Aimibhikisho engokomlando yokulwa nenkohlakalo iyaqhubeka eGuatemala, enye impi yokungajeziswa ezweni laseMelika Ephakathi iyaqhubeka. NgoNovemba 6, amalungu angu-13 eCongress athula isiphakamiso sokunikeza ushwele ogcwele amalungu ezempi asolwa ngokwenza ubugebengu bempi phakathi nempi yangaphakathi yaseGuatemala eyathatha iminyaka engu-36. Lesi siphakamiso sethulwe nguKhongolose uFernando Linares Beltranena we-Conservative National Advancement Party (PAN).
Lezi zinguquko ziza njengoba ihhovisi loMmeli Jikelele waseGuatemala liqhubeka nokulandela amacala abhekene nabaholi bezempi bangaphambili ngamacala abhekiswe esintwini, okuhlanganisa nokuqulwa kwecala lokuqothulwa kohlanga elibhekene nowayengundlovukayiphikiswa u-Efraรญn Rรญos Montt. Ihhovisi lisanda kusayina ukuthi lingaphinda livule icala eliphathelene ukubulawa kukaBishop Juan Josรฉ Gerardi ngo-1998.
Isiphakamiso sikashwele sihlose ukuguqula umthetho weNational Reconciliation eyaphasiswa ngaphambi nje kokusayinwa kweZivumelwano Zokuthula ngo-1996. Lolu shintsho luhlose ngokukhethekile ukususa i-athikili 2, 7, no-8 emthethweni, futhi lunikeze ababengamasosha ezempi ushwele ophelele wabo bonke ubugebengu obenziwe. Isigaba sesi-2 kanye nesesi-7 sinikeza abashokobezi ushwele ngamacala abhekene nombutho wezokuphepha kahulumeni, kuyilapho i-Article 8 ihlinzeka ngoshwele wabo bonke ubugebengu ngaphandle kokubulawa kohlanga, ukuhlukunyezwa, kanye nokunyamalala ngenkani.
Impi yombango eGuatemala yaholela ekufeni kwabantu abangaphezu kuka-200,000 kanye nokunyamalala kwabangaphezu kuka-40,000, ngokusho kokutholwe yi- I-United Nations isekelwe Ikhomishini Yokucaciswa Komlando (CEH). Imindeni ethintekile kule mikhankaso yokunyamalala ngenkani nokubulawa kwabantu ngesikhathi sempi iyigxeke kakhulu imizamo yokulungisa umthetho.
"Lesi siphakamiso samalungu engqungquthela ayi-13 egameni lamasosha akudala siphambene nomthethosisekelo," kusho uJosรฉ Alberto Flores, okhulumela i-Association of Family Members of the Detailed and Disappeared of Guatemala.I-Asociaciรณn de Familiares de Detenidos neDesaparecidos yaseGuatemala.) โNgeke senze sengathi sakha ingubo yokungajezisi ohlelweni olungakasebenzi ukuze sinikeze ubulungisa kuwo wonke umuntu ngokulinganayo. Abalingisi abathintekayo namasosha bafuna ukuqeda amacala abhekene namasosha,โ usho kanje.
Kusukela ekupheleni kodweshu lwangaphakathi, uhlelo lwezobulungiswa lwaseGuatemala luzabalaza njengesikhungo sikahulumeni esiziphendulela. Phakathi kuka-1996 no-2006, iGuatemala yahlushwa izinga lokungajeziswa elingamaphesenti angama-95. Kusukela kwasungulwa i-UN-backed International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG), leli zinga lehle lafinyelela kumaphesenti angama-72.
UFlores wachaza ukuthi i-Article 8 yoMthetho Wokubuyisana Kazwelonke ivikela ukungajeziswa okunjalo. โI-Article 8 yomthetho weNational Reconciliation yayicacile, ushwele wawungekho,โ usho kanje. โImindeni yabadukile isilinde iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu ukuze kwenziwe ubulungiswa kumalungu omndeni wabo anyamalele. Emasosheni, izenzo zawo zaziphakathi kwempi. Kodwa ngiyabuza, ingabe kuvumelekile ukubulala, ukubulala, noma ukunyamalala kwengane?โ
Khonamanjalo, uKhongolose uLinares Beltranena uthe uphenyo lwezikhulu zezempi lunomkhawulo wokuthula ezweni. โSifuna ukuzuza ukuthula,โ usho kanje etshela iphephandaba laseGuatemala Isikhathi. โNgenxa yokuthi kusukela ngo-1996โngesikhathi kugujwa ukusayinwa kokuthulaโakuzange kube nokuthula; ngoba kube nempi enzima ezinkantolo kanye neHhovisi Lomshushisi Womphakathi, lapho kukhona izikhulu nochwepheshe ababoshiwe abangu-72 kanye nesiboshwa esisodwa esasiyi-guerrilla.โ
I-Commission for Historical Clarification isiphethe ngokuthi amaphesenti angu-93 azo zonke izenzo zonya enziwa amasosha, kuyilapho amaphesenti amathathu kuphela enziwa abashokobezi. Ikhomishana ayikwazanga ukucacisa ukuthi ubani obangele unya olusalele ngamaphesenti amane. Kulabo ababulewe, ikhomishana inqume ukuthi amaphesenti angama-83 kwakungamaMayan, kanti amaphesenti ayi-17 kwakunguLadino, noma abantu baseGuatemala okungebona abomdabu abadabuka eYurophu.
I-Foundation Against Terrorism, iqembu elilwela ilungelo lokudla e-Guatemala, nayo iyaseseka lolu shintsho. Eminyakeni selokhu kwaphela ingxabano yangaphakathi, leli qembu liye lazama ukunqanda ukushushiswa kwalabo ababengamasosha ngamacala empi kanye nokuphazamisa ukunyakaza kwezenhlalo ehlukahlukene kulo lonke elaseGuatemala. ngokwenza izishoshovu zibe yicala.
Timizamo emisha kashwele iza ngesikhathi esifanayo nehhovisi loMshushisi Womphakathi wase-Guatemala liqala kabusha ukuqulwa kwecala lokuqothulwa kohlanga elibhekene nowayenguMongameli u-Rรญos Montt kanye nesikhulu sakhe sezobunhloli bezempi u-Josรฉ Rodrรญguez Sรกnchez. Ngomhla ziyi-13 kuMfumfu wezi-2017, ukuqulwa kwecala okuyingqopha-mlando kwaqala futhi kuvaliwe eGuatemala City, ngemva kweminyaka yokubambezeleka. Ukuqulwa kwecala kungase kube isinyathelo sokuletha ubulungiswa emiphakathini eyahlupheka ngesikhathi sempi.
Kusukela ngo-1982-1983, amasosha aqhuba umkhankaso womhlaba oshisa phansi ngokumelene nezakhamuzi zase-Ixil ezindaweni eziphakeme zaseGuatemala, acekela phansi imiphakathi engama-72, ngokusho kweCentre for Human Rights Legal Action (CALDH). Lokhu bekuyingxenye yokulwa nokuvukela umbuso ezweni lonke okwabulala futhi kwanyamalala izinkulungwane zabantu.
Amasosha athethelela lo mkhankaso wokufa ngokusikisela ukuthi indlela engcono kakhulu yokufika kubashokobezi, kwakuwukukhipha ulwandle lokusekela kwawo, okwachazwa umbuso wobushiqela ngaphansi kukaRรญos Montt โnjengokuthatha amanzi ezinhlanzini.โ Izakhamizi ezasinda ziphoqeleke ukuthi ziphephele ezintabeni lapho zazibhekene nekusasa elingaqinisekile. Sekukonke, Abangu-29,000 abadingisiwe baxoshwa njengengxenye yomkhankaso womhlaba oshisiwe.
Ngo-May 10, 2013, uRรญos Montt watholwa enecala lokuqondisa ukuqothulwa kohlanga kubantu base-Ixil Mayan okwabulala cishe izimpilo zabantu abangu-2000 phakathi kuka-March 1982 no-August 1983. Lo mholi wobushiqela wagwetshwa iminyaka engu-80 ejele. Leli cala laliqala ngqรก emhlabeni ukuthi lowo owayeyinhloko yoMbuso atholakale enecala lokuqothula uhlanga ezinkantolo zawo zezwe. Kodwa ukunqoba kwaba isikhashana. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, ngo-May 20, 2013, inkantolo yomthetho-sisekelo yezwe yasichitha lesi sinqumo, yathi akuzange kwenzeke ukubulawa kohlanga phakathi nempi.
"Besilokhu sigcizelela ukuthi leli yicala elase linqunywe yinkantolo ohlelweni lwezobulungiswa," kusho uMiguel de Leรณn, iMeya yoMdabu yaseNebaj kanye nelungu le-Ixil Mayan Ancestral Authorities. โLokhu futhi kuyingxenye yomdlalo kahulumeni wokufihla ubugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini esahlukunyezwa. Akwamukelekile uma bengamyeki.โ
Imizamo yokudlulisa icala kanye nokuqulwa kwecala kabusha yaphazanyiswa izinsolo zabameli bakaMontt zokuthi uMontt akaphilile ngokwengqondo ukuthi angaqulwa icala. Kodwa ngo-2015, umashiqela owayegula wahlaziywa ngokwengqondo yiGuatemala National Institute of Forensic Sciences Institute (INACIF), eyathi uqinile ngokomqondo, evula indlela yecala elisha. Kodwa abagxeki basole i-INACIF ngokungakwenzi ukuhlola ngokwethembeka.
Phezu kwalezi zingqinamba, aboHlanga baveze ukuthi bazoqhubeka nokulwela ubulungiswa. "Siyaqhubeka nokuya phambili ngethemba lokuthi leli cala eliphindaphindiwe lizosho into efanayo nesinqumo senkantolo sangaphambilini," kusho u-Diego Santiago Ceto, omunye omele umphakathi ovela kwa-Ixil Mayan Ancestral Authorities. โEngqondweni yabahlukunyezwa isigwebo sesikhishiwe. Sikholelwa ukuthi yilokhu okwenzekile. Kubuhlungu ukwazi iqiniso, kodwa sinethemba lokuthi kuzoba nobulungiswa.โ
Izinguquko ezihlongozwayo zokuhlinzeka ngoshwele ophelele kumalungu ezempi asolwa ngamacala empi, njengoba imizamo yokulwa nenkohlakalo kanye nokungajeziswa isabalele kulo lonke elaseGuatemala, imele ukuphikelela kwesifiso sophiko lwesokudla lokulondoloza ukungajeziswa kanye namandla ezweni elishintshayo.
Uma kuphumelele, izinguquko zizowaqeda nya amacala afana nalawo abhekene noRรญos Montt, ngaphezu kwabanye abaningi ngokumelene nabaholi bezempi ngokunyamalala okuphoqelelwe phakathi nempi. I-Amnesty izophinde ithethelele futhi ivumele udlame nonya olubhekiswe emphakathini njengeqhinga eliqhubekayo lempi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ushwele uzoshiya imindeni ekhahlanyezwe udlame ingashintshile emzamweni wayo wokuthola ubulungiswa ngamacala enziwa izakhamuzi, futhi uqede amathemba ayo okuveza iqiniso lalokho okwenzeke kubathandekayo bayo.
Amaqembu angakwesokudla afana ne-Foundation Against Terrorism abona amasosha aquliswa amacala awo enziwa phakathi nengxabano yangaphakathi njengamaqhawe ahlenga izwe ekuhlaselweni kwe-Marxist yangaphandle. Kodwa bamele idlanzana labantu eliqhubeka nokuhlupheka ngaphansi kwesistimu ezuzisa idlanzana elincane.
โLa malungu angu-13 eCongress [aphakamisa izinguquko] ayihlazo lezwe lethu,โ kusho u-de Leรณn. "Abazange bafike kuCongress ukuze bavikele amalungelo abantu, kodwa bafike ukuze bavikele izithakazelo ezikhethekile namaqembu anamandla."
UJeff Abbott uyintatheli ezimele njengamanje ezinze eGuatemala. Umsebenzi wakhe uvele ku I-Progressive, Kulezi zikhathi, Futhi Umhlaba Obheke Phansi. Mlandele ku-Twitter @palabrasdeabajo.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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