UGilbert Achcar ungumbhali waseLebanon, usocialist, kanye nesishoshovu esimelene nempi. Uphinde abe ngusolwazi weDevelopment Studies and International Relations at School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) eLondon, nombhali Ama-Arabhu kanye NokuQothulwa Kwesizwe: Impi Yezindaba Zakwa-Arab-Israeli. Kule ngxoxo, uxoxa ngokubaluleka kwegagasi lokuguquguquka okuqhubekayo kwemibhikisho emikhulu eyenzeka kulo lonke elaseMpumalanga Ephakathi omunye weNew Socialist abahleli bewebhu u-Ali Mustafa.
U-Ali Mustafa: I-Middle East sekuyisikhathi eside ibhekwa njengezindawo ezincane kakhulu zokubona noma yini efana nenguquko edumile. Ama-Arabhu ikakhulukazi aye aqondwa ngokwesiko njengabuthakathaka ngokwezombangazwe, awanandaba, futhi manje โayikakulungeliโ intando yeningi. Ukholelwa ukuthi lezi zinhlamvu ziphakamisa ini mayelana nokuqonda kwethu okuyisisekelo kwesifunda nabantu baso?
UGilbert Achcar: Ngicabanga ukuthi impendulo manje isisobala. Izehlakalo eziqhubekayo zabhidliza yonke imibono ethi intando yeningi ayiyona ingxenye 'yezindinganiso zamasiko' ama-Arabhu noma amaSulumane, nokuthi laba bakamuva baluthwe ngokwesiko emibuso ecindezelayo, kanye nazo zonke lezi ziphukuphukuโโzibe ziningi ngempela. Isikhathi esiningi banobandlululo ngokusobala, i-Orientalist, noma i-Islamophobic; zingase futhi zivezwe ngababusi baseNtshonalanga njengezaba zokuphakela imibuso ecindezelayo, abangane babo abakhulu. Nokho, ukuvukela akumangazi kunoma ubani ongazange ahambisane nale mibono 'yamasiko' futhi azi ukuthi ukulangazelela intando yeningi nenkululeko kusemhlabeni wonke. Abantu emhlabeni wonke bazimisele ukukhokha inani elikhulu ekulweleni intando yeningi lapho izimo zifika lapho bebona sengathi yisikhathi esifanele sokuthatha isinyathelo.
AM: Izibhelu ezenzeke kuwo wonke umhlaba 'wama-Arab' e-Tunisia, e-Egypt, e-Jordan nangale kwayo bezilokhu zidumile, zingezona ezenkolo, futhi zisakazeke kuyo yonke imikhakha yomphakathi. Ingabe sibona ngokunamandla ukukhuphuka kohlobo olusha lwe I-Pan-Arabism, noma izimbangela ezifanayo eziyisisekelo? Uma kunjalo, le Pan-Arabism entsha ihlukana kanjani nokuvela komuntu okwedlule kwe- Isikhathi sikaNasser?
GA: Cha, angicabangi ukuthi lokhu kuyinto efana nohlobo lobuzwe lwama-Arab olwalukhona ngeminyaka yawo-1950s kanye nama-60s. Lezi izikhathi ezihluke kakhulu. Yebo, umuzwa wesizwe sama-Arabhu 'ulayishwe kabusha,' uma umuntu engasho kanjalo, ngendlela leli gagasi elisakazeke ngayo kuso sonke isifunda; kwaqinisa kakhulu umuzwa wokuba sendaweni efanayo yezombangazwe namasiko. Ngalowo mqondo, ukwazi ukuba yingxenye yamasiko-kazwelonke yama-Arab kuye kwanda kakhulu ngezenzakalo eziqhubekayo, kodwa akunakuqhathaniswa nezifiso zobumbano lwama-Arab ezazikhona ngeminyaka yama-50s kanye nama-60s lapho inkolelo yokuthi kungenzeka ukuhlanganisa. izizwe zama-Arab zibe yisimo esisodwa zazinamandla impela, ngemuva kukaNasser ikakhulukazi.
Manje, esinakho futhi umuzwa wokuba sendaweni efanayo yezombangazwe nezamasiko, kodwa ukunyakaza kuvela ngaphansi, futhi uma kwenzeka abantu becabanga ngombono wobumbano, kungaba seduze nohlobo lobumbano lwaseYurophu kunobunye. kuya kuleyo 50s kanye 60s; lokhu kungathatha, okokuqala nje, ukushintsha imibuso yama-Arab iyenze eyentando yeningi, bese kuba nenqubo yentando yeningi phakathi kwamazwe ahlukene ama-Arab akha kancane kancane inhlangano yezombusazwe ehlangene noma eyinhlanganisela. Yebo, lokhu kuyinto okufanele siyicabangele ngekusasa. Okwamanje, abantu abakhathazeke ngakho wuguquko lwentando yeningi, futhi esikubonayo kuyisiqalo nje; kusekude nokuqedwa.
AM: Sekukuningi ukuqagela kuze kube manje mayelana nemithelela yesikhathi eside yenguquko yaseGibhithe ebudlelwaneni bobuzwe base-Egypt/Israel, kodwa ukholelwa ukuthi lezi zigameko zizosho ukuthini kubantu basePalestine?
GA: Bangasho izinto ezinhle kuphela ngesizathu sasePalestine. Njengoba nithe 'amaPalestine' ngobuningi, kufanele sicacise ukuthi yimaphi amaPalestine esiqonde kuwo: ngabe sikhuluma ngePalestinian Authority (PA) kaMahmoud Abbas noSalam Fayyad, noma iHamas, noma abantu basePalestine bebonke? Lena imibono ehluke kakhulu. Kubantu basePalestine kanye nesizathu sasePalestina ngokujwayelekile, njenganoma yibaphi abantu base-Arab, okwenzekayo kuso sonke isifunda kungcono kakhulu okungenzeka. Ukwanda kokunyakaza kwabantu abaningi eGibhithe kwenza izimo zibe khona okungcono kakhulu kubantu basePalestine. Umbuso waseGibhithe - owawusebenzisana ne-Israel ekucindezelweni kwabantu basePalestine, ikakhulukazi eGaza - - uphelelwe amandla ngenxa yemibhikisho emikhulu, futhi akungabazeki ukuthi inhlangano edumile yaseGibhithe izwa ubudlelwano obuqinile kanye nobumbano Abantu basePalestine, ikakhulukazi abantu baseGaza abanobudlelwane obuningi neGibhithe; lokhu kungabazuzisa kuphela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
AM: Ingabe leli gagasi lokuguquguquka emhlabeni wama-Arabhu lisho ukuthini kunqubomgomo yezangaphandle yaseMelika eMpumalanga Ephakathi? Ingabe kungenzeka sibone isiphetho sefa elide le-US hegemony esifundeni?
GA: Imiphumela izoqhathaniswa: Amakhasimende aseWashington azoncika kakhulu kunangaphambili ekuvikelweni kwe-US, futhi lokho kuhamba ikakhulukazi I-Gulf Cooperation Council uthi - okungukuthi, ama-monarchies kawoyela endaweni yaseGulf. Banovalo lokufa manje ngaleli gagasi lemizabalazo, eselifinyelele ngisho nababili kubo, iBahrain ne-Oman, futhi yaqala ukuthinta umbuso waseSaudi. Le mithetho izoncika ekuvikelweni kwe-US, kakhulu kunangaphambili. Phakathi kwamanye amazwe lapho umbutho ubuqhubeka khona-โokuhlanganisa i-Egypt, eyesibili ngobukhulu ukuthola usizo lwe-US kwamanye amazwe emhlabeni ngemuva kombuso wakwa-Israel--konke kuzoncika emphumeleni womzabalazo oqhubekayo phakathi kombuso wezempi isandla esisodwa, kanye nokunyakaza kwabantu abaningi ngakolunye. Amasosha ancike kakhulu eWashington, vele, kanti ukunyakaza kwabantu abaningi kunobutha kakhulu kulokhu kuncika kanye nenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US esifundeni. Kunoma ikuphi, izehlakalo eziqhubekayo zimele igalelo elinzima ezinzuzweni zesu zase-US eMpumalanga Ephakathi ngenxa yokuthi zithunaza abavikeli baseWashington namaklayenti endaweni ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni; lokho kucace ngokuphelele.
AM: I-Egypt isebenze njenge de facto ubushiqela bezempi kusukela ngo-1952 futhi ibutho layo manje selisebenza njengohulumeni obambekayo kuze kube ukhetho olukhululekile nolunobulungiswa ngoSepthemba. Iyiphi indima amasosha ayidlalayo njengamanje, futhi angathenjwa ukuthi ekugcineni adedele amandla noma abe nawo nje wadela umashiqela ukuze asindise ubushiqela?
GA: Impela banenombolo ethile yamafuse abangayishintsha ukuze bazame ukudambisa ukunyakaza kwabantu abaningi. Kwaqala ngokuthi uMubarak ngokwakhe axoshe uhulumeni futhi aqoke omunye uNdunankulu owakha ikhabhinethi entsha; kwabe sekwenziwa ubuholi beqembu elibusayo ukuthi busule; khona-ke, uMubarak ngokwakhe kwadingeka ashiye indawo ngaphansi kwengcindezi yokunyakaza kwabantu abaningi; futhi manje amasosha aseshintshe kabusha ikhabhinethi. Kodwa konke lokhu akuqinisekisi ngokwanele ukunyakaza kwabantu abaningi, okungukuthi efuna okuningi: bafuna ushintsho oluphelele kuhulumeni ngaphandle kwezibalo zombuso wangaphambili ohilelekile.
Phezu kwalokho, bafuna ikhomithi kamongameli eyengamele isikhathi senguqu, ikhomidi ebunjwe inengi labantu, elimele abebutho oyedwa kuphela. Babefuna nokukhethwa kuka a umhlangano wokhetho, lanxa umbutho wezempi wasifinyeza lesi simemezelo ngokubumba ikhomithi ezolungisa ezinye izinguquko kusisekelo sombuso esizothunyelwa ku-referendum--uhlelo oluhluke ngokuphelele, noma nje bethembisa ukuthi iphalamende elandelayo izoloba isisekelo sombuso esitsha. Udaba olubalulekile wusuku lokhetho lwephalamende oluzayo: amasosha esekwa yiMuslim Brotherhood afuna lubanjwe ngoJuni, kanti abaholi abasebasha balo mbhikisho bafuna luhlehliswe ezinye izinyanga ezimbalwa kuze kube amabutho amasha ezepolitiki hlela futhi uzilungiselele. Ngokusobala lokho amasosha azama ukukwenza yilokho eWashington abakubiza ngokuthi 'uguquko oluhlelekile,' amasosha ahlala elawula ngokuqinile. Njengoba abaholi abasebasha bengahambisani nalo mbono, sibona umdonsiswano phakathi kwebutho lezempi nenhlangano ethandwayo.
AM: Imibhikisho yasekuqaleni yenguquko yaseGibhithe yahlelwa ikakhulukazi yintsha manje kubonakala kusobala, kodwa ibiyini indima yabasebenzi nesigaba sabasebenzi kuze kube manje, futhi yini oyibona njengendima yayo?
GA: Uma ubhekisela endleleni umbhikisho omkhulu owaqala ngayo ngomhla zingama-25 kuMasingana, indima ebalulekile lapho idlalwe ngempela amaqembu aphikisayo akhululekile nangakwesokunxele njenge April 6 Youth Movement, ehlobene ne Inhlangano Kazwelonke Yoshintsho kwakhiwa eduze kuka-Mohamed ElBaradei. Bonke laba bantu babambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuhleleni umnyakazo ngalesi sikhathi. Kodwa i-April 6 Youth Movement yona ngokwayo yazalwa ngokubambisana neziteleka zabasebenzi ezaqala kusukela ngonyaka wezi-2006 kuya phambili. Umnyakazo uqanjwe ngawo usuku lwango-2008 lapho bezama ukuhlela a isiteleka sikazwelonke jikelele ngokweseka umnyakazo wabasebenzi.
Manje ukudluliselwa okuphambene kuyenzeka: Ngo-April 6 kanye namanye amabutho ezombusazwe baba nesandla ekuqaliseni imibhikisho ngomhla zingama-25 kuJanuwari, kodwa ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa zokubhikisha, ngaphambi kokuba uMubarak ashiye indawo yesigameko, abasebenzi baqala ukujoyina inhlangano hhayi nje kuphela. njengababonisi njengoba benza kusukela osukwini lokuqala, kodwa njengabagadli. Igagasi leziteleka empeleni wafinyelela izilinganiso ezinkulu kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba u-Mubarak esule, futhi kuyathandeka ukuthi lokhu kubambe iqhaza ekunciphiseni isenzo sakhe sokugcina sokushiya indawo yesehlakalo futhi anikeze amandla embuthweni wezempi. Izitelekaโโkanye nokwakhiwa kwezimfuno zemikhakha eyahlukene yabasebenzi, inqubo yokusungula izinyunyana ezizimele, kanye nesidingo esikhulu sokuthi izinyunyana ezilawulwa uhulumeni zihlakazweโโziyaqhubeka naphezu kokusongelwa amasosha, noma ukunxusa ukuba zimiswe. ngamalungu aphikisayo njenge-Muslim Brotherhood. Konke lokhu kusaqhubeka futhi kukhombisa ukuthi abasebenzi bayingxenye enamandla kakhulu kulo mbutho.
A.M: Njengoba kugcizelelwa kakhulu ekuxoshweni kukaMubarak, yini ukwesaba njengoba manje esehambile futhi ebiza 'ukuzinza' kanye 'nokuhleleka' kukhule kakhulu, uguquko lwaseGibhithe lungase lulahlekelwe umfutho walo futhi luqinise isimo esikhona?
GA: Omunye ubengase abe novalo lokuthi ingase ilahlekelwe umfutho wayo ngesikhathi u-Mubarak eshiya indawo yesigameko, kodwa esikubonile kuze kube manje akukhombisi nhlobo lokho. Ukugqugquzelwa kwangoLwesihlanu kusemikhulu kakhulu futhi inhlangano ayizimisele ukumisa impi. Ukuhlanganisa okwengeziwe kuhlelwa, futhi sizobona, ngiqinisekile, okuningi kakhulu esikhathini esizayo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ngokuyisisekelo engangikusho: ukuthi le nqubo yenguquko ayikona ukuguquguquka okuphelele kunoma yimuphi umqondo wegama; isaqhubeka futhi imiphumela ehlukene isengenzeka.
Kuphakathi kokuthi amasosha ayakwazi ukulawula isimo futhi aphoqelele uhlobo lwawo nolukaWashington 'loguquko oluhlelekile,' noma ukunyakaza kwabantu abaningi kuphumelela ekubekeni ushintsho olukhulu. Sizobona, kodwa okwamanje, ngenxa yalokho esesikubonile kuze kube manje, kunezizathu eziningi zokuba nethemba kunezethemba.
AM: Sibone ubumbano oluningi lwemikhakha ehlukene ekuqaleni kwenguquko yaseGibhithe - abasha/abadala, amadoda/abesifazane, amaSulumane/amaKrestu, isibonelo. Yimaphi amathuba alolu hlobo lokusimama okuguquguqukayo esikhathini sangemva kuka-Mubarak, futhi yiziphi izinselelo ezobhekana nazo ukuya phambili?
GA: Angiboni noma yikuphi ukwehlukana phakathi kwentsha/abadala, amadoda/abesifazane, noma ngisho amaSulumane/amaKrestu esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Angisho ukuthi ayikho into yalokho engenzeka esikhathini esizayo, kodwa ngokusekelwe kulokho esikubonile kuze kube manje kubonakala sengathi ingozi encane. Okuwukuphela kosongo lwangempela phakathi kwalabo obashilo kungaba ukuvuselelwa kwezingxabano zamaSulumane/zobuKristu ngoba lezi zazikhona ngaphambi kokuqala kwezenzakalo. Kodwa kulowo mphumela, ukuhlanganisa kwabonakala kukuhle kakhulu umlaphi wokuhlukana. Sizibonile izinkulumo zobuzalwane phakathi kwabantu bezizinda zamaSulumane kanye nezobuKristu, futhi ngisho namandla ayisisekelo afana ne-Muslim Brotherhood ayecacile ekuqedeni ukuhlukana phakathi kwenhlangano.
Kulesi sigaba, iphuzu elibalulekile lobumbano noma ukuhlukana alihambisani nemigqa 'yobunikazi' kodwa emigqeni yezombusazwe, kanye nezigaba; wubumbano lwamabutho aphikisayo olusatshiswayo, ngokwepolitiki. Amasosha azama ukuthenga ingxenye yamaqembu aphikisayo ukuze asebenzisane nawo; sebevele balethe kuhulumeni abameleli abambalwa beqembu eliphikisayo elingokomthetho, futhi bafuna ukuthola ukusekelwa kwe-Muslim Brotherhood futhi bahileleke 'enguqukweni ehlelekile.'
Amasosha azama ukuphula ubumbano lwamaqembu aphikisayo, futhi-ke, ngeke sikwazi ukubheja kulobu bunye obuqhubekayo unomphela. Okwamanje amabutho anamandla entando yeningi kanye nasophiko lwesokunxele enhlanganweni asakwazi ukuhola indlela nokuhlanganisa izinguquko ezinkulu.
A.M: Sikubonile ukuvukela umbuso eMpumalanga Ephakathi kukhula ngaphezu kwalokho sonke esasikucabanga, kusakazeka ngokushesha eLibya, Algeria, kanye neMorocco. Ingabe ubona okunye okuhlukile lapho imibhikisho emikhulu enjalo ingeke yenzeke, okuhlanganisa iLebanon, iSyria, noma iSaudi Arabia?
GA: Imibhikisho emikhulu inamandla kakhulu lapho unemibuso ecindezelayo. ILebanon yizwe lapho unokhetho olujwayelekile, olunobulungiswa, futhi lapho iningi lezombusazwe njengamanje liphethwe yi-Hezbollah, ngakho lokhu kudala izimo ezihluke kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, a umbukiso uhlelwe muva nje e-Beirut ngokumelene namahlelo kanye nokuvumelana nenkolo. Uma ubheka eminye imibuso ecindezelayo esifundeni sama-Arab, emibili yayo amazwe lapho umbhikisho odumile ushubile kodwa uvinjwa imibuso yengcindezelo enonya: umbuso waseSaudi ngakolunye uhlangothi, neSyria ngakolunye. Ku inkulumo yami eToronto ngo-13 February, ngithe emazweni afana neSyria neLibya amathuba okuqhuma ayemancane kunakwamanye amazwe akulesi sifunda, ngenxa yesimilo esinonya semibuso; Ngengeza nokho ukuthi uma kungenzeka ukuvukela umbuso, izehlakalo zingashintsha igazi kakhulu kunaseTunisia nase-Egypt, futhi yilokho kanye okwenzeka eLibya.
Kungashiwo okufanayo ngeSyria nombuso waseSaudi. Emazweni anjalo, imibhikisho emikhulu ingase iqale ukwenzeka, ikakhulukazi uma ukuvukela kwaseLibya kubonakala kuyimpumelelo--okuyiqiniso elizoqinisa umnyakazo wombhikisho. Imithetho lapho nakwezinye izindawo emazweni ase-Arab yenza zonke izinhlobo zezivumelwano zokuvimbela manje, iphakamisa amaholo futhi ithembisa ezinye izinqubomgomo zenhlalo, ngoba besaba ukufa ukuthi igagasi lokuvukela ngentando yeningi lingafinyelela emazweni abo. Akekho umuntu emhlabeni wama-Arab ongazizwa engavikelekileโโngisho nasemazweni afana neLebanon ne-Iraq lapho ungashintshana khona ngokhetho. I-Iraq ibone kwenzeka umbhikisho omkhulu, hhayi mayelana nokhetho olukhululekile kodwa ngenxa yezidingo zenhlalo nezomnotho.
AM: Sinezinkomba mayelana nokuthi uguquko lwaseGibhithe kanye nazo zonke ezinye izibhelu kulo lonke 'Izwe Lama-Arab' zingasho ukuthini kulawo mazwe ahlukene, futhi ngokwezinga elithile umbuso wase-US esifundeni, kodwa yini oyibona njengemithelela ebanzi yomhlaba wonke, uma noma yikuphi? Ingabe lezi zenzakalo nganoma iyiphi indlela ziletha inselele kuhlelo olukhona lwe-neoliberal lulonke?
GA: Izibhelu eziqhubekayo ziwumphumela wezinguquko zezenhlalakahle nezomnotho ezilethwe i-neoliberalism, ngokuqinisekile, kodwa azikabeki inselele enkulu kuhlelo lwe-neoliberal lomhlaba wonke ngisho nendawo. Nakuba sibona emibhikishweniโnjengase-Egypt lapho kugqugquzelwa abasebenziโโizinguquko ezingqubuzana nemithetho ye-neoliberal, yizinga lentando yeningi lomzabalazo obukhona kuze kube manje. Ubukhulu bomhlaba wonke balokhu kushaqeka okwamanje, ngakho-ke, buhlobene kakhulu nentando yeningi kunezidingo zomphakathi; umthelela wayo namanje usufinyelela eChina. Kunoma yikuphi lapho isidingo sentando yeningi kusafanele saneliswe ukuthi umthelela walokhu esikubonayo ubonakala unamandla kakhulu kulesi sigaba. Ngekusasa, kuyodingeka silinde futhi sibone.
Amandla asemazweni ama-Arab azama ukugcina ukunyakaza ngaphakathi kwemingcele yentando yeningi yezombangazwe futhi akuvimbele ekuthuthukeni ngale kwalokho kube yisiteji sezenhlalakahle nezomnotho. Kukhona amandla abalulekile lapha, nokho, futhi, ukuphinda iphuzu lami, sisephakathi kwenqubo futhi ukulwa kuyaqhubeka; kungase kugcine kuphenduke inselele enkulu ohlelweni lwezomnotho lwe-neoliberal, ikakhulukazi eTunisia nase-Egypt lapho isigaba sabasebenzi siyisici esikhulu kule nqubo.
U-Ali Mustafa uyintatheli ezimele, umbhali, kanye nesishoshovu sezindaba. Uphinde abe ngumhleli we I-Socialist entsha webzine. Uhlala eToronto. Ukubhala kwakhe kungatholakala kokuthi: http://frombeyondthemargins.blogspot.com/
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