal elite entsha - ukuthi ukuhamba kwemali yamahhala, umkhakha wezezimali ongalawulwa kanye namabhange azimele anamandla ayelungele umnotho - kwaba yinhlekelele eMexico. Njengoba Dearden ubhala, “umnotho wawohloka futhi untengantenga, izimboni eziningi zavalwa, kwalahlekelwa okungenani izisebenzi ezingu-800,000 sezizonke. Ngo-1989, umnotho waseMexico wawusemncane ngo-11% kunango-1981. Khonamanjalo, isikweletu saphindeka kabili sisuka ku-30% we-GDP ngo-1982 saya ku-60% ngo-1987.” NjengoSomnotho oyiNhloko yeBhange Lomhlaba uJoseph Stiglitz kamuva yibeke phakathi ne-Asian Crisis ka-1997-'98, “umuthi” empeleni wabulala isiguli.
Kwenye yezincwadi zakhe eziyisidina, Mad Imali, isazi sezomnotho sezombangazwe saseBrithani uSusan Strange wayenenhliziyo eqinile mayelana nokuthi ubani owayenecala ngenkinga yaseMexico nokuthi ubani owagcina eyikhokhele. Wabhala: “Emalini esele, amabhange asizwa ngemali yomphakathi,” kuyilapho “ohulumeni kwadingeka bavumele imakethe.” Ngempela, “i-United States yayihlele uhlelo lokuhlenga, [kodwa] kwakuwumnotho waseMexico nabantu baseMexico ababehlupheka kakhulu.”
“Indaba efanayo,” uDearden iyaqhubeka, “yaphindwa kulo lonke elaseLatin America. Ngo-1990 umnotho waseLatin America ngokwesilinganiso wawumncane ngo-8% kunalokho owawuyikho ngo-1980, futhi inani labantu abampofu landa lisuka ezigidini ezingu-144 laya ezigidini ezingu-211. OwayenguNgqongqoshe wezeziMali waseColombia uJose Antonio Ocampo ubiza izimpendulo zebheyili ngokuthi 'indlela enhle kakhulu yokubhekana nenkinga yamabhange aseMelika, kanye nendlela embi yokubhekana nenkinga yezikweletu zaseLatin America'."
Sekukonke, kwathatha umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe (funda: uhulumeni wase-US) iminyaka eyisikhombisa emangalisayo ukubona ukuthi uhlobo oluthile lokuhlelwa kabusha kwezikweletu lwaludingeka. Ekugcineni, ngo-1989, kwasungulwa ipulani yokunciphisa isikweletu saseMexico - leso esasizophinda siphindwe emazweni asathuthuka. Yaqalwa kakhulu ngabamabhange baseWall Street uqobo, kepha yaqanjwa ngendlela yeqiniso ye-Orwellian ngemuva kukaNobhala Womgcinimafa wase-US ngaleso sikhathi, okwakuthiwa. I-Brady Bonds bekufanele zisize ekwehliseni umthwalo wezikweletu ongabekezeleleki wamazwe asathuthuka.
Eqinisweni, bekuyindlela nje yokuthi amabhange ase-Wall Street alethe ukuhleleka ezincwadini zawo kuyilapho evuna izinzuzo ezitholakala kalula esimweni okufanele, ngenxa yezizathu ezingokoqobo nezokuziphatha, abonakale ewa. Njengesazi-mlando sezomnotho uHarold James wabonisa ocwaningweni olugunyazwe yi-IMF, isivumelwano se-Brady Bonds sehlise isikweletu sase-Mexico ngo-2.7% we-GDP enganakwa. Nakuba lokhu kubuyisela ukuzethemba ezimakethe zezimali, akuzange kuyisize iMexico.
Ngo 1990, the New York Times wabhala ukuthi “ijaji manje selingene esivumelwaneni sokuhlela kabusha isikweletu sika-1989 phakathi kweMexico nomphakathi wezezimali wamazwe ngamazwe. Ngeshwa, isivumelwano sibi eMexico. ” Ngokufanayo, isazi sezomnotho uMichael Dooley wabhala ukuthi “amabhange abe abawinile ngokusobala kulo mdlalo, ngenxa yokuthi ibheyili ebilindelwe yayiza … ngenkathi amazwe anezikweletu eqala izinhlelo zokuguqula izinto ngendlela ezuzisa amabhange.”
Njengoba u-Lee Buchheit, a ummeli owaziwa umhlaba wonke eyaziwa ngokuthi "isazi sefilosofi-inkosi yesikweletu esizimele", wachaza "yize imigomo yamaphakheji kufanele ibe yinzuzo ezweni elikweletayo, uhulumeni wase-US ngeke asekele iphakethe elingaphoqa amabhange ase-US ukuthi abone ukulahlekelwa okungahle kubukele phansi ubuqotho bezezimali ohlelweni lwamabhange." Ngamanye amazwi, "likhulu kakhulu ukuba lehluleke” bekuvele kuyinkinga emuva ngeminyaka yawo-1980, futhi abantu baseMexico bazi konke ngakho.
Okuxakayo ukuthi okwenzeka eLatin America, e-Afrika naseMpumalanga Yurophu ngeminyaka yawo-1980 kuzophinda kuphindeke ngendlela efanayo eSouth-East Asia. Noma kwakungebona ohulumeni base-Asia ababezikweleta, kodwa amafemu ase-Asia, uMgcinimafa wase-US kanye ne-IMF baphendule ngendlela efanayo enolaka, okwenza usomnotho wemakethe yamahhala u-Jagdish Bhagwati abhekisele ku- I-Wall Street-Treasury complex ophethe i-ajenda yenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US (usomnotho wezepolitiki uRobert Wade, uSolwazi wami e-LSE, kamuva engeza i-IMF kulolo hlu).
Manje umfundi oqaphile uzobe esebonile ukuthi le ndaba iphokophelephi… NjengoLarry Elliot, umhleli wezomnotho we-economics. Guardian, nje wayifingqa, “eMexico, funda iGreece.” Phela, akukhona nje kuphela ukufana kwesizathu esijulile sazo zombili lezi zinkinga (amabhange asetshenziswe ngokweqile emalini eyinsalela yokuvuselela kabusha ngokusebenzisa amazwe aseduze), kodwa, njengoba u-Elliot ebonisa, "impendulo yenqubomgomo kule nkinga nayo iyefana. ”:
Ngo-1982, ohulumeni baseLatin America babolekwa imali yi-International Monetary Fund ukuze bakwazi ukukhokha amabhange ayesongelwa ngokuthi azoba sengozini ngenxa yobuwula babo. NjengaseGreece namuhla, imali yayinikezwa ngesandla esisodwa futhi iphinde ithathwe ngesinye.
Ekugcineni, kubonakala sengathi u-Hegel wayeqinisile ukuveza ukuthi umlando uyaziphinda. Kodwa kuthathe uMarx ukuthi aveze ukuthi iyakwenza lokho okokuqala njengenhlekelele, bese kuba yi-farce. Okwenzeka eYurophu namuhla kuwukubonakaliswa okucishe kufane okwenzeka eMexico ngeminyaka yawo-1980 - amabhange kuphela anamandla amakhulu; I-Greece, njengelungu le-eurozone, ibambelele ngokuhlelekile ku-Golden Straitjacket yayo; futhi ukuwa ekugcineni kuzoba okumangalisayo nakakhulu.
EMexico, ngeminyaka yawo-1980 kabuhlungu yaziwa ngokuthi la decada perdida - iminyaka eyishumi elahlekile. Izigidi zabantu zonakaliswa njengoba umnotho waseMexico uwohloka. Uma iMexico neLatin America zinesifundo esisodwa sokufundisa eGrisi naseYurophu, ngakho-ke kungaba yilokhu: uma ungaphuli ibhange, ibhange lizokuphula. Kuphakathi kokuthi abantu baseYurophu baketula izifunda zabo kanye neTroika, noma izifundazwe kanye neTroika zizoketula abantu. Kuyoba yini?
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