Umthombo: Ukubhonga
Los Angeles, California / USA - May 28, 2020: Abantu baseDowntown Los Angeles babhikishela ukubulawa ngesihluku kwamaphoyisa kukaGeorge Floyd ngokuvala umgwaqo ongu-101.
Isithombe ngu-Matt Gush/Shutterstock.com
Lokhu kucashunwe Izitha Zethu Eziluhlaza: Amaphoyisa Namandla eMelika (AK Press, 2015)
Sike saba lapha ngaphambilini.
Emahoreni okuqala ka-2009, amaphoyisa agibela isitimela sase-Bay Area Rapid Transit, ephendula ucingo mayelana nokulwa. Bavalele izinsizwa ezimbalwa, iningi lazo eziNsundu, phakathi kwazo okuthiwa u-Oscar Grant. Ngesikhathi uGrant elele ebheke phansi emsamo eboshwa ozankosi, iphoyisa elilodwa, uJohannes Mehserle, lakhipha isibhamu salo, lamdubula emhlane, lambulala.
Sonke isigameko siqoshwe kuvidiyo ngama-engeli amaningi. Ofakazi abaningana babethwebula ngamakhamera abo omakhalekhukhwini ngesikhathi kudutshulwa uGrant; ngemuva kwalokho, bafihlela amaphoyisa amakhamera, base befaka izithombe ku-inthanethi. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, kwahlelwa imibhikisho e-Oakland, futhi yakhula ngokushesha yaba izibhelu - kwaqala ngokuhlaselwa kwemoto yamaphoyisa eyayipake phambi kwekomkhulu le-BART. Angaphezu kuka-300 amabhizinisi kanye namakhulu ezimoto ezilimele kulesi siphithiphithi. Amaphoyisa aphendule ngesisi esikhalisa unyembezi, izinhlamvu zenjoloba, inqola yezikhali kanye nokuboshwa okungaphezu kwekhulu, kodwa imibhikisho iqhube amasonto. Ngemva konyaka, uMehserle waquliswa icala futhi walahlwa yicala, ngokubulala umuntu esikhundleni sokubulala. Ukubhebhetheka kwaqala kabusha. Umonakalo wawulinganiselwa ku-$750,000.
Nakuba ngokusobala ukunqoba okulinganiselwe, isinqumo se-Mehserle sihlala simangalisa. Uma sibheka emuva eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu edlule, i- San Francisco Chronicle angathola amacala ayisithupha kuphela lapho amaphoyisa ebekwe amacala okudubula esemsebenzini, futhi alikho iphoyisa eliyishumi nantathu elithintekayo elagwetshwa. "Uma kunesifundo esisodwa esingasithatha kulokhu," umhlanganyeli wezinxushunxushu kamuva waphetha ngokuthi, "isizathu sokuboshwa kukaMehserle yingoba abantu bacekele phansi idolobha. Kwakuyisiyaluyalu - kanye nosongo lwezibhelu ezizayo. "
Okuyisisekelo
Siyakhuthazwa ukuthi sicabange ngezenzo zodlame lwamaphoyisa ngokwehlukana kwazo, ukuze sizibheke njengezehlakalo eziyingqayizivele, ezingahlobene. Sihlale sizibuza ukuthi, โKonakelephi?โ futhi ukuthola izimpendulo sibheka imizuzwana, imizuzu, noma amahora ngaphambi kwesigameko. Mhlawumbe lokhu kuholela ekubeni sisole isikhulu ngasinye, mhlawumbe kusiholela ekubeni sizithethelele. Ukucabanga okunjalo, njengoba kuvela ekucabangeni okungokomthetho, akusenzi sidlulele ngale kwecala okukhulunywa ngalo. Futhi ngenxa yalokho, imibuzo enjalo akuvamile ukuba ikhanyise kakhulu.
Ukudutshulwa kuka-Oscar Grant, ukushaywa kukaRodney King, ukuboshwa kukaMarquette Frye, ukubulawa kuka-Arthur McDuffie - noma yikuphi kwalokhu kungase kuchazwe ngokwezenzo nesimo sengqondo samaphoyisa athile endaweni yesigameko, izehlakalo ezandulele udlame. (kuhlanganise nezenzo zabahlukunyeziwe), kanye nezimo lapho amaphoyisa azithola ekuzo. Ngempela, amajaji nabaphathi bamaphoyisa baye bakuthola kulula ukuthethelela udlame lwamaphoyisa ngezincazelo ezinjalo.
Iziyaluyalu ezalandela lezi zehlakalo, nokho, azikwazi ukuchazwa ngendlela ewumngcingo. Ukuze siqonde ukuxokozela, umuntu kufanele acabangele lonke uhla lwezindaba ezihlobene, okuhlanganisa izimo zokuphila emphakathini wabaNsundu, indima yamaphoyisa maqondana nalowo mphakathi, kanye nomlando nendlela yokuhlukumeza okufanayo.
Uma sifuna ukuqonda isimo sonya lwamaphoyisa, kufanele sidlule amacala athile. Singaqonda kangcono izenzo zamaphoyisa ngamanye uma siqonda isikhungo ayingxenye yaso. Leso sikhungo, futhi, singahlolwa kangcono uma siyiqonda kahle imvelaphi yaso, ukusebenza kwaso kwezenhlalo, kanye nokuhlobana kwaso nezinhlelo ezinkulu ezifana ne-capitalism kanye nokubusa kwabamhlophe.
Ake siqale ngezisekelo: udlame luyingxenye yemvelo yamaphoyisa. Amaphoyisa amele izindlela eziqondile kakhulu umbuso obeka ngazo intando yawo kwizakhamizi. Lapho ukuncenga, ukufundisa, ukucindezela kokuziphatha kanye nezinyathelo zokukhuthaza konke kuhluleka - kukhona amaphoyisa. Emkhakheni wokulawulwa komphakathi, amaphoyisa angongoti kwezodlame. Bahlomile, baqeqeshwe futhi bagunyazwe ukusebenzisa amandla. Ngamazinga ahlukahlukene obuqili, lokhu kumbala zonke izenzo zabo. Njengamathuba okuboshwa, usongo lodlame lubonakala kukho konke ukuhlangana kwamaphoyisa. Udlame, kanye nomthetho, yikho abakumelayo.
I-Institutionalized Brutality
Naphezu kokuphikelela okusemthethweni kokuphikisa, kusobala ukuthi izinhlangano zamaphoyisa, kanye namaphoyisa angawodwa, anengxenye enkulu yomthwalo wemfanelo wokwanda kobudlova bamaphoyisa. Izikhungo zamaphoyisa ziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwenhlangano, futhi isihluku singathuthukiswa noma samukelwe kunoma iyiphi (noma yonke) yobukhulu bayo obuhlukahlukene. Kokubili izici ezisemthethweni nezingakahleleki zenhlangano zingasiza ukudala isimo lapho udlame olungadingekile lubekezelelwa, noma lukhuthazwa.
Phakathi kwezici ezisemthethweni ezinomthelela odlameni yizinqubomgomo ezisemthethweni zenhlangano, izinto ezibalulekile ezihlonziwe, ukuqeqeshwa ekunikeza abasebenzi bayo, ukwaba kwayo izinsiza, nohlelo lwayo lokukhushulwa, imiklomelo, nezinye izikhuthazo. Uma lezi zici zenhlangano zikhuthaza udlame - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zikwenza ngenhloso, noma ngokuqaphela - singakhuluma ngesihluku esikhuthazwa โkusuka phezulu.โ Lokhu kuqonda kuye kwasetshenziswa kahle emibusweni yabaholi abathile abayizihlukumeziโuBull Connor, uRichard Daley, uFrank Rizzo, uDaryl Gates, uRudolph Giuliani, uJoe Arpaio (uma sibala abambalwa)โkodwa akudingekile ukuba kucace kakhulu umphumela ofanayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho isiko lamaphoyisa kanye nezinkambiso zomsebenzi zisekela ukusetshenziswa kobudlova obungadingekile, singachaza isihluku njengokusekelwa โkusuka phansi.โ Izimo ezinjalo ezingakahleleki zinzima kancane ukuzibeka phansi, kodwa ngokuqinisekile zinemiphumela yazo. Singabala phakathi kwezici zabo ukungezwani, ukungabi nandaba nenkinga yonya, izinsolo ezivamile, kanye nesidingo esinamandla sokuhlonishwa komuntu siqu. Esinye sezazi zokuqala zezokuhlalisana kwabantu esacwaninga ngenkinga yobudlova bamaphoyisa, uWilliam Westley, wachaza lezi โnjengezindinganiso eziyisisekelo zomsebenzi,โ ezibaluleke kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi enye into enquma ukuziphatha kwamaphoyisa.
Udlame lwamaphoyisa luvame ukunqunywa ngokweqile - luthuthukiswa kusuka phezulu futhi lusekelwa ngezansi. Kodwa lapho empeleni kungakhuthazwa, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nalapho abantu (izikhulu noma abaphathi) bengakuvumeli, amandla amakhulu nangekho emthethweni ahlala njalo. kuvunyelwe. Phakathi kwabaphathi bamaphoyisa kukhona ukuphikelela nokunebufakazi bokwenqaba ukujezisa amaphoyisa anodlame; futhi phakathi kwamaphoyisa ngokwawo, kukhona โikhodi yokuthula.โ
Isihluku samaphoyisa asenzeki nje; Ikona kuvunyelwe ukwenzeka. Kubekezelelwa ngamaphoyisa uqobo, abasemgwaqeni nalabo abaphethe. Kubekezelelwa abashushisi, abangavamisile ukumangalela amaphoyisa anodlame, kanye namajaji, angavamile ukugwetshwa. Kubekezelelwa iziphathimandla zomphakathi, izimeya kanye nemikhandlu yamadolobha, abangasebenzisi amandla abo ukuphikisa ukuhlukunyezwa kwamaphoyisa. Kodwa kungani?
Impendulo ilula: isihluku samaphoyisa siyabekezelelwa ngoba yiso esifunwa abantu abanamandla.
Lokhu kuzwakala kuwuzungu, njengokungathi imiyalo ekhishwa egumbini eligcwele intuthu isakazwa lapho kubizelwa amaphoyisa ahlukahlukene aqaphayo futhi kubangele inani elithile lokuboshwa kanye nenani elithile lokushaywa kwamahhala ngobusuku obuthile. Kodwa akukhona lokhu engikushoyo. Kunokuba kube uzungu, kumane kuwukusebenza okuvamile kwesikhungo; ukuthi nje ukungqubuzana okubonakala phakathi komthetho nezinqubo zamaphoyisa kungase kungabi kubaluleke kangako njengoba sivame ukucabanga. Laba bobabili bangase, ngezinye izikhathi, bangaboni ngaso linye, kodwa lokhu akukhathazeki kangako inqobo nje uma izithakazelo abazenzayo ziyafana. Amaphoyisa angephula umthetho, inqobo nje uma enza kanjalo ephishekeleni izinjongo ezivunywa ngabantu abanamandla, futhi abantu abanjalo abazuza ngazo.
Lapho amaphoyisa ephoqelela umthetho, akwenza ngokungalingani, ngezindlela ezinikeza ukunakekela okungafanele emisebenzini yabantu abampofu, abantu bebala, nabanye eduze kwaphansi kwephiramidi yezenhlalo. Futhi lapho amaphoyisa ukwephula umthetho, laba bantu abafanayo bayizisulu zabo ezivame kakhulu. Lokhu kube ukuqondana okukhulu kakhulu ukuthi ungakunakwa. Uma sibeka eceleni, okwamanje, yonke imibuzo ephathelene nezomthetho, kufanele kucace bha ukuthi inhloso yokubhekwa ngamaphoyisa, kanye nenhloso yodlame lwamaphoyisa, kukhulu kakhulu leyo ngxenye yabantu engenawo amandla angempela. Futhi leli yilona phuzu: imisebenzi yamaphoyisa, esemthethweni noma engekho emthethweni, enodlame noma engenalo udlame, ivame ukugcina abantu okwamanje abami phansi kwesigaba senhlalakahle โendaweniโ yabo, lapho โbengabakhonaโ - phansi.
Uma sibekwe ngendlela ehlukile, singase sithi amaphoyisa enza okuthile ukuze avikele izithakazelo nokuma kwalabo abanegunyaโlaba abaphezulu. Uma nje besasebenza kule ndima, kungenzeka banikezwe inkululeko yokuphishekela lezi zinhloso kanye nenkululeko enkulu yokuphishekela ezinye izinjongo abazihlonze bona. Imithetho ingase isho okuhlukile, kodwa imithetho ingashaywa indiva.
Ngokombono, igunya lamaphoyisa likhawulelwe umthetho wezwe nowenhlangano, kanye nezinqubomgomo zeminyango ngayinye. Eqinisweni, amaphoyisa avame ukweqa imingcele yegunya lawo elingokomthetho futhi awavamile ukukhokha noma iyiphi imali ngokwenza kanjalo. Imithetho mihle kuphela njengokulandelwa kwayo, futhi ayivamisile ukuphoqelelwa. Imikhawulo yangempela emandleni wamaphoyisa ayimiswa ngemithetho nemithethonqubo - njengoba kungekho mthetho oziphoqelelayo - kodwa ngobuholi bawo futhi, ngokungaqondile, ngokulingana kwamandla emphakathini.
Uma nje amaphoyisa evikela isimo esikhona, inqobo nje uma izenzo zawo zikhuthaza ukuzinza kohlelo olukhona, ukungaziphathi kahle kwawo kungase kunganakwa. Kulapho ukweqisa kwabo kusongela lokhu kuzinza lapho beqala khona ukubhekana nemingcele enengqondo. Imithetho nezinqubomgomo zinganakwa futhi zisahlinzeka ngesembozo sokuphika okuzwakalayo kulabo abaphethe. Kodwa lapho ukungaziphathi kahle kufinyelela ezingeni elivusa uthuthuva, izimpi ezikhona azigcini nje ngokuphathelene nokungalungi okuthile, kodwa futhi zimele izingxabano ezijulile ngamalungelo omphakathi kanye nemingcele yamandla ombuso.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaphoyisa nohulumeni bazama ngamandla wonke ukulondoloza ukulawula, ukulondoloza igunya labo. Kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu abacindezelwe bayazabalaza ukuveza ubuntu babo. Izibhelu ezinjalo zimelela, phakathi kokunye, umzamo womphakathi wokuzichaza ukuthi yini ezothathwa njengonya lwamaphoyisa nalapho umkhawulo wegunya uwela khona. Kukulezi zingxabano, hhayi ezinkantolo, lapho amalungelo ethu esungulwa khona.
UKristian Williams umsunguli we Izitha Zethu Eziluhlaza: Amaphoyisa Namandla eMelika, Izindlela zaseMelika: Ukuhlukunyezwa kanye Nomqondo Wokubusa, Ubuhlungu: Amanothi Ngokuhlushwa Kuntando Yeningi Yesimanje, Futhi Shisa Amaphoyisa! Ubhale mayelana namaphoyisa nodlame lombuso for Umsindo, I-Counterpunch, Ipolitiki Entsha, Kulezi zikhathi futhi Sibheke Enkululekweni. Uhlala ePortland, e-Oregon.
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