Umbuzo obalulekile asebenesikhathi eside omakadebona benhlangano yamalungelo abantu kanye nezishoshovu ezintsha ngokufanayo abawubuzayo yilo: Ingabe izikhathi sezivuthiwe zenhlangano esanda kufakwa amandla ukuze iqede ukuntenga okuye kwavala inqubekelaphambili yobuhlanga kule minyaka engu-50 edlule?
Uma kunjalo, okulandelwayo yilokhu: Kuzodingekani ukuqhubekisela phambili izishoshovu ezifuna inqubekelaphambili ephusile yobuhlanga manje?
Njengommeli omhlophe osebenzela iNational Association for the Advancement of Colored Peopleโs general, uRobert L. Carter, ngangilapho ngo-1964 lapho ukuphumelela koMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu walowo nyaka kuba umthetho. Kwaba umphumela wemizamo yezinkulungwane zabantu baseMelika bayo yonke imigqa eya emigwaqweni nasezinkantolo ukuze babhekane nezixuku ezinobudlova, amaKlan, izikhulu zomthetho ezinobandlululo, kanye nosopolitiki ukuze baphoqelele amalungelo abo.
Ngaleyo minyaka, izishoshovu zabamnyama nabamhlophe zasebenza ndawonye, โโzaboshwa ndawonye, โโfuthi ngezinye izikhathi zazifa ndawonye ukuze zicindezele uhulumeni wobumbano nezinkantolo ukuba zehlise uhlelo lwezomthetho lukaJim Crow olunobandlululo olwalufuna ukuhlukaniswa okuphelele kuzo zonke izici zokuphila.
Lobo bumbano olumnyama nomhlophe, nabamhlophe nabo bebeka ukuphila nezitho zabo engozini ukuze basekele iMelika ehlangene, ekhululekile, kwakuyinto yobuhle engangithemba ukuthi ngeke ihlukane. Kodwa-ke, yayizohlukana ngokushesha - nemiphumela efinyelela kude.
Okwaba Khona
Kuyafaneleka ukubheka ukuthi umbimbi lwafeza ini.
Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi Ukwakhiwa Kabusha Kwesibili kwalandelwa ezithendeni zokubuya kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane zamaqhawe eMpi Yezwe II yase-Afrika yaseMelika. Babebekezelele ukuhlukaniswa phakathi nomsebenzi wabo wezempi belwa neJalimane lobuNazi kanye neJapane kodwa babuyela ohlotsheni olunonya lobandlululo ekhaya eNingizimu.
Umzabalazo wokudiliza ukufinyelela okuhlanganisa konke kwemithetho kaJim Crow kanye nobuphekula baseKlan kwahlanganisa amabutho amasha, afeza izinto ezinkulu ndawonye.
Ku-NAACP, uCharles Houston, ngesizinda sakhe e-Howard Law School, waqeqesha abameli abanesibindi nabazinikele, abamnyama nabamhlophe ngokufanayo, beholwa uThurgood Marshall. U-James Farmer udale inhlangano entsha exube izinhlanga, iCongress of Racial Equality (CORE). Leli qembu lezomthetho lathola ukunqoba okuyingqopha-mlando: Ngo-1954, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha isinqumo sokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezikole okuphoqelelwe ngokomthetho kwakuphambene nomthethosisekelo esinqumweni sika-9 kuya ku-0 esabukela phansi imithetho kaJim Crow.
Ngaphambili kwezenhlalo, i-NAACP's Rosa Parks yathuthukisa ukuduba amabhasi e-Montgomery okwaba yimpumelelo ngo-1955-1956, okwaholela ekuphakameni kweNgqungquthela Yobuholi BamaKristu YaseNingizimu (SCLC) ngaphansi kobuholi buka-Martin Luther King, Omnci. I-1960, ilandelwa iKomidi Lokuxhumanisa Elingenalo Ubudlova (SNCC) elihlelwe ngu-Ella Baker.
Abagibeli Benkululeko abasebasha abamnyama nabamhlophe, belandela imiyalelo engenalo udlame ka-Mahatma Gandhi, badalula isizwe sonke unya lwezixuku zaseningizimu zisizwa futhi zisekelwa abomthetho wendawo. Abefundisi, orabi, abameli, abafundi, nabezokuzijabulisa - kanye nabaqoqi bezimali eNyakatho - baqhubekisela phambili la maqembu.
I-NAACP, SCLC, CORE, kanye ne-SNCC kanye namadoda nabesifazane bazo zonke izinhlanga nezinkolo bahlanganyela ndawonye kumashi eyisakhiwo sodumo yango-1963 eWashington. Ngonyaka olandelayo, kwaphasiswa uMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu ka-1964. Ukushiswa kwesonto, ukubulawa kwabantu, nodlame lwaseKlan kwaqhubeka, kodwa umbhalo wawusodongeni: ENingizimu, uJim Crow wayefa njengesikhungo esisemthethweni.
Noma kunjalo, njengokwakhiwa Kabusha Kokuqala okwalandela iMpi Yombango, lokhu Kwakha Kabusha Kwesibili kugxile cishe ngokuphelele eNingizimu. Ayizange ithinte iNyakatho, eyayinezinhlobo zayo zobudlova obugxilile nokucwasa ngokwebala. Phakathi nezinxushunxushu zango-1968, kwaze kwaphela isikhathi ngaphambi kokuba zithole ithuba.
Namuhla, kuyo yonke le minyaka kamuva, kungenzeka futhi ukuthi abantu abasha abamnyama nabamhlophe - bahlanganiswe nabanye abamalungelo abo obuntu kanye nomphakathi ahlaselwa kanzima, okuhlanganisa abokufika, abaPhuphi, amaSulumane kanye nabameli be-LGBTQ - bazophinde babe yingxenye ephilayo yenhlangano. umfelandawonye omusha wokuqhubekisela phambili amalungelo omphakathi, kulokhu ezweni lonke, eNyakatho naseNingizimu, eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga.
Ukuze ufinyelele lowo mgomo, kuyadingeka ukuthi ubuyele emuva ukuze kwakhiwe kabusha lokho okwahlukanisa umfelandawonye omdala.
I-Half-Century ye-Counter-revolution
Ngisho neminyaka yami ngise-NAACP, kwaqala ukuvukela umbuso.
INkantolo Ephakeme iningi laphikisa ukuphoqelelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngaphandle kwamacala amabi kakhulu. ENyakatho, empeleni ayikho inqubekela phambili eyenziwe yokuhlukanisa izikole zikahulumeni naphezu komkhankaso omkhulu owawuholwa yi-NAACP nabasebenzi bayo bezomthetho. Ama-Afrika aseMelika ahlala evaleleke ezindlini eziminyene ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezinganakekelwa kahle, namathuba omsebenzi alinganiselwe kakhulu. Babegadwe ngamaphoyisa cishe amabutho abamhlophe athatha umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko wokuvikela abamhlophe ababephila ukuphila okuhlukene emazweni ahlukene.
Ngo-1965, iNkosi yabona ukuthi ukunyakaza kwamalungelo omphakathi kwakufanele kuqhubekele eNyakatho uma ngempela kuzokhulula ama-Afrika aseMelika ekuhlukaniseni. Ukuvula umkhankaso wasenyakatho, wathatha i-SCLC waya e-Chicago ngo-1966. Ngokusebenzisana ne-American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) kanye neqembu lezambulela lendawo, i-King igxile ekuzameni ukuvulela abantu base-Afrika baseMelika izindawo zaseChicago ezimhlophe ngokuphelele. Lo mzamo wahlangabezana nendawo yokuhlala enodlame. UNkosi ushaywe yitshe ngesikhathi kunemashi waphawula ukuthi akakaze awubone ubutha obunje. Ngemuva kwalokho okwaba yisivumelwano esiwumgunyathi okwaxoxiswana ngaso nedolobha, iNkosi kanye ne-SCLC yahoxa, okwase kubizwe ngeChicago Freedom Movement kwashona.
Ngo-1968 lapho iNkosi ibulawa, umfelandawonye wamalungelo abantu wawuhlukene phakathi. Bekhungathekiswe ukukhuthazela kombuso wabamhlophe, izishoshovu eziningi ezimnyama zadonsela emibonweni Yamandla Amnyama eshiwo abaholi abafana no-Stokely Carmichael, H. Rap โโBrown, Malcolm X, kanye neqembu le-Black Panther. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ukunaka kwezishoshovu eziningi ezimhlophe kwase kushintshile emalungelweni omphakathi kuye kwamisa iMpi YaseVietnam.
U-King wayeyibona le mifantu. Ngaphambi kokushona kwakhe, uNkosi kanye neSCLC babehlele umkhankaso wabantu abampofu owawuzohlanganisa abamhlophe kanjalo nabamnyama nabampofu bazo zonke izizwe. Inhloso bekuwukubusa kabusha inhlangano yamalungelo abantu ngokuxhumanisa ukulwa nobubha, ukucwasa ngokwebala, kanye nempi ukuze kugqugquzelwe izigidi zabantu baseMelika bazo zonke izinhlanga eziphila ebuphofini obudlulele.
Ngemuva kokushona kwakhe, iSCLC, manje eholwa nguRalph Abernathy, yanquma ukuqhubeka nomkhankaso owawugxile ekusungulweni kwedolobha lamatende enxanxatheleni yezitolo iNational Mall elizobizwa ngokuthi iResurrection City. Ngemva kokuthola imvume, amakhulu abantu agxumeka amatende awo futhi avula idolobha lamatende ngoMeyi. Nokho, ngo-June, ngemva kwenyanga yemvula enamandla, iziphathimandla zaxosha abahlali futhi zacekela phansi idolobha. Njengomzamo wokuqala wokwandisa ukugxila kwamalungelo omphakathi eNyakatho, lo mzamo nawo waphela ngokungaphumeleli.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulo lonke elaseNyakatho, amaqembu asungulwa abamhlophe, abaxhasi bezimali, kanye nezinyunyana ezazisekele amalungelo omphakathi manje zazingahambisani nezicelo zokuthi Amandla Amnyama, kanye nesinyathelo sokuqinisekisa. Ngisho nezinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu njenge-NAACP, ethembele kakhulu ekwesekeni abamhlophe ngezimali, zajoyina ikhorasi, nomqondisi wayo omkhulu, uRoy Wilkins, ababephikisana neBlack Power kanye nabaholi abamnyama ababephuma ukulwa nempi yaseVietnam.
Kubantu abaningi base-Afrika baseMelika, ukubulawa kukaMartin Luther King, Jr. kwaba utshani lokugcina. Izihlubuki - ezibizwa ngokuthi izibhelu ngabezindaba - zaqubuka kulo lonke elaseMelika. Zonke izingxenye zamadolobha, kuhlanganise neWashington, DC, zashiswa. Kubizwe amabutho azodambisa ulaka.
Njengoba lezi zenzakalo zenzeka, cishe azikho izinhlangano ezinkulu ezilwela amalungelo abantu ezijoyine abagqugquzeli be-Black Power kanye nezishoshovu ezimhlophe ukuze baqondise kabusha intukuthelo eyayikhona ku-ajenda entsha, ebheke phambili yamalungelo abantu. I-NAACP, eyayibambe iqhaza eliphambili ekuphasisweni kweMithetho Yamalungelo Abantu ka-1964, 1965, no-1968, yabonakala ilahlekelwe amandla ayo okusekela i-ajenda ebheke phambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungena kwe-FBI kwe-SNCC kanye nama-Panthers kwabukela phansi izingxenye ezinkulu zenhlangano yokubhikisha kwabamnyama.
Esikhundleni salokho, kwakungama-segregationists aseNingizimu ayesemashi, noGeorge Wallace wase-Alabama ehola icala eNyakatho. Lapho, abamhlophe abaningi babesaba ukuthi abamnyama bahlanganisa izindawo abahlala kuzo, izindawo zokusebenza, nezikole, konke lokho kwenza umkhankaso kaRichard Nixon โwesu laseNingizimuโ kanye โnomthetho nokuhlelekaโ, owahlanganisa ukwesaba kwabamhlophe kanye nokucasuka ngemuva kwe-ajenda yokuphendula mayelana nomphakathi. amalungelo.
Isimo sengqondo sabantu abamhlophe baseMelika ngaleso sikhathi savezwa kangcono nguDaniel Patrick Moynihan, usopolitiki wezemfundo nomkhakha wezemfundo owayethole izikhundla eziphezulu ngaphansi komongameli beRiphabhulikhi kanye neDemocratic Alliance. Njengomeluleki kaNixon ngoMashi ka-1970, uMoynihan wabhala imemorandamu ekhuthaza inqubomgomo โyokunganakwa kahleโ kwabamnyama.
Ngakwesokudla, uMoynihan wayebhekwa njengezwi lokucabanga. Ezinsalini zomphakathi wamalungelo abantu, wayeyimbuka. Nokho inkanyezi kaMoynihan ibilokhu ikhuphuka. Waba yinxusa laseMelika kuNhlangano Yezizwe, uprofesa wase-Harvard University, futhi ekugcineni waba yilungu lephalamende laseMelika. UMengameli uBill Clinton ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wamklomelisa ngendondo ephakeme kunayo yonke ezweni, iMedal of Freedom.
Kuwo wonke umsebenzi kaMoynihan wangemva kuka-1971, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wayecabanga kanjalo noma cha, ukucwasa okwakufihlekile โkokunganakwa kahleโ kwahlala kuyingqikithi yokuhlehla kwabenzi benqubomgomo baseMelika. Eqinisweni, ngaphansi kukaMongameli uClinton - naphezu kokuphikisa kukaMoynihan - iCongress yaphasisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukuguqulwa kwezenhlalakahle," okwaba lukhuni kakhulu ubunzima lapho abantu base-Afrika baseMelika (kanye nezigidi zabamhlophe) ababephila ngobumpofu babekhona.
Sibheke Ebutho Lempi Elisha
Manje, ngemva kweminyaka engu-50 uMartin Luther King, Omncane, ebulewe, isizwe sisaqhubeka nokungabi nabulungisa okufanayo.
Izindawo eziningi zasemadolobheni zabamnyama zibukeka njengezindawo zempi, ngenxa yendiza emhlophe, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ukuhoxiswa kwezimboni, kanye ne-automation - kanye "nokunganakwa okungenangqondo" kanye nokucwasa okusobala okwengeziwe. Izikole eziningi zikahulumeni ezingasasebenzi kahle zisahlukanisiwe, ngokuvamile zisebenza njengepayipi eliya emajele aminyene. Amazinga okungasebenzi kwabantu abamnyama asaphindeke kabili kunabamhlophe, ingcebo yabantu abamnyama isalokhu iyingxenyana encane yengcebo yabamhlophe, futhi izindleko zezindlu emadolobheni amaningi ziphakeme kangangokuthi abantu base-Afrika baseMelika bazithola bephoqeleka ukuba bahlale ezindlini ezimbi nakakhulu kude nemisebenzi etholakalayo.
Yebo, abanye abantu base-Afrika baseMelika bakhuphuke izitebhisi zempumelelo yebhizinisi, yezombangazwe, yobuciko, neyokusubatha bafinyelela emazingeni aphezulu. Kodwa empeleni, iqiniso lihlala lifiphele.
Mhlawumbe ngenxa yalokho, isizukulwane esisha sezihlakaniphi zase-Afrika zaseMelika - okuhlanganisa uTa-Nehisi Coates, umbhali wencwadi ethi We Were Eight Years in Power, noMichelle Alexander, owabhala I-New Jim Crow: Ukuboshwa Kwamakhulu Esikhathini Sobumpumputhe Bemibala - bajove. emqondweni womphakathi umbono wokuthi ukucwasa ngokwebala kuyingcina enamandla ngokungavamile eye yamelana nayo yonke imizamo yokuyidiliza.
Futhi laba babhali akubona bodwa ekuvezeni intukuthelo nokukhungatheka kwabo.
Ezweni lonke, abantu abaningi base-Afrika baseMelika bavukela imikhuba yamaphoyisa eyingcindezelo, okuhlanganisa nokubulawa kwabantu base-Afrika baseMelika abangahlomile kanye nohlelo lwezobulungiswa lobugebengu oluhlala njalo lwenqaba ukuvulela amaphoyisa amacala, nokho luvalela izigidi zabantu bemibala ngamanani amakhulu kakhulu kangangokuthi baboshwa eminyakeni engu-50 edlule.
Ukubeka uhlelo lwezomthetho kude kude ngokwenza ukumelwa kwabamnyama kwezombusazwe kube mancane amathuba, Inkantolo Ephakeme iwuphuce uMthetho Wamalungelo Okuvota ka-1965 ekuhlinzekeni kwawo okubalulekile okuwuphoqelela. UDonald Trump uqoke ummeli-jikelele onobandlululo, wazakhela umkhakha wezepolitiki ngokuthi uBarack Obama wazalelwa eKenya, futhi waphatha abamashi be-neo-Nazi "njengabantu abahle kakhulu."
Emsekela, uTrump unesisekelo esiqinile samalungu eQembu Lethiye, abelungu besigaba sabasebenzi ababone imisebenzi yezimboni ekhokha kahle ishabalala, abavangeli abamhlophe, kanye nezigidi zabamhlophe abacwasa ngokwebala ezinsukwini zakudala.
Ngemva kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu yokuma, ingabe izikhathi sezivuthiwe manje zenhlangano entsha engazuza ukwethembeka kwenani elikhulayo labantu baseMelika ngokumelene nezintshisakalo ezigxilile ukuze kuzuzwe isizwe esilinganayo?
Imizabalazo yalolu hlobo inzima kakhulu futhi idinga ukuzidela, njengoba nje abameleli bamalungelo abantu benza ngesikhathi soKwakha Kabusha Kwesibili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaleso sikhathi, okuhlosiwe kwakuyimithetho namasiko okucwasa ngokwebala njengoJim Crow. Manje, emehlweni abantu abaningi - noma mhlawumbe abaningi - abamhlophe baseMelika, izinkinga zibonakala zifiphele kakhulu. Abamhlophe abalandela imithetho sebakhule bekhululekile ukuba nenzondo enkulu emalungelweni omphakathi, kuyilapho abelungu abakhululekile behluleka ukubamba ukusabalala kwesikhungo sokucwasa ngokwebala.
Ebhala kuyi-Atlantic ngaphambi nje kokuba uDonald Trump awine, uJulian E. Zelizer waphawula ukuthi uHillary Clinton โwayengenawo umlando obanzi wokubhekana nokucwasa kwezikhungo.โ NjengoHubert Humphrey emuva ngeminyaka yawo-1960s, wabhala, uClinton "ukhombise ukuzimisela ukuvumela ukwesaba kwezepolitiki ngokufanele kumsunduzele esimeni esivumelanayo." Mayelana noTrump, uZelizer wakhetha, uma ekhethiwe, uzoqhubeka โnokudlala ngendlela embi kakhulu kubavoti.โ Yeka ukubukela phansi lokho.
Nokho ngenxa yalezi zizathu ngqo, isikhathi sesilungile sokukhuphuka komnyakazo omusha obalulekile. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukubulawa kwamaphoyisa okungapheli kwabamnyama abangahlomile kuye kwaveza inhlangano yeBlack Lives Matter. Leyo nhlangano, eyesekwa ngabamhlophe abaningi kanye nabamnyama, yasakazekela edolobheni nedolobha njengoba kwenzeka ukudubulana okusha.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinkundla zokuxhumana akuqinisekise ukuthi akukho sikhathi esingakanani phakathi kwezigameko ezishubile kanye nokusabela. Naphezu kokucindezelwa okunzima kwenqubomgomo, inhlangano ye-Black Lives Matter yadlondlobala yaba izahluko zasendaweni, ezingezona ezilandelanayo ngobuholi bayo. Babengabadingi abaholi abadala bamalungelo abantu ababevamise ukuvela, bephethe uphondo lwenkunzi, base bephuma futhi beya embhikishweni olandelayo.
Futhi amandla amasha awazange ame lapho. Abesifazane abafuna ukuvala igebe lamaholo futhi bayeke ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi, izazi zezemvelo ezisabela ekufudumaleni komhlaba, umphakathi we-LGBTQ ufuna ukulingana kwemishado nokuvikelwa kwendawo yokusebenza, abasebenzi nezinyunyana ezifuna amaholo aphansi ka-$15, kanye nentsha esebenzela ukuqeda udlame lwezibhamu imigwaqo enokugqugquzelwa okuhlaba umxhwele.
Ngisho nokuhlulwa kuka-Hillary Clinton kuveza kahle ibutho elisha, njengoba kukhombisa isidingo sobuholi besizukulwane esisha. Emkhakheni wezombangazwe, baningi abesimame abafuna ukhetho benyuka benyuka ngezitebhisi zezepolitiki, futhi abaholi besifazane abasha nabanodlame bayavela esigabeni sikazwelonke. Abaholi bezinyunyana babuye baqonde ukuthi ngokweseka iholo elincane lika-$15, basekela abasebenzi abangahlelekile nabahlelekile.
Ukwabelana Umthwalo
Ukuhambisa wonke la mandla phambili kuzoba yinqubo ye-herculean. Abantu kumele baqonde ukuthi izithakazelo zabo ezifanayo zihlangana kakhulu kunokuhlukanisa. Nokho, okokuqala nje, i-Second Reconstruction isifundisa ukuthi abamnyama nabamhlophe kumele basebenzisane njengoba benza eminyakeni ebalulekile yoKwakha kabusha Kwesibili.
Ama-Afrika aseMelika azohlala ephambili kunoma yimuphi umzamo oqhubekayo wokuhlehlisa umonakalo wobugqila, uJim Crowism, kanye nokwehlukana okungapheli. Kodwa abakwazi futhi akufanele bathwale umthwalo wokubhekana nokucwasa kweMelika kuphela. Uma kuzoba noKwakha Kabusha Kwesithathu, kufanele okungenani ithole uhlobo olufanayo nezinga lokusekelwa elisize ukuqhubekisela phambili Ukwakhiwa Kabusha Kwesibili. Lokho kusho ukuthi abamhlophe ukusebenza nokusiza ubuholi base-Afrika baseMelika kuwo wonke amazinga kubalulekile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezigidi eziningi zabamhlophe baseMelika abaphila ngobumpofu obukhulu. Kokubili abansundu nabamhlophe abampofu badinga izinto ezifanayo: ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha, ukudla okwanele nokunempilo nezindlu, izikole zomphakathi ezisebenzayo, ukuthola imisebenzi ehloniphekile, amanzi ahlanzekile, umoya ohlanzekile, isimiso sobulungisa sobugebengu esinobulungiswa, nendawo okuhlalwa kuyo. Ngokwehlukana, akukho ma-Afrika aseMelika noma abamhlophe abazokwazi ukufeza lezi zinhloso.
Umkhankaso Omusha Wabantu Abampofu
Ebona ukuthi isikhathi sesivuthiwe ukwakhiwa Kabusha Kwesithathu, uMfundisi uDkt. U-William Barber, Jr. kanye no-Liz Theoharis bakhiphe โIsimemo Sikazwelonke Sokuvuselelwa Kokuziphatha,โ ukuze bethule Umkhankaso Wabantu Abampofu.
Bahlanganisa ndawonye okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo okude njengabahleli nanjengabefundisi, ngamunye ebona ukuthi ukuhlaziya u-Martin Luther King, Omncane akuveza eminyakeni eyandulela u-1968 kwethule indlela eya phambili esimweni samanje sezomnotho, sezombusazwe, nesenhlalo.
Njengomakhi weMoral Mondays Movement eNyakatho Carolina, uBarber kanye nomfelandawonye wamasonto, izishoshovu, kanye neNorth Carolina i-NAACP yakha izwi elixubene, nezindaba eziningi zokuziphatha ukuphikisa izinqubomgomo zengcindezelo zabenzi bomthetho kuleso sifundazwe. Ngo-2014, phakathi kuka-60,000 no-80,000 abantu babuthana e-Raleigh ngoMashi Wokuziphatha, bemele amalungelo okuvota, amalungelo abasebenzi, amalungelo abesifazane, namalungelo e-LGBTQ, kanye nokunakekelwa kwezempilo, imfundo, kanye nemvelo.
Echaza impumelelo yakhe, uBarber utshele i-CNN, โAsizange sakhe inhlangano yabamhlophe noma inhlangano yabamnyama. Sakhe inhlangano yokuziphatha.โ Lo mfutho wakhela ohambweni lokuvuselela iMoral ka-2016, lapho uBarber evakashele izifundazwe ezingama-22, ebambe ukuqeqeshwa kanye nemicimbi yomphakathi yabefundisi nezishoshovu zasemazingeni aphansi. Lokho kwatshala inhlabathi yokuthi u-Barber ngo-2017 ajoyine u-Theoharis, umqondisi-kanye we-Kairos Centre futhi umsunguli we-Poverty Initiative e-Union Theological Seminary, ukuvuselela Umkhankaso Wabantu Abampofu wango-1968.
Ngemuva kokuvakasha kwezifunda eziyi-15 ngo-2017, umkhankaso wethulwa ngokusemthethweni ngoDisemba 4, 2017, eminyakeni engama-50 ngemuva kokuthi iNkosi imemezele umkhankaso we-1968. Esithangamini sabezindaba eWashington, DC, izishoshovu ezivela ezifundazweni ezingu-30 zamemezela ukuzibophezela kwazo ukubamba iqhaza. Ngomhla zi-5 kuNhlolanja wezi-2018, abaholi bendawo abavela kulezo zifundazwe ezingama-30 babambe iqhaza esinyathelweni sokuqala esididiyelwe somkhankaso, bethula izitatimende kuma-capitols abo bememezela inhloso yabo yokubuya futhi bahlelele izinsuku ezingama-40 zesenzo esiqondile esingenalo udlame esiqala ngoMeyi 13, 2018 - Usuku Lomama - ukuphakamisa izimfuno zokuziphatha zomkhankaso.
UMary Kay Henry, umongameli we-Service Employees International Union (SEIU), naye umemezele ukuthi uyaweseka lo mkhankaso. Futhi i-Institute for Policy Studies (IPS), i-Washington DC, ithangi lokucabanga elinomlando omude wokunikeza ukwesekwa kwamaqembu anenqubekela phambili, ikhipha ukucwaninga kwenqubekelaphambili yamalungelo omphakathi kule minyaka engu-50 edlule yomkhankaso.
Iwashi ngeke liphele ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-40 - lesi kuzoba yisahluko sokuqala kuphela emkhankasweni weminyaka eminingi, njengoba nje inhlangano ye-Moral Mondays eNyakatho Carolina bekungumkhankaso weminyaka eminingi owakhiwa futhi wakhula eminyakeni eminingana.
Njengoba lo mkhankaso udlondlobala ezifundazweni ezisenyakatho naseNingizimu, uBarber noTheoharis bazibophezele ekuqinisekiseni ukukhuliswa nokuthuthukiswa kobuholi bendawo, okuhlanganisa nokumelela okuqinile kwezigidi zabantu abampofu - abamnyama, abansundu nabamhlophe - abakuthola kunzima ukulalelwa. . Inhloso yabo ukwakha umkhankaso wezinhlanga eziningi, ubulili obuhlukahlukene, oxube izizukulwane ozosebenza ukuqeda ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga nezomnotho okudabula iMelika.
Ukufeza le nhloso, nokho, ukubamba iqhaza kwabamhlophe kuzoba yisithako esibalulekile. Ngosuku lokudlondlobala koKwakha Kabusha Kwesibili, intsha emhlophe yahlanganyela nentsha emnyama ukubeka imizimba yayo ogwini njengoba Abagibeli Benkululeko nababhikishi, nabaholi bezenkolo abamhlophe, abameli, nabasekeli bezezimali bemi nozakwabo abamnyama. Bakubeke kwacaca ukuthi ukulwa noJim Crow kwakuyimpi yezwe lonke.
Kanjalo nanamuhla, ukulwela ukulingana kumele kubonakale njengomzabalazo kazwelonke lapho inhloso kuwukwakha inyunyana ephelele ezozuzisa bonke abantu baseMelika.
U-Lewis M. Steel ungumeluleki omkhulu e-Outten & Golden LLP kanye nelungu lebhodi le-Institute for Policy Studies. Ungumbhali wencwadi ethi The Butler's Child: An Autobiography.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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