Umthombo: Inqubomgomo Yezangaphandle Ekugxilweni kwayo
Ngo-Okthoba 2021, uhulumeni wase-Russia wagcina ekhiphe uhlelo lwakhe lokufeza ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoniโngonyaka ka-2060. Lokho sekuyiminyaka eyi-10 ngemva kosuku okuhlosiwe ngalo amanye amazwe amaningi alwamukela. Lolu hlelo luncike kakhulu ekunciphiseniโnjengamahlathi amunca isikhuthaโkunokuba kube nokuncishiswa okuphawulekayo kokungcoliswa komoya. Kodwa emhlabeni i-emitter yesine ngobukhulu i-carbon dioxide kanye ne- umthengisi omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni wegesi yemvelo, umthengisi we-petroleum wesibili ngobukhulu, nomthengisi wesithathu wamalahle ngamalahleโisimemezelo saseRussia sasiwushintsho olubalulekile lwenqubomgomo.
โNgaphambi kwalo nyaka, iRussia yayinokungabaza ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu nendima yabantu ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu,โ kubika uTatiana Lanshina. "Kodwa kulo nyaka, inkulumo esemthethweni ishintshile kancane."
Esinye isizathu salokho kushintsha kwezinkulumo kwaba umthelela wangempela wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu eRussia ngonyaka odlule. Amalangabi ashise ingxenye enkulu yehlathi laseSiberia ehlobo kulokho okwaba unyaka owaqopha umlando ngemililo yequbula. Izikhukhula ezifundeni eziseningizimu ziphazamise ukulima okuhlangene nesomiso kwezinye izindawo, okubeke engcupheni ukutholakala kokudla kwezwe.
โInani lezinhlekelele zemvelo eziyingozi liye landa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezintathu kule minyaka eyishumi edlule uma kuqhathaniswa nedlule,โ kuphawula uVasily Yablokov. โNgokusho kweRoshydromat, iRussian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, kwaba nezinhlekelele zemvelo eziyingozi eziyinkulungwane ngo-2020, ezingu-372 zazo ezadala umonakalo omkhulu kubantu nasemvelweni.โ
Esinye isizathu sokushintsha kwezinkulumo zikahulumeni kube ukuqwashisa umphakathi ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngokwenhlolovo yemibono yomphakathi yaseRomir ngoDisemba 2020, abantu baseRussia abangaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-80 bakholelwa ukuthi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyinkinga yangempela nokuthi iRussia ihlushwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kunokuba izuze kukho. Abantu baseRussia abangaphezu kwengxenye babheka ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu njengosongo lwamanje, hhayi nje usongo lwesikhathi esizayo.
Okungenani okunye kwalokho kukhathazeka kuguqulelwe ezenzweni zomphakathi. NgoMashi 2019, u-Arshak Makichyan wathatha izintambo kuGreta Thunberg ethula umbhikisho wesimo sezulu wangoLwesihlanu For Future eRussia. Ekuqaleni wayebhikisha yedwa, kodwa kancane kancane abantu abaningi bamjoyina. โSasihlela le nhlangano, futhi yayikhula,โ kusho uMakichyan. "Kwabe sekufika ubhubhane, futhi uhulumeni wasisebenzisa njengezaba zokukhawulela amalungelo abantu eRussia."
Ngo-2020, uTatiana Lanshina noGreenpeace bakhiqiza i- I-Russian Green Deal eyanikeza uhlaka lukahulumeni lokususa ikhabhoni futhi luguqule umnotho waseRussia. Ayikadonsi ukwesekwa kukahulumeni waseRussia. Kepha idlanzana losopolitiki baseRussia liluvumile lolu hlelo, futhi izingxenye zohlelo seluthathwe yiziphathimandla zesifundazwe.
Isimo eRussia sisemnyama. Uhulumeni uzibophezele ekwandiseni ukukhiqizwa kukaphethiloli wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe esikhathini esimaphakathi, kanti nesabelo sezinto ezivuselelwayo ekukhiqizweni kukagesi ezweni sisalokhu singabalulekile. Isikhala sokushisekela imvelo sinciphile. Russia ngisho veto umzamo wakamuva we-UN wokuphatha ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu njengosongo lwezokuphepha emhlabeni wonke.
Kodwa amaqiniso ezomnotho afana nentengo ehlayo yamandla avuselelekayo kanye nengcindezi kumabhizinisi aseRussia ukuthi ahlangabezane namazinga amasha okukhipha ikhabhoni kwamanye amazwe angase asheshise isikhathi esibekelwe uguquko. Okuningi kuzoxhomeka nomsebenzi wezinhlangano zezemvelo nezishoshovu ezinesibindi.
Into eyodwa eqinisekile: alukho uguquko olulungile lomhlaba wonke olungenzeka ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kweRussia.
I-Russia Yashaya Kakhulu
I-Russia iyizwe elikhulu elihlanganisa izindawo ezinezikhathi eziyi-11, ngakho ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kube nemiphumela ehluke kakhulu kuyo yonke le ndawo, kuqala ngamazinga okushisa. โEngxenyeni esentshonalanga, kubanda kunokuvamile ngama-degree angu-15,โ kubika uVasily Yablokov, โkuyilapho empumalanga ekude kushisa ngama-degree angu-20. Ngokwesilinganiso, ukufudumala kuye kwaba ingxenye yedigri eshumini ngalinye eRussia, okuyisilinganiso esiphindwe izikhathi ezingu-2.5 kunesilinganiso somhlaba wonke.โ Sekukonke, u-2020 kwaba unyaka oshisayo oqoshiwe kwelaseRussia.
Kube nenani elingakaze libonwe lezinkinga zesimo sezulu. "Ezinye izifunda zibika umonakalo wesomiso oye wabiza amaphesenti angu-10 esabelomali sazo esiphelele, isibonelo eTatarstan," kuqhubeka uYablokov. โKwezinye izindawo, imvula idale ukuthi kube nezikhukhula, isibonelo ezindaweni zezolimo eziseningizimu. Izikhukhula eKrasnoyarsk ziholele ekukhishweni kwabantu abayi-1,500. Izikhukhula ogwini loLwandle Olumnyama zadala umonakalo omkhulu embonini yezokuvakasha. Kulo nyaka, izifunda ezingu-40 zimemezele izimo eziphuthumayo ngenxa yezinhlekelele zemvelo. Isomiso, ukwehluleka kwezitshalo nezikhukhula kusongela ukulondeka kokudla kwezwe.โ
Kodwa mhlawumbe umthelela obikwe kakhulu wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuye kwaba imililo yequbula emahlathini e-taiga aseSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude yaseRussia. โLo nyaka bekuwunyaka oyingqopha-mlando, hhayi nje esikalini sokusha kwamahlathi ngokwezindawoโokusondela amahektha ayizigidi ezingu-19 futhi kwandaโkodwa nasenanini lemililo e-Arctic zone,โ uyanezela. โLezi zinhlekelele seziwunyaka wesine zilandelana. Ngokochwepheshe, imililo yaseYakutia iyodwa ikhiqize amathani ayizigidi ezingu-800 esikhutha, futhi babikezela ukuthi izinhlekelele ezinjalo zizoqhubeka, ngokunokwenzeka minyaka yonke. Imililo ikhipha intuthu emadolobheni amakhulu, ikakhulukazi eSiberia, okuyingozi kakhulu empilweni yabantu, ikakhulukazi ngalesi sikhathi sodlame.โ
Intuthu yomlilo wequbula akuwona ukuphela komphumela ongase ube nawo wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu osongela impilo yabantu baseRussia. Amagagasi okushisa abeke umthwalo ohlelweni lwezempilo futhi abangela ukufa ngokweqile. Ukufudumala sekukonke kuye kwakhuthaza ukusakazeka enyakatho yesifo saseLyme, imfiva yokopha, nezinye izifo.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, iqhwa elihlanganisa amaphesenti angaba ngu-60 eRussia seliqalile ukuncibilika, futhi imiphumela yalo iseduze nenhlekelele. Lapho incibilika, i-organic mass iqala ukukhulula i-methane. โAbanye ochwepheshe bayibiza ngokuthi ibhomu le-methane,โ kubika uYablokov. โKuyi-feedback loop: ukushisa izinto ezimbiwa phansi kuholela ekwenyukeni kwezinga lokushisa, okukhulula i-methane, futhi izinga lokushisa likhuphuke nakakhulu. Anginaso isiqiniseko sokuthi singayimisa le nqubo. Noma kunjalo, izishoshovu zeGreenpeace zikholelwa ukuthi kumele senze konke okusemandleni ukukunciphisa.
Ukuncibilika kwe-permafrost nakho kubeka ingcindezi engqalasizinda yaseRussia efana nemigwaqo nezinsiza zikawoyela negesi. NgoMeyi 2020, ithangi likawoyela lawa eduze kwaseNorilsk, idolobha eliseSiberia, ikhipha amathani angu-21,000 ye-petroleum emfuleni oseduze. Isizathu esikhulu sokuwa kwakuwukuncibilika kwe-permafrost. โAmakhulu amaningana okuchitheka kukawoyela kwenzeka ngonyaka,โ kusho u-Yablokov, kodwa akucaci ngendima edlalwa yi-melting permafrost โngoba akukho ukubhekwa okuhlelekile.โ Omunye umphumela walokhu kuncibilika ukuqubuka kwezifo ezifana ne-anthrax, eyathelela ama-reindeer angaphezu kuka-2,000 2016 ngo-XNUMX. ISiberia iyikhaya labantu izidumbu eziqandisiwe ezingenakubalwa wezilwane kanye nabantu ababulawa izifo ezifana ne-smallpox kanye nesifo, lapho incibilika ingaphinde ikhulule kubantu abaningi.
Omunye umphumela wempendulo ungatholakala e-Arctic lapho amazinga okushisa aphezulu ancibilikisa iqhwa. Ukunyamalala kwesembozo seqhwa kukhiqiza lokho okubizwa ngokuthi umphumela we-ice-albedo, oqeda kancane kancane ikhono lezwe lokubuyisela emuva ilanga futhi okwandisa izinga lokushisa ngokufanele. "Ngonyaka odlule bekungenye irekhodi lomphumela we-ice-albedo kanye nokwanda okukhulu kokumuncwa kokushisa e-Arctic Ocean," kuqhubeka u-Yablokov. โI-Arctic ingenye yezingxenye ezisengozini kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubonakala kunamandla kakhulu endaweni epholile. Noma kunjalo, lokhu akuzange kuvimbe uhulumeni waseRussia ukuthi aqale amaphrojekthi amasha engqalasizinda esifundeni, angenzeki ngokwezomnotho futhi ayingozi kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhona njengamanje, njengokumba imithombo yokukhiqiza uwoyela negesi.โ Phezu kwalokho, ukuncibilika kweqhwa elincanyana kukhuphule ukugcwala kolwandle, okuye kwabhebhethekisa kakhulu izimo zemvelo esifundeni.
โIRussia ayizihlolisisi izingozi zesimo sezulu, ngakho asizazi izindleko eziqondile zalezi zinqubomgomo,โ kukhala uYablokov. โIzwe laseRussia alikabi nalo uhlelo olucacile lokuthi lingazivumelanisa kanjani nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ayinakho ukuqonda okucacile ngengozi yesimo sezulu. Khonamanjalo, ngokocwaningo kulo nyaka, izakhamuzi eziningi zaseRussia zikhathazekile ngekusasa lazo futhi zibheka ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu njengosongo.โ
I-Green Deal yaseRussia
Kulo nyaka, uhulumeni waseRussia umemezele ukuthi leli zwe lizofinyelela ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ngo-2060. Wabe esekhipha isu lendlela yokufeza lo mgomo. Kodwa-ke, amanye amasu, njenge-Energy Strategy kuze kufike ku-2035 (emukelwa ngo-2020) ahlinzekela ngezinhlelo zokukhipha nokuthekelisa igesi namalahle engeziwe ngo-2035 ngenkathi kugcinwa izinga lokukhishwa kukawoyela lifana.
โNgakho-ke, lokhu kusho ukuthi ngeke siwuguqule umnotho noma siwuhlukanise kakhulu,โ kuphawula uTatiana Lanshina.
Lezi zinhlelo zokukhiqiza uphethiloli kanye nokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe ziphikisana nezimo zomhlaba. Emalahleni, isibonelo, iRussia ingase ikuthole kunzima ukukhomba abathengi. โAmazwe amaningi ikakhulukazi aseYurophu asenqume ukuqeda amalahle, futhi isidingo saseYurophu samalahle aseRussia sesivele sehlile,โ eqhubeka. "Izwe laseRussia lihlela ukushintsha ukuthunyelwa kwempahla eYurophu ngokuthumela e-Asia. Kuze kube manje, amazwe amaningi ase-Asia awakwazi ukuqeda amalahle ngenxa yokuthi umnotho wawo uthuthuka ngokushesha. Naphezu kokuthi bethula izinto eziningi ezivuselelekayo unyaka ngamunye, badinga amandla amaningi, okwamanje angavela kumalahle. Kodwa i-Asia inezinkinga ezinkulu zezempilo nezemvelo, eziqondwa ezingeni elisemthethweni. Eminyakeni embalwa, sizobona i-Asia iqala ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamalahle. Ngaphambi kuka-2030, isidingo samalahle e-Asia sizoqala ukwehla kakhulu. โ
Ukuze kuzuzwe ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ngo-2060 phambi kwalokhu kwandiswa kwesikhathi esiphakathi kokukhiqizwa kukaphethiloli, iRussia ihlela ukugxila ekususweni kwekhabhoni, ikakhulukazi amahlathi ayo. Ukukhishwa kuzoqhubeka nokukhuphuka kuze kube ngu-2030 bese kuthi maphakathi nekhulunyaka ngokwesimo esinethemba elikhulu, kuzokwehla ngamaphesenti ayi-14 kuphela (ngaphezu kwamazinga ka-2019).
Isakhiwo samanje sokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwamandla aseRussia sitshekele kakhulu kuzinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi. Njengamazwe amaningi, amaphesenti angama-75-80 okukhishwa kwekhabhoni avela ekushisweni kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli wezinsalela eziningi emkhakheni wamandla kuya ekukhiqizweni kukagesi nokushisa.
โNgakho-ke, uma sifuna ukwehlisa kakhulu izinga elikhishwayo, kumele sigcizelele umkhakha wezamandla,โ kuphawula uLanshina. "Inguquko eya emandleni ahlanzekile iyadingeka ukufeza umgomo wokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni."
Uhlelo lwe-Russian Green Deal aluthuthukisa neGreenpeace lubeka phambili izinguquko emkhakheni wezamandla waseRussia. Maningi indawo yokuthuthukisa. Isibonelo, umkhakha wamandla waseRussia unesabelo esincane kakhulu somoya nelanga. โNgokwesilinganiso, emhlabeni wonke, umoya nelanga kukhiqiza amaphesenti ayishumi awo wonke amandla kagesi,โ uyaphawula. E-Russia, ngo-10, i share for umoya ibingamaphesenti angu-.01 futhi ngelanga angu-.03%. "I-Indonesia neSaudi Arabia kuphela eziphansi phakathi kwezomnotho ezinkulu," uyanezela. โNgakho-ke, luselude ukhalo okufanele siluhambe ukuze siguqule umkhakha wethu wezamandla futhi siwenze ube luhlaza.โ
I-Russian Green Deal iphakamisa ukushintshela okushesha kakhulu kokuvuselelekayo ukuze, ngaphandle kukagesi omkhulu wamanzi, kuzomele amaphesenti angu-20 okukhiqizwa kukagesi ngo-2030 kanye namaphesenti angu-100 ngo-2050. lokho kwesilinganiso somhlaba wonke, ngakho-ke i-Green Deal ithi i-Russia kufanele isebenzise amandla njengowomhlaba wonke ngo-2050.
I-Russia ingumkhiqizi omkhulu wezinto ezisetshenziswa ezimbonini ezifana ne-aluminium, insimbi, nosimende, futhi lezi zimboni zikhiqiza inani elingenakulinganiswa lokukhishwa kwekhabhoni yezwe. Ngokwezincomo zomnotho oyindilinga embikweni, izimboni zensimbi nezosimende kufanele zifinyelele ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ngo-2050, ngokwengxenye ngokugaya kabusha izinsimbi nangobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe obufana nokusebenzisa iziko likagesi ze-arc ukuncibilikisa insimbi. Emkhakheni wezolimo, lo mbiko uncoma ukwehliswa ngamaphesenti angama-50 ekukhiqizeni nasekusetshenzisweni kwemikhiqizo yezilwane, okungabandakanya ushintsho olukhulu ekudleni kwaseRussia. Ukwengeza, umbiko uncoma ukuthi kwehliswe ukuphehlwa kukadoti kamasipala ngamaphesenti angama-60 ngo-2050 ngokwandisa ukugaywa kabusha.
Okwesithathu okubalulekile ukugcinwa kwamahlathi. Uhulumeni waseRussia ugcizelela amandla okumunca amahlathi, kodwa i-Green Deal esikhundleni salokho igxile ekuvimbeleni izinhlekelele zamahlathi kanye nokuthola amahlathi amakhulu emazweni asethuthukile kakade.
Impendulo evela Ezifundeni
Esimeni esingalindelekile sesikhathi esizayo, uhulumeni wobumbano waseRussia wamukela i-Green Deal futhi uyisebenzise ukusuka phezulu kuya phansi. Esinye isimo kungaba ukuthi izifunda nomasipala bamukele lezi zincomo futhi bakhe i-Green Deal kusukela phansi kuya phezulu.
"KwaGreenpeace, senze izinga lokuvuleleka ku-Green Deal ezindaweni zaseRussia," kubika uVasily Yablokov. โSiyabona ukuthi asikho isifunda esiluhlaza eRussia. Kepha uma siqoqa zonke izindlela eziluhlaza ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene, singakha indawo eyodwa eluhlaza. โ
U-Tatiana Lanshina ucaphuna izibonelo zezinhlelo ezintsha ezamukelwa ehlobo lika-2021 ku- Kuzbass kanye namariphabhulikhi e-Komi ukuthi ahlukanise umnotho wawo asuke ekuthembeleni ezimayini zamalahle esimweni sokuqala kanye nowoyela kwesibili, nakuba singekho isifunda okwamanje esikhetha ukuthuthukiswa kokuluhlaza.
Okuthembisayo nakakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwesifunda sase-Ulyanovsk kweqoqo lamandla omoya. "Bafuna ukufinyelela isabelo samaphesenti angu-30 samandla ezintweni ezivuselelekayo ngo-2025," kusho uVasily Yablokov. "Kunesifiso esikhulu ngesifunda saseRussia futhi siyakwazisa lokhu." Isifunda saseSakhalin, ngakolunye uhlangothi, sisungule umgomo wokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni. โSinemibuzo mayelana nalokhu,โ eqhubeka. โKodwa yisifunda sokuqala esinalo mgomo.โ
โEzinye izifunda zinezimpumelelo ezithile emnothweni oyindilinga futhi zifuna ukunciphisa imfucuza hhayi nje ngokugaywa kabusha,โ uyengeza. โEzinye izifunda zinezinhlelo ezinhle kakhulu zokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kuwo wonke umnotho wesifunda. Sithole ukuthi izifunda ezingama-42 zinamaphrojekthi ahlukene wamandla avuselelekayo. Leyo ingxenye yezifunda zaseRussia. Lokho kusinika ugqozi lokuthi singakwazi ukwenza inguquko yamandla aluhlaza. Sifuna ukuqoqa lezi zimo ezihlukene zezifunda ukuze sabelane ngazo nezinye izifunda. Singakha i-jigsaw puzzle yezifunda eziluhlaza ukuze sakhe i-Green Russia.
Ubushoshovu obuluhlaza buyatholakala kulo lonke elaseRussia. "IMoscow iyidolobha elikhulu laseRussia elinabantu abayizigidi ezingu-20 futhi lapho sihlela iziteleka zesimo sezulu lapho baheha abantu abangu-50-70," kubika u-Arshak Makichyan. "Kodwa emadolobheni amancane anabantu abayisigidi noma ababili, sihehe inani elifanayo lababhikishi." Ubikezela ukuthi umthelela wokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ezifundeni, njengokuguquka kwezingwadule noma i-permafrost melt, kuzoholela esenzweni esikhulu.
Ubalula nezinye izenzo zezemvelo ezifundeni. โKwaba nemibhikisho esifundeni sase-Archangelsk mayelana nokwamukela udoti eMoscow,โ uyakhumbula. โBaphumelele, umsebenzi wahoxiswa. Kwakuyinto engavamile eRussia: umbhikisho wangempela namakamu nokungalaleli komphakathi futhi banqoba! Futhi emva kwalokho, uhulumeni waqala ukwenza okuthile mayelana nokusetshenziswa kabusha esikalini sikazwelonke. Kwakukhona ukunqoba eBashkortostan kulabo bephikisana ukukhishwa kwe-limestone entabeni. Ngakho, kukhona ezinye ukunqoba eRussia. Kodwa imvelo nje. Uma umbhikisho ungowepolitiki, kunzima ukuwunqoba.โ
Ukulwela Isimo Sezulu
U-Arshak Makichyan wayefunda ivayolini eMoscow lapho efunda ngezenzo zesimo sezulu sikaGreta Thunberg. Wayengakaze afunde ngenkinga yesimo sezulu enyuvesi. Izinto azithole mayelana nalesi sihloko bezibhalwe ngesiNgisi, okwenza kwaba nzima imizamo yakhe yokufunda ngalesi sihloko. Kodwa ukufunda ngenhlangano yeFridays For Future kwaba umzuzu oshintsha ukuphila.
Uthi: โNgawuyeka umsebenzi wami wokuba umdlali wevayolini, ngoba ngangazi ukuthi kufanele senze lezi ziteleka eRussia futhi kwakungenakwenzeka ukuhlanganisa umsebenzi womdlali wevayolini okhokhelwayo nokuba umshisekeli wesimo sezulu.โ
Bekungewona umsebenzi olula. โEmasontweni amaningi ngangishaya ngedwa,โ uyakhumbula. โNgesikhathi ngiqala abantu bebengaqondi ukuthi ngenzani, sengathi ngingumgadli ohlanyayo mayelana nesimo sezulu esibi.
Khona-ke abantu bangijoyina. Sakha ukunyakaza kwesimo sezulu sokuqala esikalini sikazwelonke. Njalo ngoLwesihlanu, kwakunamadolobha amahlanu kuya kwayisikhombisa ashaya amakhala ngenxa yesimo sezulu. Sihlele umkhankaso omuhle e-Krasnoyarsk lapho uhulumeni ememezela isimo esiphuthumayo 'esibhakabhaka esimnyama' lapho. U-Greta Thunberg ubhale kabusha izenzo zethu futhi sathola umbiko omuhle kwabezindaba ezizimele zaseRussia. Ukubhikisha kuyinto engavamile kithi eRussia. Abantu bayesaba ukubhikisha. Ngaphambi kwalolu bhubhane, isimo samalungelo abantu eRussia sasingcono, kodwa manje siya siba sibi kakhulu. โ
Ngisho nangaphambi kwalolu bhubhane, uhulumeni wayevame ukwenqaba ukumnikeza imvume yokuteleka. Wafaka isicelo izikhathi eziyishumi semvume yokubhikisha ngaphambi kwe-COP25 ngo-2019. Ekugcineni, yena nabanye abantu ababili banquma ukubamba isenzo sabo ngaphandle kwemvume. Ngolunye usuku ngalowo Disemba, bachitha izinsuku ezintathu nebhenela labo ePushkin Square eMoscow. Amaphoyisa abavalele bobathathu, afaka uMakichyan ejele. Ukuboshwa kwashuba imibhikisho emhlabeni jikelele, futhi wakhululwa ngemva kwezinsuku eziyisithupha. โBekungaba kubi kakhulu,โ usho kanje ngokukhulu ukuzithoba ngalesi sigameko esejele.
Esinye isithiyo esikhulu sokushoshozelwa kwesimo sezulu yimithombo yezindaba yaseRussia. "Imithombo yezindaba ingekahulumeni noma izinhlangano zikaphethiloli, ngakho ziqamba amanga ngenkinga yesimo sezulu," kukhononda uMakichyan. โKwamanye amazwe intathelizindaba zibika ngemililo yequbula lokuthi ixhumene njani lomkhathi kodwa lapha intathelizindaba zikhuluma ngemililo yeganga kodwa kayihlanganisi. Ngisho nemithombo yezindaba ezimele ithule cwaka mayelana nobushoshovu. Babhala ngathi uma siboshiwe kodwa abaseki uma senza umsebenzi wethu.โ
โAsinalo isiko lobushoshovu lapha eRussia, ngenxa yomlando wethu omubi wekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili,โ eqhubeka. โSizama ukukushintsha lokhu. Intsha ihlukile. Banovalo ngoba uhulumeni uvalela abantu ejele, kodwa bafuna ukushintsha okuthile ngoba ikusasa lethu. Abantu abaningi baya kwamanye amazwe ngenxa yoshushiso lwezepolitiki. Kodwa akubona bonke abantu abangakwazi ukuhamba eRussia!โ
Icala lika-Alexei Novalny lijabulisa kakhulu izishoshovu. Amanxusa kahulumeni adlisa ushevu isishoshovu sezombangazwe esaziwayo, kwathi lapho esebuyela ezweni ngemva kokwelashwa eJalimane, amfaka enkantolo futhi amgweba iminyaka emithathu nengxenye ejele. โNakuba udumile, basengakufaka ejele,โ kuphawula uMakichyan. โLesi simo sinomthelela kubantu abasha. Baqala ukuzizwa bengaphephile. Ngisho nama-NGO amakhulu aseqala ukwesabela ukuphepha kwawo. Iningi lemithombo yezindaba ezimele ibizwe ngokuthi โamanxusa angaphandle.โโ
Kusukela ngo-2012, umthetho waseRussia ubufuna zonke izinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo ezithola uxhaso lwezezimali oluvela ngaphandle kwezwe ukuthi zibhalise โnjengabenzeli bangaphandle.โ Umthetho wawusanda kudlula enwetshiwe ukufaka izinhlangano zezindaba. โNginehlaya odongeni lwami lokuthi iRussia ingase ingathathi hlangothi ngo-2024,โ kuhleka uMakichyan, โngoba uhulumeni uzobopha wonke umuntu futhi abantu abangaboshiwe bazobizwa ngokuthi ama-agent angaphandle okuphuma kwawo kungaphandle.โ
โManje angikhulumi nje ngesimo sezulu kodwa ngepolitiki,โ eqhubeka. โSengiyaqala ukuqonda ukuxhumana nabantu futhi ngizizwa ngiyingxenye yomphakathi omkhulu. Yize kunengcindezelo enkulu kodwa abantu bayazifundisa. Baqala ukuqonda ukuthi umuntu oyedwa unquma yonke into eRussia futhi akusona isimo esihle leso. Sidinga ushintsho lwesistimu eRussia. Uhulumeni okhona uyehluleka. Abazange benze lutho iminyaka engu-20, singalindela kanjani isinyathelo kubo manje? Singazikholelwa kanjani izethembiso zabo uma bebopha abantu, uma beshushisa abantu, uma bebiza abantu ngama-foreigns?โ
Uthi lolu shintsho luqhamuka ngaphansi. Kulandela ukuhola kukahulumende, intathelizindaba seziqala ukubika kabanzi mayelana lodubo lomumo womkhathi njalo abantu bakhathazeke kakhulu ngokuguquka kwesimo sezulu. โYebo, abantu babona ngakubo konke lokhu okungahambi kahle kwesimo sezulu โ ubusika obubanda kakhulu, izimvula ezinamandla, isomisoโokubenza balukhathalele lolu daba,โ kuphetha yena.
Ama-Push Factors
Ushintsho luphinde luqhutshwe eRussia ngaphandle. I-European Union ngokwesibonelo icubungula i-Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) engakhokhisa intela kuzo zonke izimpahla eziza e-Europe ezithathwa ngokuthi zidinga ikhabhoni kakhulu. Lokho kungafaka ingxenye enkulu yezimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zaseRussia. "Amabhizinisi aseRussia ayakukhathalela lokhu futhi aphoqa uhulumeni ukuthi enze okuthile ukuze angalahlekelwa amathuba okudayisela imakethe yaseYurophu," kusho uMakichyan.
โAkuyona nje i-CBAM,โ kwengeza uTatiana Lanshina. โBayanda abalingani bakwamanye amazwe nabatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe bafuna ukwenza ibhizinisi kuphela nezinkampani ezizimisele ukwehlisa intuthu ekhishwayo. Ezomnotho mhlawumbe ziyizisusa eziqine kakhulu eRussia zokuqeda ikhabhoni kanye nokulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.โ
Intengo yamandla avuselelekayoโumoya, ilangaโyehla ngenyanga. โKulo nyaka, iRussia ihlole inketho yokwakha izitshalo zelanga nezomoya. Kwaboniswa ukuthi umoya ungakhiqiza ugesi ngama-ruble angu-1.7 nge-kilowatt ngayinye. Lokho ishibhile kunezindleko zikagesi emakethe yezitolo ezinkulu ngisho nokukhokhelwa kwamandla. Eminyakeni embalwa, amandla omoya azobe encintisana ngokuphelele. โ
Njengesazi sezomnotho, usenethemba. โIsimo emhlabeni nangaphakathi ezweni sishintsha ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi izixazululo eziningi eziluhlaza ziyathandeka kakhulu kwezomnotho futhi kuvela izimboni ezintsha. Njengamanje, asihleli ukushintsha kwamandla, kodwa ezinyangeni ezimbalwa noma onyakeni singase sibe noshintsho oluphelele. Ngonyaka odlule, abantu abambalwa kakhulu bebengacabanga ukuthi sizoba nomgomo wokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni. Futhi manje sesinayo.โ
UVasily Yablokov uyabika: โIsu eliyinhloko likahulumeni waseRussia lokushintsha amandla kagesi ukuthuthukisa amandla enuzi. โKodwa lokho kubiza kakhulu futhi kuthatha isikhathi eside kakhulu ukwakha izindawo ezintsha. Nyanga zonke, okuvuselelekayo kuba ishibhile futhi ishibhile. Ngicabanga ukuthi kuzoba yinqubo engokwemvelo ukuthi okuvuselelekayo kuzothatha indawo yayo yonke eminye imithombo yamandla.โ
Ngalokho, uncoma ukuthi abantu bangaphandle basekele lezi zinhlelo eziluhlaza eRussia. โUngesabi ibhizinisi laseRussia futhi usisize sithuthukise futhi sithuthukise ubuchwepheshe obuluhlaza,โ kuqhuba uYablokov. โNgakolunye uhlangothi, qaphela okushiwo yizishoshovu zaseRussia. UMnyango Wezangaphandle ukhuluma ngokuthi yinhle kangakanani iRussia nokuthi amandla ethu aluhlaza kangakanani. Sinikeza esinye isithombe seRussia kanye neziphakamiso zenguquko eluhlaza kanye nekusasa eliluhlaza. "
"Ezomnotho ziwumkhuba omuhle, kodwa mhlawumbe hhayi manje, hhayi lapho isabelo sethu esivuselelekayo singelutho," kusho u-Arshak Makichyan. "Njengamanje sinabameleli bezinto ezimbiwa phansi, hhayi abamele amandla avuselelekayo eRussia."
Ukholelwa ukuthi ubulungiswa kufanele bube yibo obuyimbangela enkulu yokubhekana nesimo sezulu. Uyachaza: โIRussia ingelinye lamazwe acebe kakhulu emhlabeni. โSingenile endaweni yesibili emhlabeni mayelana nokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi ahlanzekile. Kufanele sibhekane nemiphumela yezomnotho nezenhlalo yenkinga yesimo sezulu. Kudingeka sidlale indima yethu ekusindiseni umhlaba.โ
Lokho kudinga ubumbano. Akulona uhlobo lobumbano lwezepolitiki, uyashesha ukwengeza, ukuthi iRussia ihlinzeka ngemibuso efana neBelarus noma uhlobo lokukhuthazwa kwamandla enuzi iRussia eyenziwe emhlabeni wonke. โUhulumeni waseRussia unendaba namandla kuphela,โ eqhubeka. โKubantu abasha akuhlangene namandla. Lapho ngiboshwa, abantu abaningi be- Fridays For Future emhlabeni wonke bangisekela. Ngakho-ke, lolu uhlobo olusha lobumbano lomhlaba wonke olungahlangene nemali noma amandla.โ
โEkhulwini lamashumi amabili, izwe lahlangana ukuze lilwe nobubi,โ ephetha. โKufanele kwenziwe okufanayo nanamuhla. Izishoshovu zisebenzisa ingcindezi, ama-NGO enza izinto zawo, izazi zezomnotho zichaza ukuthi kungani izixazululo eziluhlaza zingcono kakhulu: wonke umuntu kufanele adlale indima yakhe.
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